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Effects of Bedtime Snack Composition on Overnight Glucose in Children and Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes

20. srpna 2026 aktualizováno: Didem Güneş Kaya

Bedtime Snack Composition and Overnight Glycemic Profiles in Children and Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes Using Multiple Daily Injections: A Randomized Crossover Study

This study compared four types of bedtime snacks in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes treated with multiple daily insulin injections. The aim was to determine whether bedtime snack nutrient composition affects overnight glucose levels.

Participants received four different bedtime snacks: carbohydrate alone, carbohydrate with protein, carbohydrate with fat, and carbohydrate with fiber. The order of the four snack types was randomly assigned. Each snack type was consumed at 9:00 PM for three consecutive nights without an additional insulin dose for the snack. All participants received all four snack types during the study.

Overnight glucose levels were measured from 9:00 PM to 9:00 AM using a blinded continuous glucose monitoring system. The primary outcome was the percentage of time glucose levels remained between 70 and 180 mg/dL during the overnight period. Secondary outcomes included measures of hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, glucose variability, and changes in glucose levels during different periods of the night.

Přehled studie

Postavení

Dokončeno

Podmínky

Intervence / Léčba

Typ studie

Intervenční

Zápis (Aktuální)

20

Fáze

  • Nelze použít

Kontakty a umístění

Tato část poskytuje kontaktní údaje pro ty, kteří studii provádějí, a informace o tom, kde se tato studie provádí.

Studijní místa

    • Fatih
      • Istanbul, Fatih, Turecko (Türkiye), 34098
        • Istanbul University Cerrahpasa-Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine

Kritéria účasti

Výzkumníci hledají lidi, kteří odpovídají určitému popisu, kterému se říká kritéria způsobilosti. Některé příklady těchto kritérií jsou celkový zdravotní stav osoby nebo předchozí léčba.

Kritéria způsobilosti

Věk způsobilý ke studiu

  • Dítě
  • Dospělý

Přijímá zdravé dobrovolníky

Ne

Popis

Inclusion Criteria:

Age 6-18 years Diagnosis of type 1 diabetes for more than 1 year Completion of the remission period Treatment with multiple daily insulin injections Completion of all three stages of carbohydrate-counting education Ability to perform capillary blood glucose monitoring at least four times daily Total daily insulin dose >0.5 U/kg/day Mean HbA1c <9.6% during the preceding 3 months

Exclusion Criteria:

Insulin pump or sensor-augmented pump therapy Incomplete carbohydrate-counting education Impaired awareness of hypoglycemia Intestinal malabsorption Delayed gastric emptying Celiac disease or any other condition requiring dietary restriction Cystic fibrosis or other gastrointestinal disorders Diabetes-related chronic complications Physical or mental disability limiting adherence to study procedures Eating behavior disorders Active infection

Studijní plán

Tato část poskytuje podrobnosti o studijním plánu, včetně toho, jak je studie navržena a co studie měří.

Jak je studie koncipována?

Detaily designu

  • Primární účel: Léčba
  • Přidělení: Randomizované
  • Intervenční model: Crossover Assignment
  • Maskování: Žádné (otevřený štítek)

Zbraně a zásahy

Skupina účastníků / Arm
Intervence / Léčba
Experimentální: Sequence 1: CHO First
Participants received the four bedtime snack interventions in the following order: CHO, CHO+PRO, CHO+FAT, and CHO+FIB.
Participants consumed an apple as a carbohydrate-only bedtime snack at 21:00. The snack was consumed within 10 minutes, and no additional bolus insulin was administered for the snack. This intervention was followed for three consecutive nights.
Participants consumed a high-protein fresh cheese bedtime snack containing carbohydrate and protein at 21:00. The snack was consumed within 10 minutes, and no additional bolus insulin was administered for the snack. This intervention was followed for three consecutive nights.
Participants consumed an apple with nuts as a carbohydrate-plus-fat bedtime snack at 21:00. The snack was consumed within 10 minutes, and no additional bolus insulin was administered for the snack. This intervention was followed for three consecutive nights.
Participants consumed rye crispbread as a carbohydrate-plus-fiber bedtime snack at 21:00. The snack was consumed within 10 minutes, and no additional bolus insulin was administered for the snack. This intervention was followed for three consecutive nights.
Experimentální: Sequence 2: CHO+PRO First
Participants received the four bedtime snack interventions in the following order: CHO+PRO, CHO+FAT, CHO+FIB, and CHO.
Participants consumed an apple as a carbohydrate-only bedtime snack at 21:00. The snack was consumed within 10 minutes, and no additional bolus insulin was administered for the snack. This intervention was followed for three consecutive nights.
Participants consumed a high-protein fresh cheese bedtime snack containing carbohydrate and protein at 21:00. The snack was consumed within 10 minutes, and no additional bolus insulin was administered for the snack. This intervention was followed for three consecutive nights.
Participants consumed an apple with nuts as a carbohydrate-plus-fat bedtime snack at 21:00. The snack was consumed within 10 minutes, and no additional bolus insulin was administered for the snack. This intervention was followed for three consecutive nights.
Participants consumed rye crispbread as a carbohydrate-plus-fiber bedtime snack at 21:00. The snack was consumed within 10 minutes, and no additional bolus insulin was administered for the snack. This intervention was followed for three consecutive nights.
Experimentální: Sequence 3: CHO+FAT First
Participants received the four bedtime snack interventions in the following order: CHO+FAT, CHO+FIB, CHO, and CHO+PRO.
Participants consumed an apple as a carbohydrate-only bedtime snack at 21:00. The snack was consumed within 10 minutes, and no additional bolus insulin was administered for the snack. This intervention was followed for three consecutive nights.
Participants consumed a high-protein fresh cheese bedtime snack containing carbohydrate and protein at 21:00. The snack was consumed within 10 minutes, and no additional bolus insulin was administered for the snack. This intervention was followed for three consecutive nights.
Participants consumed an apple with nuts as a carbohydrate-plus-fat bedtime snack at 21:00. The snack was consumed within 10 minutes, and no additional bolus insulin was administered for the snack. This intervention was followed for three consecutive nights.
Participants consumed rye crispbread as a carbohydrate-plus-fiber bedtime snack at 21:00. The snack was consumed within 10 minutes, and no additional bolus insulin was administered for the snack. This intervention was followed for three consecutive nights.
Experimentální: Sequence 4: CHO+FIB First
Participants received the four bedtime snack interventions in the following order: CHO+FIB, CHO, CHO+PRO, and CHO+FAT.
Participants consumed an apple as a carbohydrate-only bedtime snack at 21:00. The snack was consumed within 10 minutes, and no additional bolus insulin was administered for the snack. This intervention was followed for three consecutive nights.
Participants consumed a high-protein fresh cheese bedtime snack containing carbohydrate and protein at 21:00. The snack was consumed within 10 minutes, and no additional bolus insulin was administered for the snack. This intervention was followed for three consecutive nights.
Participants consumed an apple with nuts as a carbohydrate-plus-fat bedtime snack at 21:00. The snack was consumed within 10 minutes, and no additional bolus insulin was administered for the snack. This intervention was followed for three consecutive nights.
Participants consumed rye crispbread as a carbohydrate-plus-fiber bedtime snack at 21:00. The snack was consumed within 10 minutes, and no additional bolus insulin was administered for the snack. This intervention was followed for three consecutive nights.

Co je měření studie?

Primární výstupní opatření

Měření výsledku
Popis opatření
Časové okno
Overnight Time in Range (70-180 mg/dL)
Časové okno: 12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)
Percentage of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) readings within the target glucose range of 70-180 mg/dL during the overnight period following each bedtime snack intervention.
12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)

Sekundární výstupní opatření

Měření výsledku
Popis opatření
Časové okno
Mean Overnight Sensor Glucose
Časové okno: 12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)
Mean continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) glucose concentration during the overnight period following each bedtime snack intervention.
12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)
Percentage of Overnight Time in Tight Range (70-140 mg/dL)vernight Sensor Glucose
Časové okno: 12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)
Percentage of CGM readings within the glucose range of 70-140 mg/dL during the overnight period following each bedtime snack intervention.
12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)
Percentage of Overnight Time Below Range (<70 mg/dL)
Časové okno: 12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)
Percentage of CGM readings below 70 mg/dL during the overnight period following each bedtime snack intervention.
12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)
Percentage of Overnight Time Below Range (<54 mg/dL)
Časové okno: 12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)
Percentage of CGM readings below 54 mg/dL during the overnight period following each bedtime snack intervention.
12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)
Percentage of Overnight Time Above Range (>180 mg/dL)
Časové okno: 12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)
Percentage of CGM readings above 180 mg/dL during the overnight period following each bedtime snack intervention.
12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)
Percentage of Overnight Time Above Range (>250 mg/dL)
Časové okno: 12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)
Percentage of CGM readings above 250 mg/dL during the overnight period following each bedtime snack intervention.
12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)
Coefficient of Variation of Overnight Sensor Glucose
Časové okno: 12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)
Coefficient of variation of CGM glucose values during the overnight period, expressed as a percentage
12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)
Peak Overnight Sensor Glucose
Časové okno: 12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)
Highest CGM glucose concentration recorded during the overnight period following each bedtime snack intervention.
12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)
Nadir Overnight Sensor Glucose
Časové okno: 12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)
Lowest CGM glucose concentration recorded during the overnight period following each bedtime snack intervention.
12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)
Peak-to-Nadir Overnight Glucose Amplitude
Časové okno: 12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)
Difference between the highest and lowest CGM glucose concentrations during the overnight period following each bedtime snack intervention.
12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)
Incremental Area Under the Overnight Glucose Curve
Časové okno: 12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)
Incremental area under the CGM glucose curve during the overnight period following each bedtime snack intervention.
12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)
Number of Overnight Hypoglycemic Events
Časové okno: 12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)
Number of hypoglycemic events occurring during the overnight period following each bedtime snack intervention.
12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)
Number of Overnight Hyperglycemic Events
Časové okno: 12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)
Number of hyperglycemic events occurring during the overnight period following each bedtime snack intervention.
12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)

Spolupracovníci a vyšetřovatelé

Zde najdete lidi a organizace zapojené do této studie.

Sponzor

Termíny studijních záznamů

Tato data sledují průběh záznamů studie a předkládání souhrnných výsledků na ClinicalTrials.gov. Záznamy ze studií a hlášené výsledky jsou před zveřejněním na veřejné webové stránce přezkoumány Národní lékařskou knihovnou (NLM), aby se ujistily, že splňují specifické standardy kontroly kvality.

Hlavní termíny studia

Začátek studia (Aktuální)

19. listopadu 2020

Primární dokončení (Aktuální)

19. listopadu 2020

Dokončení studie (Aktuální)

16. srpna 2021

Termíny zápisu do studia

První předloženo

13. srpna 2026

První předloženo, které splnilo kritéria kontroly kvality

20. srpna 2026

První zveřejněno (Aktuální)

21. srpna 2026

Aktualizace studijních záznamů

Poslední zveřejněná aktualizace (Aktuální)

21. srpna 2026

Odeslaná poslední aktualizace, která splnila kritéria kontroly kvality

20. srpna 2026

Naposledy ověřeno

1. srpna 2026

Více informací

Termíny související s touto studií

Další identifikační čísla studie

  • BEDTIME-SNACK-T1D

Plán pro data jednotlivých účastníků (IPD)

Plánujete sdílet data jednotlivých účastníků (IPD)?

ANO

Popis plánu IPD

De-identified individual participant data underlying the results reported in the publication may be shared upon reasonable request, subject to ethical and privacy restrictions and applicable institutional requirements.

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Studuje lékový produkt regulovaný americkým FDA

Ne

Studuje produkt zařízení regulovaný americkým úřadem FDA

Ne

Tyto informace byly beze změn načteny přímo z webu clinicaltrials.gov. Máte-li jakékoli požadavky na změnu, odstranění nebo aktualizaci podrobností studie, kontaktujte prosím register@clinicaltrials.gov. Jakmile bude změna implementována na clinicaltrials.gov, bude automaticky aktualizována i na našem webu .