Effects of Bedtime Snack Composition on Overnight Glucose in Children and Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes
Bedtime Snack Composition and Overnight Glycemic Profiles in Children and Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes Using Multiple Daily Injections: A Randomized Crossover Study
This study compared four types of bedtime snacks in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes treated with multiple daily insulin injections. The aim was to determine whether bedtime snack nutrient composition affects overnight glucose levels.
Participants received four different bedtime snacks: carbohydrate alone, carbohydrate with protein, carbohydrate with fat, and carbohydrate with fiber. The order of the four snack types was randomly assigned. Each snack type was consumed at 9:00 PM for three consecutive nights without an additional insulin dose for the snack. All participants received all four snack types during the study.
Overnight glucose levels were measured from 9:00 PM to 9:00 AM using a blinded continuous glucose monitoring system. The primary outcome was the percentage of time glucose levels remained between 70 and 180 mg/dL during the overnight period. Secondary outcomes included measures of hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, glucose variability, and changes in glucose levels during different periods of the night.
Studienübersicht
Status
Status
Bedingungen
Bedingungen
Intervention / Behandlung
Intervention / Behandlung
Studientyp
Studientyp
Einschreibung (Tatsächlich)
Einschreibung
Phase
Phase
- Unzutreffend
Kontakte und Standorte
Studienorte
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Fatih
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Istanbul, Fatih, Türkei (türkiye), 34098
- Istanbul University Cerrahpasa-Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine
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Teilnahmekriterien
Zulassungskriterien
Zulassungskriterien
Studienberechtigtes Alter
- Kind
- Erwachsene
Akzeptiert gesunde Freiwillige
Beschreibung
Inclusion Criteria:
Age 6-18 years Diagnosis of type 1 diabetes for more than 1 year Completion of the remission period Treatment with multiple daily insulin injections Completion of all three stages of carbohydrate-counting education Ability to perform capillary blood glucose monitoring at least four times daily Total daily insulin dose >0.5 U/kg/day Mean HbA1c <9.6% during the preceding 3 months
Exclusion Criteria:
Insulin pump or sensor-augmented pump therapy Incomplete carbohydrate-counting education Impaired awareness of hypoglycemia Intestinal malabsorption Delayed gastric emptying Celiac disease or any other condition requiring dietary restriction Cystic fibrosis or other gastrointestinal disorders Diabetes-related chronic complications Physical or mental disability limiting adherence to study procedures Eating behavior disorders Active infection
Studienplan
Wie ist die Studie aufgebaut?
Designdetails
- Hauptzweck: Behandlung
- Zuteilung: Zufällig
- Interventionsmodell: Crossover-Aufgabe
- Maskierung: Keine (Offenes Etikett)
Anzahl der Arme
Waffen und Interventionen
Teilnehmergruppe / ArmTeilnehmergruppe / Arm |
Intervention / BehandlungIntervention / Behandlung |
|---|---|
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Experimental: Sequence 1: CHO First
Participants received the four bedtime snack interventions in the following order: CHO, CHO+PRO, CHO+FAT, and CHO+FIB.
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Participants consumed an apple as a carbohydrate-only bedtime snack at 21:00.
The snack was consumed within 10 minutes, and no additional bolus insulin was administered for the snack.
This intervention was followed for three consecutive nights.
Participants consumed a high-protein fresh cheese bedtime snack containing carbohydrate and protein at 21:00.
The snack was consumed within 10 minutes, and no additional bolus insulin was administered for the snack.
This intervention was followed for three consecutive nights.
Participants consumed an apple with nuts as a carbohydrate-plus-fat bedtime snack at 21:00.
The snack was consumed within 10 minutes, and no additional bolus insulin was administered for the snack.
This intervention was followed for three consecutive nights.
Participants consumed rye crispbread as a carbohydrate-plus-fiber bedtime snack at 21:00.
The snack was consumed within 10 minutes, and no additional bolus insulin was administered for the snack.
This intervention was followed for three consecutive nights.
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Experimental: Sequence 2: CHO+PRO First
Participants received the four bedtime snack interventions in the following order: CHO+PRO, CHO+FAT, CHO+FIB, and CHO.
|
Participants consumed an apple as a carbohydrate-only bedtime snack at 21:00.
The snack was consumed within 10 minutes, and no additional bolus insulin was administered for the snack.
This intervention was followed for three consecutive nights.
Participants consumed a high-protein fresh cheese bedtime snack containing carbohydrate and protein at 21:00.
The snack was consumed within 10 minutes, and no additional bolus insulin was administered for the snack.
This intervention was followed for three consecutive nights.
Participants consumed an apple with nuts as a carbohydrate-plus-fat bedtime snack at 21:00.
The snack was consumed within 10 minutes, and no additional bolus insulin was administered for the snack.
This intervention was followed for three consecutive nights.
Participants consumed rye crispbread as a carbohydrate-plus-fiber bedtime snack at 21:00.
The snack was consumed within 10 minutes, and no additional bolus insulin was administered for the snack.
This intervention was followed for three consecutive nights.
|
|
Experimental: Sequence 3: CHO+FAT First
Participants received the four bedtime snack interventions in the following order: CHO+FAT, CHO+FIB, CHO, and CHO+PRO.
|
Participants consumed an apple as a carbohydrate-only bedtime snack at 21:00.
The snack was consumed within 10 minutes, and no additional bolus insulin was administered for the snack.
This intervention was followed for three consecutive nights.
Participants consumed a high-protein fresh cheese bedtime snack containing carbohydrate and protein at 21:00.
The snack was consumed within 10 minutes, and no additional bolus insulin was administered for the snack.
This intervention was followed for three consecutive nights.
Participants consumed an apple with nuts as a carbohydrate-plus-fat bedtime snack at 21:00.
The snack was consumed within 10 minutes, and no additional bolus insulin was administered for the snack.
This intervention was followed for three consecutive nights.
Participants consumed rye crispbread as a carbohydrate-plus-fiber bedtime snack at 21:00.
The snack was consumed within 10 minutes, and no additional bolus insulin was administered for the snack.
This intervention was followed for three consecutive nights.
|
|
Experimental: Sequence 4: CHO+FIB First
Participants received the four bedtime snack interventions in the following order: CHO+FIB, CHO, CHO+PRO, and CHO+FAT.
|
Participants consumed an apple as a carbohydrate-only bedtime snack at 21:00.
The snack was consumed within 10 minutes, and no additional bolus insulin was administered for the snack.
This intervention was followed for three consecutive nights.
Participants consumed a high-protein fresh cheese bedtime snack containing carbohydrate and protein at 21:00.
The snack was consumed within 10 minutes, and no additional bolus insulin was administered for the snack.
This intervention was followed for three consecutive nights.
Participants consumed an apple with nuts as a carbohydrate-plus-fat bedtime snack at 21:00.
The snack was consumed within 10 minutes, and no additional bolus insulin was administered for the snack.
This intervention was followed for three consecutive nights.
Participants consumed rye crispbread as a carbohydrate-plus-fiber bedtime snack at 21:00.
The snack was consumed within 10 minutes, and no additional bolus insulin was administered for the snack.
This intervention was followed for three consecutive nights.
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Was misst die Studie?
Primäre Ergebnismessungen
Primäre Ergebnismessungen
Ergebnis Maßnahme |
Maßnahmenbeschreibung |
Zeitfenster |
|---|---|---|
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Overnight Time in Range (70-180 mg/dL)
Zeitfenster: 12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)
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Percentage of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) readings within the target glucose range of 70-180 mg/dL during the overnight period following each bedtime snack intervention.
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12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)
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Sekundäre Ergebnismessungen
Sekundäre Ergebnismessungen
Ergebnis Maßnahme |
Maßnahmenbeschreibung |
Zeitfenster |
|---|---|---|
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Mean Overnight Sensor Glucose
Zeitfenster: 12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)
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Mean continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) glucose concentration during the overnight period following each bedtime snack intervention.
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12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)
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Percentage of Overnight Time in Tight Range (70-140 mg/dL)vernight Sensor Glucose
Zeitfenster: 12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)
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Percentage of CGM readings within the glucose range of 70-140 mg/dL during the overnight period following each bedtime snack intervention.
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12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)
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Percentage of Overnight Time Below Range (<70 mg/dL)
Zeitfenster: 12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)
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Percentage of CGM readings below 70 mg/dL during the overnight period following each bedtime snack intervention.
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12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)
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Percentage of Overnight Time Below Range (<54 mg/dL)
Zeitfenster: 12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)
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Percentage of CGM readings below 54 mg/dL during the overnight period following each bedtime snack intervention.
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12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)
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Percentage of Overnight Time Above Range (>180 mg/dL)
Zeitfenster: 12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)
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Percentage of CGM readings above 180 mg/dL during the overnight period following each bedtime snack intervention.
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12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)
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Percentage of Overnight Time Above Range (>250 mg/dL)
Zeitfenster: 12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)
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Percentage of CGM readings above 250 mg/dL during the overnight period following each bedtime snack intervention.
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12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)
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Coefficient of Variation of Overnight Sensor Glucose
Zeitfenster: 12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)
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Coefficient of variation of CGM glucose values during the overnight period, expressed as a percentage
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12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)
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Peak Overnight Sensor Glucose
Zeitfenster: 12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)
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Highest CGM glucose concentration recorded during the overnight period following each bedtime snack intervention.
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12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)
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Nadir Overnight Sensor Glucose
Zeitfenster: 12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)
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Lowest CGM glucose concentration recorded during the overnight period following each bedtime snack intervention.
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12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)
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Peak-to-Nadir Overnight Glucose Amplitude
Zeitfenster: 12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)
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Difference between the highest and lowest CGM glucose concentrations during the overnight period following each bedtime snack intervention.
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12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)
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Incremental Area Under the Overnight Glucose Curve
Zeitfenster: 12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)
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Incremental area under the CGM glucose curve during the overnight period following each bedtime snack intervention.
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12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)
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Number of Overnight Hypoglycemic Events
Zeitfenster: 12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)
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Number of hypoglycemic events occurring during the overnight period following each bedtime snack intervention.
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12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)
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Number of Overnight Hyperglycemic Events
Zeitfenster: 12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)
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Number of hyperglycemic events occurring during the overnight period following each bedtime snack intervention.
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12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)
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Mitarbeiter und Ermittler
Sponsor
Sponsor
Studienaufzeichnungsdaten
Haupttermine studieren
Studienbeginn (Tatsächlich)
Studienbeginn
Primärer Abschluss (Tatsächlich)
Primärer Abschluss
Studienabschluss (Tatsächlich)
Studienabschluss
Studienanmeldedaten
Zuerst eingereicht
Zuerst eingereicht
Zuerst eingereicht, das die QC-Kriterien erfüllt hat
Zuerst eingereicht, das die QC-Kriterien erfüllt hat
Zuerst gepostet (Tatsächlich)
Zuerst gepostet
Studienaufzeichnungsaktualisierungen
Letztes Update gepostet (Tatsächlich)
Letztes Update gepostet
Letztes eingereichtes Update, das die QC-Kriterien erfüllt
Letztes eingereichtes Update, das die QC-Kriterien erfüllt
Zuletzt verifiziert
Zuletzt verifiziert
Mehr Informationen
Begriffe im Zusammenhang mit dieser Studie
Schlüsselwörter
Zusätzliche relevante MeSH-Bedingungen
Andere Studien-ID-Nummern
Andere Studien-ID-Nummern
- BEDTIME-SNACK-T1D
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