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Effects of Bedtime Snack Composition on Overnight Glucose in Children and Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes

20 sierpnia 2026 zaktualizowane przez: Didem Güneş Kaya

Bedtime Snack Composition and Overnight Glycemic Profiles in Children and Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes Using Multiple Daily Injections: A Randomized Crossover Study

This study compared four types of bedtime snacks in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes treated with multiple daily insulin injections. The aim was to determine whether bedtime snack nutrient composition affects overnight glucose levels.

Participants received four different bedtime snacks: carbohydrate alone, carbohydrate with protein, carbohydrate with fat, and carbohydrate with fiber. The order of the four snack types was randomly assigned. Each snack type was consumed at 9:00 PM for three consecutive nights without an additional insulin dose for the snack. All participants received all four snack types during the study.

Overnight glucose levels were measured from 9:00 PM to 9:00 AM using a blinded continuous glucose monitoring system. The primary outcome was the percentage of time glucose levels remained between 70 and 180 mg/dL during the overnight period. Secondary outcomes included measures of hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, glucose variability, and changes in glucose levels during different periods of the night.

Przegląd badań

Status

Zakończony

Warunki

Interwencja / Leczenie

Typ studiów

Interwencyjne

Zapisy (Rzeczywisty)

20

Faza

  • Nie dotyczy

Kontakty i lokalizacje

Ta sekcja zawiera dane kontaktowe osób prowadzących badanie oraz informacje o tym, gdzie badanie jest przeprowadzane.

Lokalizacje studiów

    • Fatih
      • Istanbul, Fatih, Turcja (Türkiye), 34098
        • Istanbul University Cerrahpasa-Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine

Kryteria uczestnictwa

Badacze szukają osób, które pasują do określonego opisu, zwanego kryteriami kwalifikacyjnymi. Niektóre przykłady tych kryteriów to ogólny stan zdrowia danej osoby lub wcześniejsze leczenie.

Kryteria kwalifikacji

Wiek uprawniający do nauki

  • Dziecko
  • Dorosły

Akceptuje zdrowych ochotników

Nie

Opis

Inclusion Criteria:

Age 6-18 years Diagnosis of type 1 diabetes for more than 1 year Completion of the remission period Treatment with multiple daily insulin injections Completion of all three stages of carbohydrate-counting education Ability to perform capillary blood glucose monitoring at least four times daily Total daily insulin dose >0.5 U/kg/day Mean HbA1c <9.6% during the preceding 3 months

Exclusion Criteria:

Insulin pump or sensor-augmented pump therapy Incomplete carbohydrate-counting education Impaired awareness of hypoglycemia Intestinal malabsorption Delayed gastric emptying Celiac disease or any other condition requiring dietary restriction Cystic fibrosis or other gastrointestinal disorders Diabetes-related chronic complications Physical or mental disability limiting adherence to study procedures Eating behavior disorders Active infection

Plan studiów

Ta sekcja zawiera szczegółowe informacje na temat planu badania, w tym sposób zaprojektowania badania i jego pomiary.

Jak projektuje się badanie?

Szczegóły projektu

  • Główny cel: Leczenie
  • Przydział: Randomizowane
  • Model interwencyjny: Zadanie krzyżowe
  • Maskowanie: Brak (otwarta etykieta)

Broń i interwencje

Grupa uczestników / Arm
Interwencja / Leczenie
Eksperymentalny: Sequence 1: CHO First
Participants received the four bedtime snack interventions in the following order: CHO, CHO+PRO, CHO+FAT, and CHO+FIB.
Participants consumed an apple as a carbohydrate-only bedtime snack at 21:00. The snack was consumed within 10 minutes, and no additional bolus insulin was administered for the snack. This intervention was followed for three consecutive nights.
Participants consumed a high-protein fresh cheese bedtime snack containing carbohydrate and protein at 21:00. The snack was consumed within 10 minutes, and no additional bolus insulin was administered for the snack. This intervention was followed for three consecutive nights.
Participants consumed an apple with nuts as a carbohydrate-plus-fat bedtime snack at 21:00. The snack was consumed within 10 minutes, and no additional bolus insulin was administered for the snack. This intervention was followed for three consecutive nights.
Participants consumed rye crispbread as a carbohydrate-plus-fiber bedtime snack at 21:00. The snack was consumed within 10 minutes, and no additional bolus insulin was administered for the snack. This intervention was followed for three consecutive nights.
Eksperymentalny: Sequence 2: CHO+PRO First
Participants received the four bedtime snack interventions in the following order: CHO+PRO, CHO+FAT, CHO+FIB, and CHO.
Participants consumed an apple as a carbohydrate-only bedtime snack at 21:00. The snack was consumed within 10 minutes, and no additional bolus insulin was administered for the snack. This intervention was followed for three consecutive nights.
Participants consumed a high-protein fresh cheese bedtime snack containing carbohydrate and protein at 21:00. The snack was consumed within 10 minutes, and no additional bolus insulin was administered for the snack. This intervention was followed for three consecutive nights.
Participants consumed an apple with nuts as a carbohydrate-plus-fat bedtime snack at 21:00. The snack was consumed within 10 minutes, and no additional bolus insulin was administered for the snack. This intervention was followed for three consecutive nights.
Participants consumed rye crispbread as a carbohydrate-plus-fiber bedtime snack at 21:00. The snack was consumed within 10 minutes, and no additional bolus insulin was administered for the snack. This intervention was followed for three consecutive nights.
Eksperymentalny: Sequence 3: CHO+FAT First
Participants received the four bedtime snack interventions in the following order: CHO+FAT, CHO+FIB, CHO, and CHO+PRO.
Participants consumed an apple as a carbohydrate-only bedtime snack at 21:00. The snack was consumed within 10 minutes, and no additional bolus insulin was administered for the snack. This intervention was followed for three consecutive nights.
Participants consumed a high-protein fresh cheese bedtime snack containing carbohydrate and protein at 21:00. The snack was consumed within 10 minutes, and no additional bolus insulin was administered for the snack. This intervention was followed for three consecutive nights.
Participants consumed an apple with nuts as a carbohydrate-plus-fat bedtime snack at 21:00. The snack was consumed within 10 minutes, and no additional bolus insulin was administered for the snack. This intervention was followed for three consecutive nights.
Participants consumed rye crispbread as a carbohydrate-plus-fiber bedtime snack at 21:00. The snack was consumed within 10 minutes, and no additional bolus insulin was administered for the snack. This intervention was followed for three consecutive nights.
Eksperymentalny: Sequence 4: CHO+FIB First
Participants received the four bedtime snack interventions in the following order: CHO+FIB, CHO, CHO+PRO, and CHO+FAT.
Participants consumed an apple as a carbohydrate-only bedtime snack at 21:00. The snack was consumed within 10 minutes, and no additional bolus insulin was administered for the snack. This intervention was followed for three consecutive nights.
Participants consumed a high-protein fresh cheese bedtime snack containing carbohydrate and protein at 21:00. The snack was consumed within 10 minutes, and no additional bolus insulin was administered for the snack. This intervention was followed for three consecutive nights.
Participants consumed an apple with nuts as a carbohydrate-plus-fat bedtime snack at 21:00. The snack was consumed within 10 minutes, and no additional bolus insulin was administered for the snack. This intervention was followed for three consecutive nights.
Participants consumed rye crispbread as a carbohydrate-plus-fiber bedtime snack at 21:00. The snack was consumed within 10 minutes, and no additional bolus insulin was administered for the snack. This intervention was followed for three consecutive nights.

Co mierzy badanie?

Podstawowe miary wyniku

Miara wyniku
Opis środka
Ramy czasowe
Overnight Time in Range (70-180 mg/dL)
Ramy czasowe: 12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)
Percentage of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) readings within the target glucose range of 70-180 mg/dL during the overnight period following each bedtime snack intervention.
12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)

Miary wyników drugorzędnych

Miara wyniku
Opis środka
Ramy czasowe
Mean Overnight Sensor Glucose
Ramy czasowe: 12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)
Mean continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) glucose concentration during the overnight period following each bedtime snack intervention.
12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)
Percentage of Overnight Time in Tight Range (70-140 mg/dL)vernight Sensor Glucose
Ramy czasowe: 12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)
Percentage of CGM readings within the glucose range of 70-140 mg/dL during the overnight period following each bedtime snack intervention.
12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)
Percentage of Overnight Time Below Range (<70 mg/dL)
Ramy czasowe: 12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)
Percentage of CGM readings below 70 mg/dL during the overnight period following each bedtime snack intervention.
12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)
Percentage of Overnight Time Below Range (<54 mg/dL)
Ramy czasowe: 12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)
Percentage of CGM readings below 54 mg/dL during the overnight period following each bedtime snack intervention.
12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)
Percentage of Overnight Time Above Range (>180 mg/dL)
Ramy czasowe: 12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)
Percentage of CGM readings above 180 mg/dL during the overnight period following each bedtime snack intervention.
12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)
Percentage of Overnight Time Above Range (>250 mg/dL)
Ramy czasowe: 12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)
Percentage of CGM readings above 250 mg/dL during the overnight period following each bedtime snack intervention.
12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)
Coefficient of Variation of Overnight Sensor Glucose
Ramy czasowe: 12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)
Coefficient of variation of CGM glucose values during the overnight period, expressed as a percentage
12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)
Peak Overnight Sensor Glucose
Ramy czasowe: 12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)
Highest CGM glucose concentration recorded during the overnight period following each bedtime snack intervention.
12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)
Nadir Overnight Sensor Glucose
Ramy czasowe: 12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)
Lowest CGM glucose concentration recorded during the overnight period following each bedtime snack intervention.
12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)
Peak-to-Nadir Overnight Glucose Amplitude
Ramy czasowe: 12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)
Difference between the highest and lowest CGM glucose concentrations during the overnight period following each bedtime snack intervention.
12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)
Incremental Area Under the Overnight Glucose Curve
Ramy czasowe: 12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)
Incremental area under the CGM glucose curve during the overnight period following each bedtime snack intervention.
12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)
Number of Overnight Hypoglycemic Events
Ramy czasowe: 12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)
Number of hypoglycemic events occurring during the overnight period following each bedtime snack intervention.
12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)
Number of Overnight Hyperglycemic Events
Ramy czasowe: 12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)
Number of hyperglycemic events occurring during the overnight period following each bedtime snack intervention.
12 hours after bedtime snack consumption (21:00-09:00)

Współpracownicy i badacze

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Sponsor

Daty zapisu na studia

Daty te śledzą postęp w przesyłaniu rekordów badań i podsumowań wyników do ClinicalTrials.gov. Zapisy badań i zgłoszone wyniki są przeglądane przez National Library of Medicine (NLM), aby upewnić się, że spełniają określone standardy kontroli jakości, zanim zostaną opublikowane na publicznej stronie internetowej.

Główne daty studiów

Rozpoczęcie studiów (Rzeczywisty)

19 listopada 2020

Zakończenie podstawowe (Rzeczywisty)

19 listopada 2020

Ukończenie studiów (Rzeczywisty)

16 sierpnia 2021

Daty rejestracji na studia

Pierwszy przesłany

13 sierpnia 2026

Pierwszy przesłany, który spełnia kryteria kontroli jakości

20 sierpnia 2026

Pierwszy wysłany (Rzeczywisty)

21 sierpnia 2026

Aktualizacje rekordów badań

Ostatnia wysłana aktualizacja (Rzeczywisty)

21 sierpnia 2026

Ostatnia przesłana aktualizacja, która spełniała kryteria kontroli jakości

20 sierpnia 2026

Ostatnia weryfikacja

1 sierpnia 2026

Więcej informacji

Terminy związane z tym badaniem

Inne numery identyfikacyjne badania

  • BEDTIME-SNACK-T1D

Plan dla danych uczestnika indywidualnego (IPD)

Planujesz udostępniać dane poszczególnych uczestników (IPD)?

TAK

Opis planu IPD

De-identified individual participant data underlying the results reported in the publication may be shared upon reasonable request, subject to ethical and privacy restrictions and applicable institutional requirements.

Informacje o lekach i urządzeniach, dokumenty badawcze

Bada produkt leczniczy regulowany przez amerykańską FDA

Nie

Bada produkt urządzenia regulowany przez amerykańską FDA

Nie

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