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Comparison of Er-YAG Laser, Air Polishing, and Surgical Excision for Gingival Hyperpigmentation (APGH)

26. června 2026 aktualizováno: Nermin Arslan, Ondokuz Mayıs University

Comparison of Laser, Guided Biofilm Therapy, and Conventional Surgical Approaches in the Treatment of Gingival Hyperpigmentation: Evaluation of Clinical Outcomes and Patient Satisfaction

This randomized controlled clinical trial aimed to compare the effectiveness of different treatment approaches for physiologic gingival hyperpigmentation. Participants with gingival melanin pigmentation were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups: Er:YAG laser treatment, air polishing with erythritol powder, air polishing with sodium bicarbonate powder, or conventional surgical excision. Clinical outcomes were evaluated using pigmentation index scores, digital image analysis, and color measurements at baseline and follow-up visits. Patient-centered outcomes, including postoperative discomfort and satisfaction, were also assessed. The study sought to determine whether air polishing techniques could provide clinical outcomes comparable to conventional treatment approaches while improving patient comfort and satisfaction.

Přehled studie

Detailní popis

Physiologic gingival hyperpigmentation is a common esthetic condition caused by excessive melanin deposition within the gingival epithelium. Several treatment approaches have been proposed to eliminate gingival pigmentation, including conventional surgical techniques, laser applications, and minimally invasive air polishing systems. Although conventional surgical excision and laser therapy are widely used, alternative approaches that may reduce postoperative discomfort while maintaining comparable clinical outcomes remain of clinical interest.

The purpose of this randomized controlled clinical trial was to compare the clinical effectiveness and patient-related outcomes of four different treatment modalities for gingival hyperpigmentation: Er:YAG laser treatment, air polishing with erythritol powder, air polishing with sodium bicarbonate powder, and conventional surgical excision.

Eligible participants diagnosed with physiologic gingival melanin hyperpigmentation were randomly allocated into four parallel treatment groups. Clinical pigmentation changes were assessed using standardized clinical photographs, pigmentation index scoring systems, digital color analysis, and quantitative color measurements during baseline and follow-up examinations over a three-month period. Secondary evaluations included postoperative discomfort assessment and patient satisfaction measurements.

The study was designed to evaluate whether minimally invasive air polishing approaches could achieve clinical outcomes comparable to established treatment methods while providing improved patient comfort during the healing period.

Typ studie

Intervenční

Zápis (Aktuální)

24

Fáze

  • Nelze použít

Kontakty a umístění

Tato část poskytuje kontaktní údaje pro ty, kteří studii provádějí, a informace o tom, kde se tato studie provádí.

Studijní místa

    • Atakum
      • Samsun, Atakum, Turecko (Türkiye), 55200
        • Ondokuz Mayıs University Faculty of Dentistry

Kritéria účasti

Výzkumníci hledají lidi, kteří odpovídají určitému popisu, kterému se říká kritéria způsobilosti. Některé příklady těchto kritérií jsou celkový zdravotní stav osoby nebo předchozí léčba.

Kritéria způsobilosti

Věk způsobilý ke studiu

  • Dospělý

Přijímá zdravé dobrovolníky

Ano

Popis

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Individuals aged between 18 and 50 years
  • Systemically healthy individuals
  • Presence of physiologic gingival hyperpigmentation in the anterior maxillary or mandibular gingiva
  • Individuals seeking esthetic treatment for gingival pigmentation
  • Presence of adequate oral hygiene and periodontal health before treatment
  • Willingness to participate in the study and provide written informed consent
  • Agreement to attend all follow-up visits during the study period

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Presence of systemic diseases or conditions that may affect wound healing
  • Smoking or use of tobacco products
  • Pregnancy or lactation
  • History of periodontal therapy or gingival depigmentation treatment in the study area
  • Presence of active periodontal disease or gingival inflammation at baseline
  • Use of medications affecting gingival tissues or wound healing
  • Individuals with non-physiologic oral pigmentation associated with systemic disorders, medication use, or syndromic conditions
  • Inability or unwillingness to comply with study protocol and follow-up visits

Studijní plán

Tato část poskytuje podrobnosti o studijním plánu, včetně toho, jak je studie navržena a co studie měří.

Jak je studie koncipována?

Detaily designu

  • Primární účel: Léčba
  • Přidělení: Randomizované
  • Intervenční model: Paralelní přiřazení
  • Maskování: Singl

Zbraně a zásahy

Skupina účastníků / Arm
Intervence / Léčba
Experimentální: Er:YAG Laser Group
Participants assigned to this group received gingival depigmentation treatment using Er:YAG laser for the removal of physiologic gingival melanin pigmentation. Clinical and patient-reported outcomes were evaluated during the follow-up period.
Gingival depigmentation was performed using Er:YAG laser therapy to remove physiologic gingival melanin pigmentation. The procedure was applied according to the manufacturer's recommended clinical protocol for soft tissue ablation.
Experimentální: Air Polishing Erythritol Group
Participants assigned to this group received gingival depigmentation treatment using an air polishing device with erythritol powder for the removal of physiologic gingival melanin pigmentation. Clinical and patient-reported outcomes were evaluated during the follow-up period.
Gingival depigmentation was performed using an air polishing system with erythritol powder to remove physiologic gingival melanin pigmentation. The procedure was carried out by applying pressurized air and powder particles to the pigmented gingival surface according to the treatment protocol.
Experimentální: Air Polishing Sodium Bicarbonate Group
Participants assigned to this group received gingival depigmentation treatment using an air polishing device with sodium bicarbonate powder for the removal of physiologic gingival melanin pigmentation. Clinical and patient-reported outcomes were evaluated during the follow-up period.
Gingival depigmentation was performed using an air polishing system with sodium bicarbonate powder to remove physiologic gingival melanin pigmentation. The procedure was carried out by applying pressurized air and powder particles to the pigmented gingival surface according to the treatment protocol.
Aktivní komparátor: Conventional Surgical Excision Group
Participants assigned to this group received conventional surgical gingival depigmentation treatment by surgical excision for the removal of physiologic gingival melanin pigmentation. Clinical and patient-reported outcomes were evaluated during the follow-up period.
Gingival depigmentation was performed using a conventional surgical excision technique for the removal of physiologic gingival melanin pigmentation. The procedure involved surgical removal of the pigmented gingival epithelium using conventional periodontal surgical instruments according to standard clinical practice.

Co je měření studie?

Primární výstupní opatření

Měření výsledku
Popis opatření
Časové okno
Change in RGB Color Values
Časové okno: Baseline, 7 days after treatment, 1 month after treatment, and 3 months after treatment
Changes in gingival color will be quantitatively assessed using standardized digital photographs and RGB color analysis following depigmentation procedures.
Baseline, 7 days after treatment, 1 month after treatment, and 3 months after treatment
Color Difference (Delta E)
Časové okno: 7 days after treatment, 1 month after treatment, and 3 months after treatment
Gingival color change following treatment will be evaluated by calculating color difference values using the Delta E (CIE76) formula based on digital photographic analysis.
7 days after treatment, 1 month after treatment, and 3 months after treatment
Change in Pigmented Area
Časové okno: Baseline, 7 days after treatment, 1 month after treatment, and 3 months after treatment
The extent of gingival pigmentation will be quantitatively assessed by measuring the pigmented gingival area from standardized digital photographs.
Baseline, 7 days after treatment, 1 month after treatment, and 3 months after treatment
Change in Dummett Oral Pigmentation Index (DOPI)
Časové okno: Baseline, 1 months after treatment, 3 months after treatment
Gingival pigmentation intensity will be clinically evaluated using the Dummett Oral Pigmentation Index (DOPI) to assess treatment effectiveness.
Baseline, 1 months after treatment, 3 months after treatment

Sekundární výstupní opatření

Měření výsledku
Popis opatření
Časové okno
Postoperative Pain Level
Časové okno: Day 1 after treatment, Day 3 after treatment, and Day 7 after treatment
Postoperative pain associated with each treatment procedure will be assessed using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS).
Day 1 after treatment, Day 3 after treatment, and Day 7 after treatment
Patient Esthetic Satisfaction
Časové okno: Baseline, 3 months after treatment
Patient satisfaction regarding esthetic treatment outcomes will be evaluated using a Visual Analog Scale (VAS).
Baseline, 3 months after treatment
Clinician Esthetic Evaluation
Časové okno: Baseline, 1 months after treatment, 3 months after treatment
Esthetic treatment outcomes will be independently evaluated by blinded clinicians to assess overall esthetic improvement after treatment.
Baseline, 1 months after treatment, 3 months after treatment

Spolupracovníci a vyšetřovatelé

Zde najdete lidi a organizace zapojené do této studie.

Termíny studijních záznamů

Tato data sledují průběh záznamů studie a předkládání souhrnných výsledků na ClinicalTrials.gov. Záznamy ze studií a hlášené výsledky jsou před zveřejněním na veřejné webové stránce přezkoumány Národní lékařskou knihovnou (NLM), aby se ujistily, že splňují specifické standardy kontroly kvality.

Hlavní termíny studia

Začátek studia (Aktuální)

1. prosince 2025

Primární dokončení (Aktuální)

1. června 2026

Dokončení studie (Aktuální)

1. června 2026

Termíny zápisu do studia

První předloženo

21. června 2026

První předloženo, které splnilo kritéria kontroly kvality

26. června 2026

První zveřejněno (Aktuální)

29. června 2026

Aktualizace studijních záznamů

Poslední zveřejněná aktualizace (Aktuální)

29. června 2026

Odeslaná poslední aktualizace, která splnila kritéria kontroly kvality

26. června 2026

Naposledy ověřeno

1. června 2026

Více informací

Termíny související s touto studií

Další identifikační čísla studie

  • OMU-KAEK-2025/1248

Plán pro data jednotlivých účastníků (IPD)

Plánujete sdílet data jednotlivých účastníků (IPD)?

NE

Popis plánu IPD

Individual participant data generated during this study will not be publicly shared because no formal data-sharing plan has been established and the study was conducted as part of an institutional academic research project.

Informace o lécích a zařízeních, studijní dokumenty

Studuje lékový produkt regulovaný americkým FDA

Ne

Studuje produkt zařízení regulovaný americkým úřadem FDA

Ne

Tyto informace byly beze změn načteny přímo z webu clinicaltrials.gov. Máte-li jakékoli požadavky na změnu, odstranění nebo aktualizaci podrobností studie, kontaktujte prosím register@clinicaltrials.gov. Jakmile bude změna implementována na clinicaltrials.gov, bude automaticky aktualizována i na našem webu .

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