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Local Warming to Improve Pulse Oximetry Accuracy in Critically Ill Patients (PULSEWARM)

24 agosto 2026 aggiornato da: Carl Sjödin, Vastra Gotaland Region

Effect of Local Warming on Pulse Oximetry Accuracy in Critically Ill Patients With Low Peripheral Perfusion: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial

Pulse oximeters are widely used in intensive care to continuously estimate the oxygen level in the blood. However, pulse oximeter measurements may be less accurate when blood flow to the fingers is poor, which is common in critically ill patients.

This study will investigate whether warming the hand and lower part of the forearm can improve the accuracy of pulse oximeter measurements in mechanically ventilated adult intensive care patients with low blood flow to the fingers.

Participants will be randomly assigned to either a local warming strategy or usual care without warming. In the warming group, the hand and lower forearm will be warmed for 15 minutes to a target temperature of 41-42°C. Pulse oximeter measurements will be compared with oxygen saturation measured from an arterial blood sample before and after the intervention.

The main objective is to determine whether local warming reduces the difference between pulse oximeter oxygen saturation (SpO₂) and arterial oxygen saturation (SaO₂) 15 minutes after the start of the assigned strategy. The study will also assess whether any improvement persists at 60 minutes, how peripheral blood flow changes during 4 hours of follow-up, whether repeat warming is effective when blood flow decreases again, and whether the effect differs according to skin phototype. Safety related to the warming intervention will also be evaluated.

Panoramica dello studio

Stato

Non ancora reclutamento

Condizioni

Intervento / Trattamento

Descrizione dettagliata

Pulse oximetry is a fundamental component of monitoring and oxygen titration in critically ill patients. Its accuracy may, however, be impaired by reduced peripheral perfusion. Low peripheral perfusion is common in mechanically ventilated intensive care patients and may contribute to clinically relevant differences between peripheral oxygen saturation measured by pulse oximetry (SpO₂) and arterial oxygen saturation measured by blood gas analysis (SaO₂).

Local warming increases cutaneous blood flow and is routinely used to improve peripheral perfusion during procedures such as capillary blood sampling. Preliminary single-center data suggest that local warming may also improve pulse oximetry accuracy in critically ill patients with low peripheral perfusion. Whether this effect is present when evaluated in a randomized controlled trial is unknown.

This is a prospective, multicenter, parallel-group randomized controlled strategy trial conducted in four intensive care units. Mechanically ventilated adult ICU patients with an arterial catheter and a finger perfusion index (PFI) <1.0 will be randomized in a 1:1 ratio to a protocolized local warming strategy or usual care without protocolized warming. Randomization will be stratified by study site and Fitzpatrick skin phototype.

In the intervention group, local warming will be applied to the dorsum of the hand and distal forearm for 15 minutes, with a target interface temperature of 41-42°C. Repeat warming is permitted during follow-up if finger PFI decreases below 0.5 according to the prespecified study strategy. The control group will receive usual care without protocolized local warming.

SpO₂, finger PFI, earlobe PFI, and arterial SaO₂ will be assessed at baseline, 15 minutes, and 60 minutes. Additional PFI measurements will be obtained at 120 and 240 minutes. Oxygen therapy will otherwise be managed according to standard clinical care.

The primary objective is to compare pulse oximetry bias between the randomized groups at 15 minutes. Bias is defined as SpO₂ minus SaO₂, expressed in percentage points. The primary analysis will compare the groups using an analysis of covariance adjusted for baseline SpO₂-SaO₂ bias and study site.

Secondary objectives include assessment of pulse oximetry accuracy at 60 minutes, the proportion of measurements within ±2 percentage points of SaO₂, changes in peripheral perfusion during 4 hours of follow-up, the local versus systemic perfusion response assessed using finger and earlobe PFI, the response to repeat warming, safety outcomes, and possible treatment-effect modification according to Fitzpatrick skin phototype.

The planned sample size is 240 participants, with 120 participants allocated to each study group.

Tipo di studio

Interventistico

Iscrizione (Stimato)

240

Fase

  • Non applicabile

Contatti e Sedi

Questa sezione fornisce i recapiti di coloro che conducono lo studio e informazioni su dove viene condotto lo studio.

Contatto studio

Luoghi di studio

      • Gothenburg, Svezia
        • Sahlgrenska University Hospital
        • Contatto:
      • Kungälv, Svezia
        • Kungälvs Sjukhus
      • Skövde, Svezia
        • Skaraborgs Sjukhus
      • Trollhättan, Svezia
        • Norra Älvsborgs Sjukhus

Criteri di partecipazione

I ricercatori cercano persone che corrispondano a una certa descrizione, chiamata criteri di ammissibilità. Alcuni esempi di questi criteri sono le condizioni generali di salute di una persona o trattamenti precedenti.

Criteri di ammissibilità

Età idonea allo studio

  • Adulto
  • Adulto più anziano

Accetta volontari sani

No

Descrizione

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Age 18 years or older.
  • Admitted to an intensive care unit.
  • Receiving invasive mechanical ventilation via endotracheal tube or tracheostomy.
  • Existing arterial catheter placed for a clinical indication.
  • Objectively verified low peripheral perfusion, defined as finger perfusion index (PFI) <1.0 at screening.
  • Stable baseline pulse oximetry signal permitting calculation of the SpO2-SaO2 difference.
  • Clinical condition considered sufficiently stable to allow study measurements without interfering with ongoing treatment.

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Absence of a stable baseline pulse oximetry signal on all available sensors, preventing calculation of the SpO2-SaO2 difference.
  • Skin injury, burn, infection, or other local skin condition of the hand or forearm that prevents safe application of the warming pad or pulse oximetry sensor.
  • Clinical instability for which the treating physician considers study participation likely to interfere with acute treatment or patient safety.
  • Known hypersensitivity to materials used in the warming pad or sensors.
  • Participation in another ongoing interventional study that could affect the primary outcome.

Piano di studio

Questa sezione fornisce i dettagli del piano di studio, compreso il modo in cui lo studio è progettato e ciò che lo studio sta misurando.

Come è strutturato lo studio?

Dettagli di progettazione

  • Scopo principale: Terapia di supporto
  • Assegnazione: Randomizzato
  • Modello interventistico: Assegnazione parallela
  • Mascheramento: Nessuno (etichetta aperta)

Armi e interventi

Gruppo di partecipanti / Arm
Intervento / Trattamento
Sperimentale: Protocolized Local Warming
Participants receive protocolized local warming applied to the dorsum of the hand and distal forearm for 15 minutes, targeting an interface temperature of 41-42°C. Repeat warming is permitted during follow-up if finger perfusion index decreases below 0.5.
Local warming is applied to the dorsum of the hand and distal forearm for 15 minutes using a warming device adjusted to achieve a target interface temperature of 41-42°C. During follow-up, repeat warming is permitted if finger perfusion index decreases below 0.5.
Nessun intervento: Usual Care Without Protocolized Warming
Participants receive usual care without protocolized local warming. Oxygen therapy and all other clinical management are provided according to standard intensive care practice.

Cosa sta misurando lo studio?

Misure di risultato primarie

Misura del risultato
Misura Descrizione
Lasso di tempo
SpO2-SaO2 Bias at 15 Minutes
Lasso di tempo: 15 minutes after initiation of the randomized strategy
Pulse oximetry bias is defined as peripheral oxygen saturation measured by pulse oximetry (SpO2) minus arterial oxygen saturation measured by blood gas analysis (SaO2), expressed in percentage points. The primary analysis will compare SpO2-SaO2 bias between the local warming and control groups at 15 minutes, adjusted for baseline bias and study site.
15 minutes after initiation of the randomized strategy

Misure di risultato secondarie

Misura del risultato
Misura Descrizione
Lasso di tempo
SpO2-SaO2 Bias at 60 Minutes
Lasso di tempo: 60 minutes after initiation of the randomized strategy
Pulse oximetry bias is defined as SpO2 minus SaO2, expressed in percentage points. Bias at 60 minutes will be compared between randomized groups to evaluate durability of the effect of the warming strategy.
60 minutes after initiation of the randomized strategy
Proportion of SpO2 Measurements Within ±2 Percentage Points of SaO2
Lasso di tempo: 15 and 60 minutes after initiation of the randomized strategy
The proportion of participants with an absolute difference between SpO2 and SaO2 of 2 percentage points or less will be determined at 15 and 60 minutes and compared between randomized groups.
15 and 60 minutes after initiation of the randomized strategy
Change in Finger Perfusion Index
Lasso di tempo: Baseline and 15, 60, 120, and 240 minutes
Finger perfusion index (PFI) will be measured serially to assess the peripheral perfusion response to the randomized strategy and its durability during 4 hours of follow-up.
Baseline and 15, 60, 120, and 240 minutes
Difference Between Finger and Earlobe Perfusion Index Response
Lasso di tempo: Baseline, 15 minutes, and 60 minutes
Changes in perfusion index measured at the finger and earlobe will be compared to assess whether the perfusion response to local warming is predominantly local rather than systemic.
Baseline, 15 minutes, and 60 minutes
Perfusion Index Response to Repeat Local Warming
Lasso di tempo: Up to 240 minutes after randomization
Among participants in the warming group who undergo repeat warming because finger PFI decreases below 0.5 during follow-up, the change in finger PFI following repeat warming will be assessed to evaluate repeatability of the perfusion response.
Up to 240 minutes after randomization
Warming-Related Adverse Events
Lasso di tempo: From initiation of the randomized strategy through 240 minutes
Number of participants experiencing adverse events considered related to local warming, including skin injury, erythema requiring discontinuation of warming, or other prespecified adverse reactions during the study period.
From initiation of the randomized strategy through 240 minutes

Altre misure di risultato

Misura del risultato
Misura Descrizione
Lasso di tempo
Treatment Effect on SpO2-SaO2 Bias According to Fitzpatrick Skin Phototype
Lasso di tempo: 15 minutes after initiation of the randomized strategy
Prespecified analysis of treatment-effect modification according to Fitzpatrick skin phototype. The interaction between randomized treatment group and Fitzpatrick skin phototype will be evaluated for the primary outcome of SpO2-SaO2 bias at 15 minutes.
15 minutes after initiation of the randomized strategy

Collaboratori e investigatori

Qui è dove troverai le persone e le organizzazioni coinvolte in questo studio.

Sponsor

Collaboratori

Studiare le date dei record

Queste date tengono traccia dell'avanzamento della registrazione dello studio e dell'invio dei risultati di sintesi a ClinicalTrials.gov. I record degli studi e i risultati riportati vengono esaminati dalla National Library of Medicine (NLM) per assicurarsi che soddisfino specifici standard di controllo della qualità prima di essere pubblicati sul sito Web pubblico.

Studia le date principali

Inizio studio (Stimato)

1 ottobre 2026

Completamento primario (Stimato)

1 ottobre 2028

Completamento dello studio (Stimato)

1 dicembre 2028

Date di iscrizione allo studio

Primo inviato

24 agosto 2026

Primo inviato che soddisfa i criteri di controllo qualità

24 agosto 2026

Primo Inserito (Effettivo)

28 agosto 2026

Aggiornamenti dei record di studio

Ultimo aggiornamento pubblicato (Effettivo)

28 agosto 2026

Ultimo aggiornamento inviato che soddisfa i criteri QC

24 agosto 2026

Ultimo verificato

1 agosto 2026

Maggiori informazioni

Termini relativi a questo studio

Altri numeri di identificazione dello studio

  • PULSEWARM-RCT-01

Piano per i dati dei singoli partecipanti (IPD)

Hai intenzione di condividere i dati dei singoli partecipanti (IPD)?

INDECISO

Descrizione del piano IPD

The feasibility and conditions for sharing de-identified individual participant data have not yet been determined. Any future data sharing will be subject to applicable ethical approvals, data protection regulations, institutional policies, and appropriate data-sharing agreements.

Informazioni su farmaci e dispositivi, documenti di studio

Studia un prodotto farmaceutico regolamentato dalla FDA degli Stati Uniti

No

Studia un dispositivo regolamentato dalla FDA degli Stati Uniti

No

Queste informazioni sono state recuperate direttamente dal sito web clinicaltrials.gov senza alcuna modifica. In caso di richieste di modifica, rimozione o aggiornamento dei dettagli dello studio, contattare register@clinicaltrials.gov. Non appena verrà implementata una modifica su clinicaltrials.gov, questa verrà aggiornata automaticamente anche sul nostro sito web .