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The Effect of Using a Stress Ball and Watching Cartoons on Fear and Pain Levels During Enemas in Children Aged 6-12

7. August 2026 aktualisiert von: Duygu Sonmez Duzkaya, Tarsus University
Aim: The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of using a stress ball and watching cartoons during the enema procedure-performed as part of the diagnosis and treatment process-on the levels of fear and pain in children aged 6-12 who present to the pediatric emergency department with gastrointestinal (GI) complaints. Method: The study will be conducted between September 2026 and May 2027 at the Pediatric Emergency Unit of Mersin University Faculty of Medicine Hospital with children who are scheduled to undergo enema treatment. Children scheduled to receive enema treatment (a total of 174 children) will be divided into three groups (cartoon-viewing group: 58; stress ball group: 58; control group: 58). All children's vital signs will be assessed prior to the enema procedure. An informational consent form will be administered to the children included in the study prior to the procedure, and fear and pain levels will be assessed by the nurse, parent, and child. In addition to the standard clinical procedure, children in the cartoon-watching group will be shown an age-appropriate cartoon 1 minute before the procedure begins. In addition to the standard clinical procedure, children in the stress ball group will be given a stress ball 1 minute before the procedure begins. No distraction techniques will be used for children in the control group.

Studienübersicht

Status

Noch keine Rekrutierung

Bedingungen

Intervention / Behandlung

Detaillierte Beschreibung

Location and Time of the Study The study is planned to be conducted between September 2026 and May 2027 at the Pediatric Emergency Department of Mersin University Faculty of Medicine Hospital. The Pediatric Emergency Department consists of the following sections: Triage, Green Zone (6 beds), Yellow Zone (8 beds), Red/Critical Zone (3 beds), and Trauma Room (3 beds). The unit is staffed by 1 head nurse and 21 ward nurses. With an average of 220 patient visits per day, the most common reasons for presentation are fever, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, cough, respiratory distress, and trauma.

Research Variables Dependent variables: fear level, pain level Independent variables: use of a stress ball, showing cartoons

Data Collection The necessary ethics committee and institutional approvals will be obtained before the study begins. The study will be registered as a clinical trial. The study will include children aged 6-12 years who are undergoing enema procedures of the same type and volume at the Pediatric Emergency Department of Mersin University Faculty of Medicine Hospital and who meet the study's sample selection criteria. Children who do not meet the criteria will be excluded from the study. Procedures will be performed on children in all groups by the same nurse.

In line with the literature, researchers have identified distraction methods (cartoon content and the use of stress balls) appropriate for the developmental characteristics of children aged 6-12. To determine which cartoons will be used in the study, a pool of cartoons will be created by asking a total of ten children-five girls and five boys, aged 6-12-about their favorite cartoons. To evaluate the suitability of the cartoon pool, it will be presented to seven experts in the fields of child development, child psychiatry, and pediatric nursing to obtain their expert opinions. Children in Group 2 will use stress balls. The stress balls will be selected to be a size that children can easily grasp and of a soft texture. A pilot study involving 10 children will be conducted to evaluate the suitability of the data collection tools and distraction methods to be used in the study. The children included in the pilot study will not be included in the research sample. The children participating in the study and their parents will be informed about the purpose, content, and implementation process of the study. Written and verbal consent will be obtained from the parents, and verbal consent will be obtained from the children. All children participating in the study will receive routine clinical care.

Routine clinical procedure: Prior to the enema procedure, the child's vital signs are assessed, and the child is informed about the procedure using age-appropriate language.

The child is positioned appropriately (right or left lateral) and the parent is allowed to remain by the child's side during the procedure. During the procedure, the tip of the tube is lubricated and gently inserted into the rectal area, and the enema solution is administered. After the procedure, the child is monitored for potential complications. An informational consent form will be administered to the children included in the study prior to the procedure, and fear and pain levels will be assessed by the nurse, the parent, and the child. Children who meet the sample selection criteria will be randomized into three groups using a computer-generated random number generator.

  1. Cartoon-viewing group: In addition to standard clinical practice, children in the cartoon-viewing group will be shown an age-appropriate cartoon 1 minute before the procedure begins and will be encouraged to continue watching throughout the procedure.
  2. Stress ball group: In addition to the standard clinical routine, children in the stress ball group will be given a stress ball 1 minute before the procedure begins and will be encouraged to use it throughout the procedure.
  3. Control group: No distraction interventions will be applied to children in the control group; only standard clinical care will be provided.

The levels of fear and pain among children in all groups will be assessed immediately after the procedure is completed (before the child gets up from the dental chair). In addition, the satisfaction levels of children in the intervention groups will be assessed. The data collected will be analyzed using statistical methods, and the results will be reported.

Studientyp

Interventionell

Einschreibung (Geschätzt)

174

Phase

  • Unzutreffend

Kontakte und Standorte

Dieser Abschnitt enthält die Kontaktdaten derjenigen, die die Studie durchführen, und Informationen darüber, wo diese Studie durchgeführt wird.

Studienkontakt

Studieren Sie die Kontaktsicherung

  • Name: Fatma Nom

Studienorte

Teilnahmekriterien

Forscher suchen nach Personen, die einer bestimmten Beschreibung entsprechen, die als Auswahlkriterien bezeichnet werden. Einige Beispiele für diese Kriterien sind der allgemeine Gesundheitszustand einer Person oder frühere Behandlungen.

Zulassungskriterien

Studienberechtigtes Alter

  • Kind

Akzeptiert gesunde Freiwillige

Ja

Beschreibung

Inclusion Criteria:

Children must:

  • Be undergoing their first enema procedure
  • Be 6-12 years
  • Speak Turkish
  • Have no communication difficulties
  • Both the child and the parent must be willing to participate in the study

Exclusion Criteria:

  • The patient has a high fever (above 38.3)
  • The child has a visual, hearing, intellectual, or physical disability
  • The child has genetic-metabolic or chronic diseases
  • A parent has an intellectual disability
  • Administration of analgesics or sedatives prior to the procedure

Studienplan

Dieser Abschnitt enthält Einzelheiten zum Studienplan, einschließlich des Studiendesigns und der Messung der Studieninhalte.

Wie ist die Studie aufgebaut?

Designdetails

  • Hauptzweck: Versorgungsforschung
  • Zuteilung: Zufällig
  • Interventionsmodell: Parallele Zuordnung
  • Maskierung: Single

Waffen und Interventionen

Teilnehmergruppe / Arm
Intervention / Behandlung
Experimental: Cartoon-Watching Group
In addition to the standard clinical procedures, children in the cartoon-viewing group will be shown an age-appropriate cartoon one minute before the procedure begins, and they will be encouraged to continue watching it throughout the procedure.
In addition to the standard clinical procedure, children in the cartoon-watching group will be shown an age-appropriate cartoon one minute before the procedure begins, and they will be encouraged to continue watching it throughout the procedure.
Experimental: Stress ball group
In addition to the standard clinical procedure, children in the stress ball group will be given a stress ball 1 minute before the procedure begins and will be encouraged to use it throughout the procedure.
In addition to the standard clinical procedure, children in the stress ball group will be given a stress ball 1 minute before the procedure begins and will be encouraged to use it throughout the procedure.
Kein Eingriff: Control Group
Children in the control group will not be subjected to any distracting interventions; they will receive only routine clinical care.

Was misst die Studie?

Primäre Ergebnismessungen

Ergebnis Maßnahme
Maßnahmenbeschreibung
Zeitfenster
Fear Scale
Zeitfenster: 1 day
The scale was developed by Thurillet et al. (2022) to assess children's fears based on self-reports from children aged 4-12. The Turkish validity and reliability study was conducted by Tavşan et al. (2024). The scale consists of 600 facial expressions. The scale rates fear on a scale ranging from 0 to 10 (graded in increments of two), consistent with pain rating scales. The scale's content validity index and item content validity index values were found to be 0.98. A very good level of statistically significant agreement was found between the Fear Scale and the Children's Fear Scale (Kappa = 0.878; p = 0.001)
1 day
Informative Questionnaire
Zeitfenster: 1 day
The informative questionnaire, developed in accordance with the literature, consists of questions regarding the sociodemographic characteristics and health history of children and comprises a total of 20 questions (Padir, 2023; Düdükcü & Padir, 2025). This form will be developed by researchers. Once permission has been obtained from the children and their parents who meet the inclusion criteria, this form will be completed by the nurse.
1 day
Pencil Pain Scale
Zeitfenster: 1 day
The Pencil Pain Scale is a valid and reliable measurement tool developed to assess pain levels in children aged 6-12. The scale was developed by Güdücü Tüfekçi and Beyaz. On the scale, a 5-cm line on the pencil illustration is graded from "0" to "5." The "0" mark at the tip of the pencil indicates "no pain," while the "5" mark near the base indicates "unbearable pain." A higher score on the scale indicates an increase in the intensity of the pain the child is experiencing. The Pencil Pain Scale can be used both based on children's self-reports and by an observer (Güdücü Tüfekçi and Beyaz, 2018). The Pencil Pain Scale is a single-item, one-dimensional physical pain measurement tool shaped like a pencil, Because it is a single-item tool designed to measure a single point of pain intensity rather than a multi-question questionnaire,a traditional Cronbach's alpha internal consistency test is typically not applicable or reported for it
1 day

Sekundäre Ergebnismessungen

Ergebnis Maßnahme
Maßnahmenbeschreibung
Zeitfenster
Child Satisfaction Form
Zeitfenster: 1 day
The satisfaction assessment scale was developed based on the literature to ensure it is age-appropriate and easy for children to understand (Bozkul et al., 2024). On the scale, scores ranging from 0 to 10 are arranged along a horizontal line, and children are asked to mark the score that best reflects their satisfaction with the education provided. On the scale, a score of 0 indicates no satisfaction, while a score of 10 indicates the highest level of satisfaction. To facilitate the assessment, visuals representing different levels of satisfaction have been added to the points corresponding to the scores. ecause it is a single-item tool designed to measure a single point of pain intensity rather than a multi-question questionnaire, a traditional Cronbach's alpha internal consistency test is typically not applicable or reported for it.
1 day

Mitarbeiter und Ermittler

Hier finden Sie Personen und Organisationen, die an dieser Studie beteiligt sind.

Sponsor

Publikationen und hilfreiche Links

Die Bereitstellung dieser Publikationen erfolgt freiwillig durch die für die Eingabe von Informationen über die Studie verantwortliche Person. Diese können sich auf alles beziehen, was mit dem Studium zu tun hat.

Allgemeine Veröffentlichungen

Studienaufzeichnungsdaten

Diese Daten verfolgen den Fortschritt der Übermittlung von Studienaufzeichnungen und zusammenfassenden Ergebnissen an ClinicalTrials.gov. Studienaufzeichnungen und gemeldete Ergebnisse werden von der National Library of Medicine (NLM) überprüft, um sicherzustellen, dass sie bestimmten Qualitätskontrollstandards entsprechen, bevor sie auf der öffentlichen Website veröffentlicht werden.

Haupttermine studieren

Studienbeginn (Geschätzt)

1. September 2026

Primärer Abschluss (Geschätzt)

10. Februar 2027

Studienabschluss (Geschätzt)

1. Mai 2027

Studienanmeldedaten

Zuerst eingereicht

3. August 2026

Zuerst eingereicht, das die QC-Kriterien erfüllt hat

7. August 2026

Zuerst gepostet (Tatsächlich)

10. August 2026

Studienaufzeichnungsaktualisierungen

Letztes Update gepostet (Tatsächlich)

10. August 2026

Letztes eingereichtes Update, das die QC-Kriterien erfüllt

7. August 2026

Zuletzt verifiziert

1. August 2026

Mehr Informationen

Begriffe im Zusammenhang mit dieser Studie

Schlüsselwörter

Andere Studien-ID-Nummern

  • 2026/08

Arzneimittel- und Geräteinformationen, Studienunterlagen

Studiert ein von der US-amerikanischen FDA reguliertes Arzneimittelprodukt

Nein

Studiert ein von der US-amerikanischen FDA reguliertes Geräteprodukt

Nein

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