Isometric vs. Dynamic Squat Pre-Loading: Acute PAPE Responses (IPP vs DPP)
2026년 7월 6일 업데이트: Neslihan AKÇAY, Karabuk University
Acute Post-Activation Performance Responses to Isometric and Dynamic Squat Pre-Loading Protocols: A Randomized Crossover Trial
This randomized crossover study compared the acute post-activation performance responses to isometric and dynamic squat-based preconditioning protocols performed with and without electromyostimulation (EMS).
Participants completed five randomized experimental conditions: maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC), dynamic contraction (DC), MVIC+EMS, DC+EMS, and EMS only (O-EMS).
Baseline and post-intervention assessments included countermovement jump (CMJ), countermovement jump with arm swing (CMJWH), zig-zag agility, and shooting speed, with post-tests conducted after a 4-minute recovery period.
Perceptual responses, including ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), perceived discomfort (RPD), and fatigue (VAS), were recorded immediately after each protocol.
All sessions were conducted between 14:00 and 16:00 under standardized conditions, with protocol order randomized and participants instructed to avoid strenuous exercise and food intake before testing.
연구 개요
상태
상태
아직 모집하지 않음
정황
정황
개입 / 치료
개입 / 치료
상세 설명
This study aimed to compare the acute post-activation performance responses to isometric and dynamic squat-based preconditioning protocols, with and without EMS.
All testing sessions were conducted between 14:00 and 16:00 to minimize the potential effects of circadian rhythms and fatigue on performance.
The study was conducted using a randomized, crossover design.
On the remaining five experimental days, the order of the protocols was randomized for each participant using a computer-generated randomization sequence (randomizer.org)
to reduce order effects.
During the first session, participants' anthropometric measurements were recorded, their one-repetition maximum (1RM) back squat loads were determined, and they were familiarized with the equipment and testing procedures.
Participants completed five separate experimental sessions consisting of the following conditions: [A] Isometric Contraction + EMS (MVIC-EMS), [B] Dynamic Contraction + EMS (DC-EMS), [C] Dynamic Contraction (DC), [D] Isometric Contraction (MVIC), and [E] Only EMS (O-EMS).
Before each experimental protocol, baseline measurements were obtained using countermovement jump (CMJ), CMJ with hands (CMJWH), zig-zag agility test, and shooting speed assessments.
After each protocol, all tests were repeated after a 4-minute rest period (Chen et al., 2023).
Under all conditions, the electrodes were placed identically by the same experienced researcher.
Subsequently, players' shooting speeds were measured using a radar gun, with two trials performed and the highest value recorded.
Immediately after each experimental protocol, ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), perceived discomfort (RPD), and perceived fatigue level were assessed using a visual analog scale (VAS) and recorded.
Participants were instructed to refrain from food intake for 1.5 hours before testing, to avoid resistance training throughout the study period, and were verbally encouraged during all testing sessions.
연구 유형
연구 유형
중재적
등록 (추정된)
등록
22
단계
단계
- 해당 없음
연락처 및 위치
이 섹션에서는 연구를 수행하는 사람들의 연락처 정보와 이 연구가 수행되는 장소에 대한 정보를 제공합니다.
연구 연락처
연구 연락처
- 이름: Neslihan Akçay, Doctorate
- 전화번호: +905468426671
- 이메일: neslihanozcan@karabuk.edu.tr
연구 연락처 백업
- 이름: Neslihan Akçay, Doctorate
연구 장소
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Turkey
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Karabük, Turkey, 터키 (Türkiye), 78200
- Karabuk University
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연락하다:
- Neslihan Akçay, Doctorate
- 전화번호: +905468426671
- 이메일: neslihanozcan@karabuk.edu.tr
-
수석 연구원:
- Neslihan Akçay, Doctorate
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부수사관:
- Cem Sofuoğlu
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부수사관:
- Wolfgang Kemmler, Prof.Dr.
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부수사관:
- Andre Filipovic, Prof.Dr.
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부수사관:
- Metehan Yana, Doctorate
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부수사관:
- Erşan Arslan, Prof.Dr.
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참여기준
연구원은 적격성 기준이라는 특정 설명에 맞는 사람을 찾습니다. 이러한 기준의 몇 가지 예는 개인의 일반적인 건강 상태 또는 이전 치료입니다.
자격 기준
자격 기준
공부할 수 있는 나이
- 성인
건강한 자원 봉사자를 받아들입니다
예
설명
Inclusion Criteria:
- Being healthy
- Male volleyball athletes
- Willing to maintain the intervention for all sessions
Exclusion Criteria:
- Being under 18 years old
- Having a chronic disease
- Contraindications for exercise
공부 계획
이 섹션에서는 연구 설계 방법과 연구가 측정하는 내용을 포함하여 연구 계획에 대한 세부 정보를 제공합니다.
연구는 어떻게 설계됩니까?
디자인 세부사항
- 주 목적: 치료
- 할당: 무작위
- 중재 모델: 크로스오버 할당
- 마스킹: 하나의
팔의 수
5
무기와 개입
참가자 그룹 / 팔참가자 그룹 / 팔 |
개입 / 치료개입 / 치료 |
|---|---|
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실험적: Condition 1
Dynamic contraction
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Participants performed a dynamic back squat conditioning protocol on a Smith machine consisting of five sets of one repetition at 90% of one-repetition maximum (1RM), with 1 min of passive recovery between sets.
Each repetition included a controlled descent to approximately 90° of knee flexion, an explosive concentric phase, a 2-s isometric hold at full knee extension, and a slow, controlled eccentric phase (Pincivero et al.).
All repetitions were supervised to ensure proper technique.
The protocol was selected based on previous evidence supporting high-intensity resistance exercise as an effective conditioning activity for inducing PAPE responses (Dobbs et al.).
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실험적: Condition 2
isometric contraction
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The isometric contraction protocol was conducted as described by Koźlenia and Domaradzki (2023) and Lim and Kong (2013).
Participants assumed a squat position in a squat rack with the barbell fixed in place and the knee joint positioned at approximately 90° of flexion (Profitness 1030, Türkiye).
The barbell was secured to the rack using safety pins, and participants were instructed to exert maximal force against the immovable bar to produce a MVIC.
Each contraction lasted 3 seconds, and a total of 3 repetitions were performed with 2 min of rest between repetitions (Koźlenia & Domaradzki, 2023; Lim & Kong, 2013).
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실험적: Condition 3
Dynamic + EMS contraction
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Participants performed a dynamic back squat conditioning protocol on a Smith machine consisting of five sets of one repetition at 90% of one-repetition maximum (1RM), with 1 min of passive recovery between sets.
In the DC-EMS condition, electromyostimulation (EMS) was applied simultaneously throughout the conditioning protocol.
Each repetition included a controlled descent to approximately 90° of knee flexion, an explosive concentric phase, a 2-s isometric hold at full knee extension, and a slow, controlled eccentric phase (Pincivero et al.).
All repetitions were supervised to ensure proper technique.
The protocol was selected based on previous evidence supporting high-intensity resistance exercise as an effective conditioning activity for inducing PAPE responses (Dobbs et al.).
|
|
실험적: Condition 4
Isometric + EMS Contraction
|
The isometric contraction protocol was conducted as described by Koźlenia and Domaradzki (2023) and Lim and Kong (2013).
Participants assumed a squat position in a squat rack with the barbell fixed in place and the knee joint positioned at approximately 90° of flexion (Profitness 1030, Türkiye).
The barbell was secured to the rack using safety pins, and participants were instructed to exert maximal force against the immovable bar to produce an MVIC.
Each contraction lasted 3 seconds, and a total of three repetitions were performed with 2 min of rest between repetitions (Koźlenia & Domaradzki, 2023; Lim & Kong, 2013).
In the MVIC-EMS condition, electromyostimulation (EMS) was applied simultaneously during each maximal voluntary isometric contraction.
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실험적: Condition 5
EMS contraction
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EMS was delivered bilaterally to the quadriceps using a portable stimulator (Compex Rehab 400, Compex Medical SA, Switzerland) with a biphasic symmetrical rectangular waveform (75 Hz, 450 μs).
Four self-adhesive electrodes were placed over the vastus medialis and vastus lateralis muscles of both legs.
Participants remained seated for 10 min with the knees flexed at approximately 90° and the hips flexed at approximately 110°, while receiving EMS without performing any voluntary contractions.
Stimulation intensity was gradually increased to the highest level tolerated by each participant and maintained throughout the intervention (Paillard et al., 2008; Sofuoğlu et al., 2025).
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연구는 무엇을 측정합니까?
주요 결과 측정
주요 결과 측정
결과 측정 |
측정값 설명 |
기간 |
|---|---|---|
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Countermovement Jump (CMJ) Height
기간: aseline and 4 minutes after each experimental condition
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Change in countermovement jump (CMJ) height (cm) from baseline to 4 minutes after each conditioning protocol, measured using a jump assessment system.
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aseline and 4 minutes after each experimental condition
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Countermovement Jump with Arm Swing (CMJWH) Height
기간: Baseline and 4 minutes after each experimental condition
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Change in countermovement jump with arm swing (CMJWH) height (cm) from baseline to 4 minutes after each conditioning protocol.
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Baseline and 4 minutes after each experimental condition
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Zig-Zag Agility Performance
기간: Baseline and 4 minutes after each experimental condition
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Change in zig-zag agility performance time (s) from baseline to 4 minutes after each conditioning protocol.
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Baseline and 4 minutes after each experimental condition
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Shooting Speed
기간: Baseline and 4 minutes after each experimental condition
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Change in maximal shooting speed (km/h) from baseline to 4 minutes after each conditioning protocol, measured using a radar gun.
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Baseline and 4 minutes after each experimental condition
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2차 결과 측정
2차 결과 측정
결과 측정 |
측정값 설명 |
기간 |
|---|---|---|
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Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE)
기간: Immediately after each experimental condition
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Rating of perceived exertion assessed immediately after each conditioning protocol using the Borg CR-10 scale.
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Immediately after each experimental condition
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Rating of Perceived Discomfort (RPD)
기간: Immediately after each experimental condition
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Rating of perceived discomfort assessed immediately after each conditioning protocol using the Borg CR-10 scale.
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Immediately after each experimental condition
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Perceived Fatigue
기간: Immediately after each experimental condition
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Perceived fatigue assessed immediately after each conditioning protocol using a visual analog scale (VAS).
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Immediately after each experimental condition
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공동 작업자 및 조사자
여기에서 이 연구와 관련된 사람과 조직을 찾을 수 있습니다.
수사관
수사관
- 연구 의자: Neslihan Akçay, Doctorate, Karabuk University
간행물 및 유용한 링크
연구에 대한 정보 입력을 담당하는 사람이 자발적으로 이러한 간행물을 제공합니다. 이것은 연구와 관련된 모든 것에 관한 것일 수 있습니다.
일반 간행물
- Keskin K, Akcay N, Ozmen T, Contarli N, Yildiz KC, Sofuoglu C, Kamis O, Rolnick N, de Queiros VS, Montoye A. Effects of different pre-exercise strategies on jumping performance in female volleyball players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2025 Jan;65(1):59-68. doi: 10.23736/S0022-4707.24.16196-8. Epub 2024 Oct 3.
- Sofuoglu C, Fujita RA, Keskin K, Kamis O, Akcay N. Acute electrical muscle stimulation effects on strength and anaerobic power in soccer players. Int J Sports Med. 2025 Jun;46(7):501-509. doi: 10.1055/a-2563-9289. Epub 2025 Mar 20.
연구 기록 날짜
이 날짜는 ClinicalTrials.gov에 대한 연구 기록 및 요약 결과 제출의 진행 상황을 추적합니다. 연구 기록 및 보고된 결과는 공개 웹사이트에 게시되기 전에 특정 품질 관리 기준을 충족하는지 확인하기 위해 국립 의학 도서관(NLM)에서 검토합니다.
연구 주요 날짜
연구 시작 (추정된)
연구 시작
2026년 8월 1일
기본 완료 (추정된)
기본 완료
2026년 8월 30일
연구 완료 (추정된)
연구 완료
2026년 9월 5일
연구 등록 날짜
최초 제출
최초 제출
2026년 7월 6일
QC 기준을 충족하는 최초 제출
QC 기준을 충족하는 최초 제출
2026년 7월 6일
처음 게시됨 (실제)
처음 게시됨
2026년 7월 10일
연구 기록 업데이트
마지막 업데이트 게시됨 (실제)
마지막 업데이트 게시됨
2026년 7월 10일
QC 기준을 충족하는 마지막 업데이트 제출
QC 기준을 충족하는 마지막 업데이트 제출
2026년 7월 6일
마지막으로 확인됨
마지막으로 확인됨
2026년 7월 1일
추가 정보
이 연구와 관련된 용어
추가 관련 MeSH 약관
기타 연구 ID 번호
기타 연구 ID 번호
- UKarabuk-6
개별 참가자 데이터(IPD) 계획
개별 참가자 데이터(IPD)를 공유할 계획입니까?
미정
약물 및 장치 정보, 연구 문서
미국 FDA 규제 의약품 연구
아니
미국 FDA 규제 기기 제품 연구
아니
이 정보는 변경 없이 clinicaltrials.gov 웹사이트에서 직접 가져온 것입니다. 귀하의 연구 세부 정보를 변경, 제거 또는 업데이트하도록 요청하는 경우 register@clinicaltrials.gov. 문의하십시오. 변경 사항이 clinicaltrials.gov에 구현되는 즉시 저희 웹사이트에도 자동으로 업데이트됩니다. .