Virtual Reality-Based Hypnotherapy for Pain, Sleep, and Mood in Spinal Cord Injury (HypnoVR-SCI)
The Effect of Virtual Reality-Based Hypnotherapy on Pain, Sleep, Depression, and Quality of Life in Patients With Spinal Cord Injury: A Randomized Controlled Trial
The goal of this clinical trial is to learn whether virtual reality (VR)-based hypnotherapy, added to conventional physiotherapy, improves pain, sleep, mood, and quality of life in adults with chronic spinal cord injury.
The main questions it aims to answer are:
- Does VR-based hypnotherapy added to physiotherapy reduce pain intensity more than physiotherapy alone?
- Does it improve neuropathic pain, sleep quality, anxiety and depression, spasticity, and quality of life?
Researchers will compare participants who receive VR-based hypnotherapy in addition to physiotherapy with participants who receive physiotherapy alone.
Participants will:
- Receive a standard physiotherapy and rehabilitation program 5 days a week for 2 weeks (10 sessions).
- If assigned to the VR group, also receive an approximately 20-minute VR-based hypnotherapy session after each physiotherapy session, using a VR headset and headphones.
- Complete assessments at the start of the study, at the end of the 2-week treatment period, and 2 weeks after treatment ends.
Panoramica dello studio
Stato
Stato
Condizioni
Condizioni
Intervento / Trattamento
Intervento / Trattamento
Descrizione dettagliata
Background and Rationale Pain is one of the most common and disabling consequences of spinal cord injury (SCI) and negatively affects functional status, sleep, emotional well-being, and quality of life. Pharmacological treatments are often insufficient or limited by side effects, and there is a need for safe, non-invasive, non-pharmacological adjunct therapies. Virtual reality (VR) may reduce pain through attentional redirection and immersion, while hypnotherapy may modulate pain perception through relaxation and cognitive reprocessing of pain. VR-based hypnotherapy combines these mechanisms and has shown short-term benefits in chronic musculoskeletal pain; however, its effects in individuals with SCI have not been investigated in a randomized controlled trial.
Study Design This is a prospective, randomized controlled, parallel-group, single-center, single-blind trial. A total of 40 patients with SCI will be enrolled. Participants will be allocated to two groups by computer-generated randomization: (1) intervention group, receiving VR-based hypnotherapy in addition to conventional physiotherapy; (2) control group, receiving conventional physiotherapy alone.
Interventions Both groups will receive a standard physiotherapy and rehabilitation program, 5 days per week for 2 weeks (10 sessions in total). Participants in the intervention group will additionally receive an approximately 20-minute VR-based hypnotherapy session following each physiotherapy session. Sessions will be delivered in a quiet clinical setting using a VR headset and headphones. The number of sessions completed and session duration will be recorded for each participant.
Baseline Data Sociodemographic characteristics, injury etiology and duration, comorbidities, complications, and current analgesic and antispastic medication use will be recorded. Neurological level and severity of injury will be classified according to the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) Impairment Scale.
Blinding Outcome assessments will be performed by a trained assessor blinded to group allocation. Due to the nature of the intervention, participants and therapists cannot be blinded.
Assessment Time Points Assessments will be conducted at baseline (T0), at the end of the 2-week intervention (T1), and 2 weeks after the end of the intervention (T2).
Safety Adverse events, including VR-related symptoms such as dizziness or nausea, will be recorded throughout the intervention period.
Statistical Analysis Data will be analyzed using SPSS. Descriptive statistics will be presented as mean, standard deviation, frequency, and percentage. Normality will be assessed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Between-group comparisons will be performed using the independent samples t-test or the Mann-Whitney U test, as appropriate. Changes over time will be analyzed using appropriate repeated-measures analyses. Statistical significance will be set at p<0.05.
Tipo di studio
Tipo di studio
Iscrizione (Stimato)
Iscrizione
Fase
Fase
- Non applicabile
Contatti e Sedi
Contatto studio
Contatto studio
- Nome: Selim Sezikli, MD
- Numero di telefono: +90 506 510 18 33
- Email: selimsezikli@hotmail.com
Luoghi di studio
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Istanbul
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Istanbul, Istanbul, Turchia (Türkiye), 34180
- Reclutamento
- Istanbul Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Training and research Hospital
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Contatto:
- Selim Sezikli, MD
- Numero di telefono: +905065101833
- Email: selimsezikli@hotmail.com
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-
Criteri di partecipazione
Criteri di ammissibilità
Criteri di ammissibilità
Età idonea allo studio
Accetta volontari sani
Sessi ammissibili allo studio
Descrizione
Inclusion Criteria:
- Age between 18 and 65 years
- Diagnosis of spinal cord injury
- Injury duration longer than 3 months
- Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score above 24
- Willingness to participate and provision of written informed consent
Exclusion Criteria:
- Injury duration shorter than 3 months
- Significant change in analgesic treatment within the last 3 months
- Visual or hearing impairment
- Epilepsy
- Severe psychiatric illness (psychosis, severe major depression, or bipolar disorder in the acute phase)
- Pregnancy
Piano di studio
Come è strutturato lo studio?
Dettagli di progettazione
- Scopo principale: Trattamento
- Assegnazione: Randomizzato
- Modello interventistico: Assegnazione parallela
- Mascheramento: Separare
Numero di armi
Armi e interventi
Gruppo di partecipanti / ArmGruppo di partecipanti / Arm |
Intervento / TrattamentoIntervento / Trattamento |
|---|---|
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Sperimentale: VR-Based Hypnotherapy + Conventional Physiotherapy
Participants will receive a standard physiotherapy and rehabilitation program 5 days per week for 2 weeks (10 sessions). In addition, following each physiotherapy session, they will receive an approximately 20-minute virtual reality (VR)-based hypnotherapy session delivered in a quiet clinical setting via a VR headset and headphones (10 VR sessions in total). |
An immersive, audio-guided hypnotherapy session delivered through a virtual reality headset and headphones, combining visual immersion with hypnotic induction, relaxation, and pain-modulating suggestions. Each session lasts approximately 20 minutes and is administered immediately after the physiotherapy session, 5 days per week for 2 weeks (10 sessions in total), in a quiet clinical setting.
Altri nomi:
A standard physiotherapy and rehabilitation program for spinal cord injury, applied 5 days per week for 2 weeks (10 sessions in total), identical in both study arms. |
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Comparatore attivo: Conventional Physiotherapy
Participants will receive the same standard physiotherapy and rehabilitation program 5 days per week for 2 weeks (10 sessions), without VR-based hypnotherapy. |
A standard physiotherapy and rehabilitation program for spinal cord injury, applied 5 days per week for 2 weeks (10 sessions in total), identical in both study arms. |
Cosa sta misurando lo studio?
Misure di risultato primarie
Misure di risultato primarie
Misura del risultato |
Misura Descrizione |
Lasso di tempo |
|---|---|---|
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Change in Pain Intensity (Numeric Rating Scale)
Lasso di tempo: Baseline and end of the 2-week intervention (week 2)
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Pain intensity will be assessed using the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), ranging from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst imaginable pain). Higher scores indicate greater pain intensity. The change from baseline to the end of the intervention will be compared between groups. |
Baseline and end of the 2-week intervention (week 2)
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Misure di risultato secondarie
Misure di risultato secondarie
Misura del risultato |
Misura Descrizione |
Lasso di tempo |
|---|---|---|
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Pain Intensity at Follow-up (Numeric Rating Scale)
Lasso di tempo: Baseline and 2 weeks after the end of the intervention (week 4)
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Pain intensity will be assessed using the NRS (0-10). Higher scores indicate greater pain intensity. The persistence of the effect will be evaluated at follow-up. |
Baseline and 2 weeks after the end of the intervention (week 4)
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Neuropathic Pain (DN4 Questionnaire)
Lasso di tempo: Baseline, week 2 (end of intervention), and week 4 (follow-up)
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Neuropathic pain will be assessed using the Douleur Neuropathique 4 (DN4) questionnaire, with total scores ranging from 0 to 10. Higher scores indicate a greater likelihood and burden of neuropathic pain features. |
Baseline, week 2 (end of intervention), and week 4 (follow-up)
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Sleep Quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index)
Lasso di tempo: Baseline, week 2 (end of intervention), and week 4 (follow-up)
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Sleep quality will be assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), with global scores ranging from 0 to 21. Higher scores indicate poorer sleep quality. |
Baseline, week 2 (end of intervention), and week 4 (follow-up)
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Anxiety (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale - Anxiety Subscale)
Lasso di tempo: Baseline, week 2 (end of intervention), and week 4 (follow-up)
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Anxiety will be assessed using the anxiety subscale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS-A), with scores ranging from 0 to 21. Higher scores indicate more severe anxiety symptoms. |
Baseline, week 2 (end of intervention), and week 4 (follow-up)
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Depression (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale - Depression Subscale)
Lasso di tempo: Baseline, week 2 (end of intervention), and week 4 (follow-up)
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Depression will be assessed using the depression subscale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS-D), with scores ranging from 0 to 21. Higher scores indicate more severe depressive symptoms. |
Baseline, week 2 (end of intervention), and week 4 (follow-up)
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Spasticity (Modified Ashworth Scale)
Lasso di tempo: Baseline, week 2 (end of intervention), and week 4 (follow-up)
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Spasticity will be assessed using the Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS), graded as 0, 1, 1+, 2, 3, and 4. Higher grades indicate greater muscle tone. |
Baseline, week 2 (end of intervention), and week 4 (follow-up)
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Health-Related Quality of Life (EQ-5D-5L)
Lasso di tempo: Baseline, week 2 (end of intervention), and week 4 (follow-up)
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Health-related quality of life will be assessed using the EQ-5D-5L, including the five-dimension index score and the EQ Visual Analogue Scale (EQ-VAS, 0-100). Higher index and EQ-VAS scores indicate better health status. |
Baseline, week 2 (end of intervention), and week 4 (follow-up)
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System Usability (System Usability Scale)
Lasso di tempo: End of the 2-week intervention (week 2)
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Usability of the VR-based hypnotherapy system will be assessed in the intervention group only using the System Usability Scale (SUS), with scores ranging from 0 to 100. Higher scores indicate better usability. |
End of the 2-week intervention (week 2)
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Collaboratori e investigatori
Sponsor
Sponsor
Investigatori
Investigatori
- Investigatore principale: Selim Sezikli, MD, Istanbul Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Training and Research Hospital
Pubblicazioni e link utili
Pubblicazioni generali
- Louras M, Vanhaudenhuyse A, Panda R, Rousseaux F, Carella M, Gosseries O, Bonhomme V, Faymonville ME, Bicego A. Virtual Reality Combined with Mind-Body Therapies for the Management of Pain: A Scoping Review. Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 2024 Oct-Dec;72(4):435-471. doi: 10.1080/00207144.2024.2391365. Epub 2024 Sep 30.
- Jones HG, Rizzo RRN, Pulling BW, Braithwaite FA, Grant AR, McAuley JH, Jensen MP, Moseley GL, Rees A, Stanton TR. Adjunctive use of hypnosis for clinical pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pain Rep. 2024 Sep 10;9(5):e1185. doi: 10.1097/PR9.0000000000001185. eCollection 2024 Oct.
- Menekseoglu AK, Asik HK, Sahbaz T, Is EE. Mind over pain: VR-based hypnotherapy for chronic non-specific low back pain - a randomised controlled trial. Ir J Med Sci. 2026 Feb;195(1):177-185. doi: 10.1007/s11845-025-04158-1. Epub 2025 Nov 10.
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Date di iscrizione allo studio
Primo inviato
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Primo inviato che soddisfa i criteri di controllo qualità
Primo inviato che soddisfa i criteri di controllo qualità
Primo Inserito (Effettivo)
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Aggiornamenti dei record di studio
Ultimo aggiornamento pubblicato (Effettivo)
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Ultimo aggiornamento inviato che soddisfa i criteri QC
Ultimo verificato
Ultimo verificato
Maggiori informazioni
Termini relativi a questo studio
Parole chiave
Termini MeSH pertinenti aggiuntivi
- Dolore
- Manifestazioni neurologiche
- Malattie del sistema nervoso centrale
- Malattie del sistema nervoso
- Disordini mentali
- Ferite e lesioni
- Malattie neuromuscolari
- Sintomi comportamentali
- Malattie del sistema nervoso periferico
- Disturbi del sonno e della veglia
- Trauma, sistema nervoso
- Malattie del midollo spinale
- Paralisi
- Condizioni patologiche, segni e sintomi
- Comportamento
- Segni e sintomi
- Disturbi d'ansia
- Parasonnie
- Dolore cronico
- Depressione
- Nevralgia
- Lesioni del midollo spinale
- Quadriplegia
- Paraplegia
Altri numeri di identificazione dello studio
Altri numeri di identificazione dello studio
- HypnoVR-SCI-2026
- 2024-BIAEK/23-28 (Altro identificatore: Biruni University Scientific Research Ethics Committee)
Piano per i dati dei singoli partecipanti (IPD)
Hai intenzione di condividere i dati dei singoli partecipanti (IPD)?
Descrizione del piano IPD
De-identified individual participant data underlying the results reported in the publication will be shared upon reasonable request to the principal investigator.
Periodo di condivisione IPD
Beginning 6 months after publication of the main results and ending 5 years after publication.
Criteri di accesso alla condivisione IPD
Data will be shared with qualified researchers who provide a methodologically sound proposal, following approval by the principal investigator and a signed data use agreement.
Tipo di informazioni di supporto alla condivisione IPD
- STUDIO_PROTOCOLLO
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