The Effect of Using a Stress Ball and Watching Cartoons on Fear and Pain Levels During Enemas in Children Aged 6-12
Aperçu de l'étude
Statut
Statut
Les conditions
Les conditions
Intervention / Traitement
Intervention / Traitement
Description détaillée
Location and Time of the Study The study is planned to be conducted between September 2026 and May 2027 at the Pediatric Emergency Department of Mersin University Faculty of Medicine Hospital. The Pediatric Emergency Department consists of the following sections: Triage, Green Zone (6 beds), Yellow Zone (8 beds), Red/Critical Zone (3 beds), and Trauma Room (3 beds). The unit is staffed by 1 head nurse and 21 ward nurses. With an average of 220 patient visits per day, the most common reasons for presentation are fever, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, cough, respiratory distress, and trauma.
Research Variables Dependent variables: fear level, pain level Independent variables: use of a stress ball, showing cartoons
Data Collection The necessary ethics committee and institutional approvals will be obtained before the study begins. The study will be registered as a clinical trial. The study will include children aged 6-12 years who are undergoing enema procedures of the same type and volume at the Pediatric Emergency Department of Mersin University Faculty of Medicine Hospital and who meet the study's sample selection criteria. Children who do not meet the criteria will be excluded from the study. Procedures will be performed on children in all groups by the same nurse.
In line with the literature, researchers have identified distraction methods (cartoon content and the use of stress balls) appropriate for the developmental characteristics of children aged 6-12. To determine which cartoons will be used in the study, a pool of cartoons will be created by asking a total of ten children-five girls and five boys, aged 6-12-about their favorite cartoons. To evaluate the suitability of the cartoon pool, it will be presented to seven experts in the fields of child development, child psychiatry, and pediatric nursing to obtain their expert opinions. Children in Group 2 will use stress balls. The stress balls will be selected to be a size that children can easily grasp and of a soft texture. A pilot study involving 10 children will be conducted to evaluate the suitability of the data collection tools and distraction methods to be used in the study. The children included in the pilot study will not be included in the research sample. The children participating in the study and their parents will be informed about the purpose, content, and implementation process of the study. Written and verbal consent will be obtained from the parents, and verbal consent will be obtained from the children. All children participating in the study will receive routine clinical care.
Routine clinical procedure: Prior to the enema procedure, the child's vital signs are assessed, and the child is informed about the procedure using age-appropriate language.
The child is positioned appropriately (right or left lateral) and the parent is allowed to remain by the child's side during the procedure. During the procedure, the tip of the tube is lubricated and gently inserted into the rectal area, and the enema solution is administered. After the procedure, the child is monitored for potential complications. An informational consent form will be administered to the children included in the study prior to the procedure, and fear and pain levels will be assessed by the nurse, the parent, and the child. Children who meet the sample selection criteria will be randomized into three groups using a computer-generated random number generator.
- Cartoon-viewing group: In addition to standard clinical practice, children in the cartoon-viewing group will be shown an age-appropriate cartoon 1 minute before the procedure begins and will be encouraged to continue watching throughout the procedure.
- Stress ball group: In addition to the standard clinical routine, children in the stress ball group will be given a stress ball 1 minute before the procedure begins and will be encouraged to use it throughout the procedure.
- Control group: No distraction interventions will be applied to children in the control group; only standard clinical care will be provided.
The levels of fear and pain among children in all groups will be assessed immediately after the procedure is completed (before the child gets up from the dental chair). In addition, the satisfaction levels of children in the intervention groups will be assessed. The data collected will be analyzed using statistical methods, and the results will be reported.
Type d'étude
Type d'étude
Inscription (Estimé)
Inscription
Phase
Phase
- N'est pas applicable
Contacts et emplacements
Coordonnées de l'étude
Coordonnées de l'étude
- Nom: Duygu SÖNMEZ DÜZKAYA, PhD
- Numéro de téléphone: 2200 ++903246000033
- E-mail: duygusduzkaya@tarsus.edu.tr
Sauvegarde des contacts de l'étude
- Nom: Fatma Nom
Lieux d'étude
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Mersin, Turquie (Türkiye), 33400
- Tarsus University
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Contact:
- Duygu SÖNMEZ DÜZKAYA, PhD
- Numéro de téléphone: 2200 ++903246000033
- E-mail: duygusduzkaya@tarsus.edu.tr
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Critères de participation
Critère d'éligibilité
Critère d'éligibilité
Âges éligibles pour étudier
- Enfant
Accepte les volontaires sains
La description
Inclusion Criteria:
Children must:
- Be undergoing their first enema procedure
- Be 6-12 years
- Speak Turkish
- Have no communication difficulties
- Both the child and the parent must be willing to participate in the study
Exclusion Criteria:
- The patient has a high fever (above 38.3)
- The child has a visual, hearing, intellectual, or physical disability
- The child has genetic-metabolic or chronic diseases
- A parent has an intellectual disability
- Administration of analgesics or sedatives prior to the procedure
Plan d'étude
Comment l'étude est-elle conçue ?
Détails de conception
- Objectif principal: Recherche sur les services de santé
- Répartition: Randomisé
- Modèle interventionnel: Affectation parallèle
- Masquage: Seul
Nombre de bras
Armes et Interventions
Groupe de participants / BrasGroupe de participants / Bras |
Intervention / TraitementIntervention / Traitement |
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Expérimental: Cartoon-Watching Group
In addition to the standard clinical procedures, children in the cartoon-viewing group will be shown an age-appropriate cartoon one minute before the procedure begins, and they will be encouraged to continue watching it throughout the procedure.
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In addition to the standard clinical procedure, children in the cartoon-watching group will be shown an age-appropriate cartoon one minute before the procedure begins, and they will be encouraged to continue watching it throughout the procedure.
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Expérimental: Stress ball group
In addition to the standard clinical procedure, children in the stress ball group will be given a stress ball 1 minute before the procedure begins and will be encouraged to use it throughout the procedure.
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In addition to the standard clinical procedure, children in the stress ball group will be given a stress ball 1 minute before the procedure begins and will be encouraged to use it throughout the procedure.
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Aucune intervention: Control Group
Children in the control group will not be subjected to any distracting interventions; they will receive only routine clinical care.
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Que mesure l'étude ?
Principaux critères de jugement
Principaux critères de jugement
Mesure des résultats |
Description de la mesure |
Délai |
|---|---|---|
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Fear Scale
Délai: 1 day
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The scale was developed by Thurillet et al. (2022) to assess children's fears based on self-reports from children aged 4-12.
The Turkish validity and reliability study was conducted by Tavşan et al. (2024).
The scale consists of 600 facial expressions.
The scale rates fear on a scale ranging from 0 to 10 (graded in increments of two), consistent with pain rating scales.
The scale's content validity index and item content validity index values were found to be 0.98.
A very good level of statistically significant agreement was found between the Fear Scale and the Children's Fear Scale (Kappa = 0.878; p = 0.001)
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1 day
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Informative Questionnaire
Délai: 1 day
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The informative questionnaire, developed in accordance with the literature, consists of questions regarding the sociodemographic characteristics and health history of children and comprises a total of 20 questions (Padir, 2023; Düdükcü & Padir, 2025).
This form will be developed by researchers.
Once permission has been obtained from the children and their parents who meet the inclusion criteria, this form will be completed by the nurse.
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1 day
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Pencil Pain Scale
Délai: 1 day
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The Pencil Pain Scale is a valid and reliable measurement tool developed to assess pain levels in children aged 6-12.
The scale was developed by Güdücü Tüfekçi and Beyaz.
On the scale, a 5-cm line on the pencil illustration is graded from "0" to "5."
The "0" mark at the tip of the pencil indicates "no pain," while the "5" mark near the base indicates "unbearable pain."
A higher score on the scale indicates an increase in the intensity of the pain the child is experiencing.
The Pencil Pain Scale can be used both based on children's self-reports and by an observer (Güdücü Tüfekçi and Beyaz, 2018).
The Pencil Pain Scale is a single-item, one-dimensional physical pain measurement tool shaped like a pencil, Because it is a single-item tool designed to measure a single point of pain intensity rather than a multi-question questionnaire,a traditional Cronbach's alpha internal consistency test is typically not applicable or reported for it
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1 day
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Mesures de résultats secondaires
Mesures de résultats secondaires
Mesure des résultats |
Description de la mesure |
Délai |
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Child Satisfaction Form
Délai: 1 day
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The satisfaction assessment scale was developed based on the literature to ensure it is age-appropriate and easy for children to understand (Bozkul et al., 2024).
On the scale, scores ranging from 0 to 10 are arranged along a horizontal line, and children are asked to mark the score that best reflects their satisfaction with the education provided.
On the scale, a score of 0 indicates no satisfaction, while a score of 10 indicates the highest level of satisfaction.
To facilitate the assessment, visuals representing different levels of satisfaction have been added to the points corresponding to the scores.
ecause it is a single-item tool designed to measure a single point of pain intensity rather than a multi-question questionnaire, a traditional Cronbach's alpha internal consistency test is typically not applicable or reported for it.
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1 day
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Collaborateurs et enquêteurs
Parrainer
Parrainer
Publications et liens utiles
Publications générales
- Bozkul G, Karakul A, Duzkaya DS, Dilsen S. Effect of short film video and video-based education on fear, pain, and satisfaction of children undergoing day surgery. J Pediatr Nurs. 2024 Mar-Apr;75:49-56. doi: 10.1016/j.pedn.2023.11.029. Epub 2023 Dec 14.
- Timmerman MEW, Trzpis M, Broens PMA. Using laxatives and/or enemas to accelerate the diagnosis in children presenting with acute abdominal pain: a randomised controlled trial study protocol. BMJ Paediatr Open. 2018 Nov 9;2(1):e000341. doi: 10.1136/bmjpo-2018-000341. eCollection 2018.
- Thurillet S, Bahans C, Wood C, Bougnard S, Labrunie A, Messager V, Toniolo J, Beloni P, Fourcade L. Psychometric properties of a self-assessment fear scale in children aged 4 to 12 years. Scary Scale. J Pediatr Nurs. 2022 Jul-Aug;65:108-115. doi: 10.1016/j.pedn.2022.02.020. Epub 2022 Mar 14.
- Tavsan B, Uysal G, Semerci R. Psychometric Property Examination of a Self-Assessment Fear Scale in Turkish Children Aged 4-12 Years: A Methodological Study. Res Theory Nurs Pract. 2024 Apr 25;38(2):211-226. doi: 10.1891/RTNP-2023-0102.
- Hajehforoush, N. S., vd. (2024). Cartoons effect on pain and anxiety in children. Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Sciences, 11(1).
- Gündüz, S., Yüksel, S., Aydeniz, G. E., Aydoğan, R. N., Türksoy, H., Dikme, İ. B., & Efendiler, İ. (2016). Çocuklarda hastane korkusunu etkileyen faktörler. Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Dergisi, 59(4), 161-168.
- Düdükcü, F. T., & Padir, Z. (2025). Çocuklarda lavman öncesi ve sonrası korku, ağrı ve kaygı: Tanımlayıcı kesitsel çalışma [Yayımlanmamış çalışma]. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
Dates d'enregistrement des études
Dates principales de l'étude
Début de l'étude (Estimé)
Début de l'étude
Achèvement primaire (Estimé)
Achèvement primaire
Achèvement de l'étude (Estimé)
Achèvement de l'étude
Dates d'inscription aux études
Première soumission
Première soumission
Première soumission répondant aux critères de contrôle qualité
Première soumission répondant aux critères de contrôle qualité
Première publication (Réel)
Première publication
Mises à jour des dossiers d'étude
Dernière mise à jour publiée (Réel)
Dernière mise à jour publiée
Dernière mise à jour soumise répondant aux critères de contrôle qualité
Dernière mise à jour soumise répondant aux critères de contrôle qualité
Dernière vérification
Dernière vérification
Plus d'information
Termes liés à cette étude
Mots clés
Autres numéros d'identification d'étude
Autres numéros d'identification d'étude
- 2026/08
Informations sur les médicaments et les dispositifs, documents d'étude
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