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The Effect of Using a Stress Ball and Watching Cartoons on Fear and Pain Levels During Enemas in Children Aged 6-12

7 août 2026 mis à jour par: Duygu Sonmez Duzkaya, Tarsus University
Aim: The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of using a stress ball and watching cartoons during the enema procedure-performed as part of the diagnosis and treatment process-on the levels of fear and pain in children aged 6-12 who present to the pediatric emergency department with gastrointestinal (GI) complaints. Method: The study will be conducted between September 2026 and May 2027 at the Pediatric Emergency Unit of Mersin University Faculty of Medicine Hospital with children who are scheduled to undergo enema treatment. Children scheduled to receive enema treatment (a total of 174 children) will be divided into three groups (cartoon-viewing group: 58; stress ball group: 58; control group: 58). All children's vital signs will be assessed prior to the enema procedure. An informational consent form will be administered to the children included in the study prior to the procedure, and fear and pain levels will be assessed by the nurse, parent, and child. In addition to the standard clinical procedure, children in the cartoon-watching group will be shown an age-appropriate cartoon 1 minute before the procedure begins. In addition to the standard clinical procedure, children in the stress ball group will be given a stress ball 1 minute before the procedure begins. No distraction techniques will be used for children in the control group.

Aperçu de l'étude

Statut

Pas encore de recrutement

Les conditions

Intervention / Traitement

Description détaillée

Location and Time of the Study The study is planned to be conducted between September 2026 and May 2027 at the Pediatric Emergency Department of Mersin University Faculty of Medicine Hospital. The Pediatric Emergency Department consists of the following sections: Triage, Green Zone (6 beds), Yellow Zone (8 beds), Red/Critical Zone (3 beds), and Trauma Room (3 beds). The unit is staffed by 1 head nurse and 21 ward nurses. With an average of 220 patient visits per day, the most common reasons for presentation are fever, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, cough, respiratory distress, and trauma.

Research Variables Dependent variables: fear level, pain level Independent variables: use of a stress ball, showing cartoons

Data Collection The necessary ethics committee and institutional approvals will be obtained before the study begins. The study will be registered as a clinical trial. The study will include children aged 6-12 years who are undergoing enema procedures of the same type and volume at the Pediatric Emergency Department of Mersin University Faculty of Medicine Hospital and who meet the study's sample selection criteria. Children who do not meet the criteria will be excluded from the study. Procedures will be performed on children in all groups by the same nurse.

In line with the literature, researchers have identified distraction methods (cartoon content and the use of stress balls) appropriate for the developmental characteristics of children aged 6-12. To determine which cartoons will be used in the study, a pool of cartoons will be created by asking a total of ten children-five girls and five boys, aged 6-12-about their favorite cartoons. To evaluate the suitability of the cartoon pool, it will be presented to seven experts in the fields of child development, child psychiatry, and pediatric nursing to obtain their expert opinions. Children in Group 2 will use stress balls. The stress balls will be selected to be a size that children can easily grasp and of a soft texture. A pilot study involving 10 children will be conducted to evaluate the suitability of the data collection tools and distraction methods to be used in the study. The children included in the pilot study will not be included in the research sample. The children participating in the study and their parents will be informed about the purpose, content, and implementation process of the study. Written and verbal consent will be obtained from the parents, and verbal consent will be obtained from the children. All children participating in the study will receive routine clinical care.

Routine clinical procedure: Prior to the enema procedure, the child's vital signs are assessed, and the child is informed about the procedure using age-appropriate language.

The child is positioned appropriately (right or left lateral) and the parent is allowed to remain by the child's side during the procedure. During the procedure, the tip of the tube is lubricated and gently inserted into the rectal area, and the enema solution is administered. After the procedure, the child is monitored for potential complications. An informational consent form will be administered to the children included in the study prior to the procedure, and fear and pain levels will be assessed by the nurse, the parent, and the child. Children who meet the sample selection criteria will be randomized into three groups using a computer-generated random number generator.

  1. Cartoon-viewing group: In addition to standard clinical practice, children in the cartoon-viewing group will be shown an age-appropriate cartoon 1 minute before the procedure begins and will be encouraged to continue watching throughout the procedure.
  2. Stress ball group: In addition to the standard clinical routine, children in the stress ball group will be given a stress ball 1 minute before the procedure begins and will be encouraged to use it throughout the procedure.
  3. Control group: No distraction interventions will be applied to children in the control group; only standard clinical care will be provided.

The levels of fear and pain among children in all groups will be assessed immediately after the procedure is completed (before the child gets up from the dental chair). In addition, the satisfaction levels of children in the intervention groups will be assessed. The data collected will be analyzed using statistical methods, and the results will be reported.

Type d'étude

Interventionnel

Inscription (Estimé)

174

Phase

  • N'est pas applicable

Contacts et emplacements

Cette section fournit les coordonnées de ceux qui mènent l'étude et des informations sur le lieu où cette étude est menée.

Coordonnées de l'étude

Sauvegarde des contacts de l'étude

  • Nom: Fatma Nom

Lieux d'étude

Critères de participation

Les chercheurs recherchent des personnes qui correspondent à une certaine description, appelée critères d'éligibilité. Certains exemples de ces critères sont l'état de santé général d'une personne ou des traitements antérieurs.

Critère d'éligibilité

Âges éligibles pour étudier

  • Enfant

Accepte les volontaires sains

Oui

La description

Inclusion Criteria:

Children must:

  • Be undergoing their first enema procedure
  • Be 6-12 years
  • Speak Turkish
  • Have no communication difficulties
  • Both the child and the parent must be willing to participate in the study

Exclusion Criteria:

  • The patient has a high fever (above 38.3)
  • The child has a visual, hearing, intellectual, or physical disability
  • The child has genetic-metabolic or chronic diseases
  • A parent has an intellectual disability
  • Administration of analgesics or sedatives prior to the procedure

Plan d'étude

Cette section fournit des détails sur le plan d'étude, y compris la façon dont l'étude est conçue et ce que l'étude mesure.

Comment l'étude est-elle conçue ?

Détails de conception

  • Objectif principal: Recherche sur les services de santé
  • Répartition: Randomisé
  • Modèle interventionnel: Affectation parallèle
  • Masquage: Seul

Armes et Interventions

Groupe de participants / Bras
Intervention / Traitement
Expérimental: Cartoon-Watching Group
In addition to the standard clinical procedures, children in the cartoon-viewing group will be shown an age-appropriate cartoon one minute before the procedure begins, and they will be encouraged to continue watching it throughout the procedure.
In addition to the standard clinical procedure, children in the cartoon-watching group will be shown an age-appropriate cartoon one minute before the procedure begins, and they will be encouraged to continue watching it throughout the procedure.
Expérimental: Stress ball group
In addition to the standard clinical procedure, children in the stress ball group will be given a stress ball 1 minute before the procedure begins and will be encouraged to use it throughout the procedure.
In addition to the standard clinical procedure, children in the stress ball group will be given a stress ball 1 minute before the procedure begins and will be encouraged to use it throughout the procedure.
Aucune intervention: Control Group
Children in the control group will not be subjected to any distracting interventions; they will receive only routine clinical care.

Que mesure l'étude ?

Principaux critères de jugement

Mesure des résultats
Description de la mesure
Délai
Fear Scale
Délai: 1 day
The scale was developed by Thurillet et al. (2022) to assess children's fears based on self-reports from children aged 4-12. The Turkish validity and reliability study was conducted by Tavşan et al. (2024). The scale consists of 600 facial expressions. The scale rates fear on a scale ranging from 0 to 10 (graded in increments of two), consistent with pain rating scales. The scale's content validity index and item content validity index values were found to be 0.98. A very good level of statistically significant agreement was found between the Fear Scale and the Children's Fear Scale (Kappa = 0.878; p = 0.001)
1 day
Informative Questionnaire
Délai: 1 day
The informative questionnaire, developed in accordance with the literature, consists of questions regarding the sociodemographic characteristics and health history of children and comprises a total of 20 questions (Padir, 2023; Düdükcü & Padir, 2025). This form will be developed by researchers. Once permission has been obtained from the children and their parents who meet the inclusion criteria, this form will be completed by the nurse.
1 day
Pencil Pain Scale
Délai: 1 day
The Pencil Pain Scale is a valid and reliable measurement tool developed to assess pain levels in children aged 6-12. The scale was developed by Güdücü Tüfekçi and Beyaz. On the scale, a 5-cm line on the pencil illustration is graded from "0" to "5." The "0" mark at the tip of the pencil indicates "no pain," while the "5" mark near the base indicates "unbearable pain." A higher score on the scale indicates an increase in the intensity of the pain the child is experiencing. The Pencil Pain Scale can be used both based on children's self-reports and by an observer (Güdücü Tüfekçi and Beyaz, 2018). The Pencil Pain Scale is a single-item, one-dimensional physical pain measurement tool shaped like a pencil, Because it is a single-item tool designed to measure a single point of pain intensity rather than a multi-question questionnaire,a traditional Cronbach's alpha internal consistency test is typically not applicable or reported for it
1 day

Mesures de résultats secondaires

Mesure des résultats
Description de la mesure
Délai
Child Satisfaction Form
Délai: 1 day
The satisfaction assessment scale was developed based on the literature to ensure it is age-appropriate and easy for children to understand (Bozkul et al., 2024). On the scale, scores ranging from 0 to 10 are arranged along a horizontal line, and children are asked to mark the score that best reflects their satisfaction with the education provided. On the scale, a score of 0 indicates no satisfaction, while a score of 10 indicates the highest level of satisfaction. To facilitate the assessment, visuals representing different levels of satisfaction have been added to the points corresponding to the scores. ecause it is a single-item tool designed to measure a single point of pain intensity rather than a multi-question questionnaire, a traditional Cronbach's alpha internal consistency test is typically not applicable or reported for it.
1 day

Collaborateurs et enquêteurs

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Parrainer

Publications et liens utiles

La personne responsable de la saisie des informations sur l'étude fournit volontairement ces publications. Il peut s'agir de tout ce qui concerne l'étude.

Publications générales

Dates d'enregistrement des études

Ces dates suivent la progression des dossiers d'étude et des soumissions de résultats sommaires à ClinicalTrials.gov. Les dossiers d'étude et les résultats rapportés sont examinés par la Bibliothèque nationale de médecine (NLM) pour s'assurer qu'ils répondent à des normes de contrôle de qualité spécifiques avant d'être publiés sur le site Web public.

Dates principales de l'étude

Début de l'étude (Estimé)

1 septembre 2026

Achèvement primaire (Estimé)

10 février 2027

Achèvement de l'étude (Estimé)

1 mai 2027

Dates d'inscription aux études

Première soumission

3 août 2026

Première soumission répondant aux critères de contrôle qualité

7 août 2026

Première publication (Réel)

10 août 2026

Mises à jour des dossiers d'étude

Dernière mise à jour publiée (Réel)

10 août 2026

Dernière mise à jour soumise répondant aux critères de contrôle qualité

7 août 2026

Dernière vérification

1 août 2026

Plus d'information

Termes liés à cette étude

Autres numéros d'identification d'étude

  • 2026/08

Informations sur les médicaments et les dispositifs, documents d'étude

Étudie un produit pharmaceutique réglementé par la FDA américaine

Non

Étudie un produit d'appareil réglementé par la FDA américaine

Non

Ces informations ont été extraites directement du site Web clinicaltrials.gov sans aucune modification. Si vous avez des demandes de modification, de suppression ou de mise à jour des détails de votre étude, veuillez contacter register@clinicaltrials.gov. Dès qu'un changement est mis en œuvre sur clinicaltrials.gov, il sera également mis à jour automatiquement sur notre site Web .