Intravascular Ultrasound Evaluation of Renal Nerves in Different Diseases

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Resistant hypertension group

   • blood pressure remains above goal in spite of the concurrent use of three or more anti-hypertensive agents(including a diuretic) at adequate doses.
   • agrees to have the study procedure(s) performed and additional procedures and evaluations

2. Essential hypertension group

   • systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg, or current use of anti-hypertensive medication with a normal blood pressure or mean ambulatory blood pressure during the 24-hour≥130/80 mmHg.
   • not resistant to pharmacotherapy.
   • agrees to have the study procedure(s) performed and additional procedures and evaluations

3. Chronic heart failure group

   • New York Heart Association class II-III symptoms, or American College of Cardiology(ACC) / American Heart Association(AHA) heart failure classification B-C class of chronic heart failure.
   • currently or prior have the signs of heart failure, such as elevated jugular venous pressure, peripheral edema, pulmonary crepitations, ect.
   • Systolic left ventricular dysfunction as assessed by echocardiogram with left ventricular ejection fraction < 40%.
   • agrees to have the study procedure(s) performed and additional procedures and evaluations

4. Control group

   • no history of arterial hypertension, heart failure and diabetes
   • going to take a vascular interventional examination during hospitalization
   • agrees to have the study procedure(s) performed and additional procedures and evaluations

All patients have full capacity for civil conduct and agree to sign the Medical Informed Consent.

Exclusion Criteria:

• hemodynamically or anatomically significant renal artery stenosis.
• renal artery variation.
• renal artery diameter < 4 mm, trunk length < 20 mm.
• secondary hypertension with known causes and pseudo-hypertension.
• has experienced myocardial infarction, unstable angina pectoris, or cerebrovascular accident within 6 months.
• has an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) or pacemaker.
• requires respiratory support.
• is pregnant or planning to be pregnant.
• cardiovascular diseases with sever hemodynamic disorder.
• type 1 diabetes mellitus.
• currently enrolled in another investigational drug or device trial.
• civil disability or limited capacity for civil conduct.
• other conditions researchers considered unsuitable for enrolled in the trial.