Isometric vs. Dynamic Squat Pre-Loading: Acute PAPE Responses (IPP vs DPP)
Acute Post-Activation Performance Responses to Isometric and Dynamic Squat Pre-Loading Protocols: A Randomized Crossover Trial
Studienübersicht
Status
Status
Bedingungen
Bedingungen
Intervention / Behandlung
Intervention / Behandlung
Detaillierte Beschreibung
Studientyp
Studientyp
Einschreibung (Geschätzt)
Einschreibung
Phase
Phase
- Unzutreffend
Kontakte und Standorte
Studienkontakt
Studienkontakt
- Name: Neslihan Akçay, Doctorate
- Telefonnummer: +905468426671
- E-Mail: neslihanozcan@karabuk.edu.tr
Studieren Sie die Kontaktsicherung
- Name: Neslihan Akçay, Doctorate
Studienorte
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Turkey
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Karabük, Turkey, Türkei (türkiye), 78200
- Karabuk University
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Kontakt:
- Neslihan Akçay, Doctorate
- Telefonnummer: +905468426671
- E-Mail: neslihanozcan@karabuk.edu.tr
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Hauptermittler:
- Neslihan Akçay, Doctorate
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Unterermittler:
- Cem Sofuoğlu
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Unterermittler:
- Wolfgang Kemmler, Prof.Dr.
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Unterermittler:
- Andre Filipovic, Prof.Dr.
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Unterermittler:
- Metehan Yana, Doctorate
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Unterermittler:
- Erşan Arslan, Prof.Dr.
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Teilnahmekriterien
Zulassungskriterien
Zulassungskriterien
Studienberechtigtes Alter
- Erwachsene
Akzeptiert gesunde Freiwillige
Beschreibung
Inclusion Criteria:
- Being healthy
- Male volleyball athletes
- Willing to maintain the intervention for all sessions
Exclusion Criteria:
- Being under 18 years old
- Having a chronic disease
- Contraindications for exercise
Studienplan
Wie ist die Studie aufgebaut?
Designdetails
- Hauptzweck: Behandlung
- Zuteilung: Zufällig
- Interventionsmodell: Crossover-Aufgabe
- Maskierung: Single
Anzahl der Arme
Waffen und Interventionen
Teilnehmergruppe / ArmTeilnehmergruppe / Arm |
Intervention / BehandlungIntervention / Behandlung |
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Experimental: Condition 1
Dynamic contraction
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Participants performed a dynamic back squat conditioning protocol on a Smith machine consisting of five sets of one repetition at 90% of one-repetition maximum (1RM), with 1 min of passive recovery between sets.
Each repetition included a controlled descent to approximately 90° of knee flexion, an explosive concentric phase, a 2-s isometric hold at full knee extension, and a slow, controlled eccentric phase (Pincivero et al.).
All repetitions were supervised to ensure proper technique.
The protocol was selected based on previous evidence supporting high-intensity resistance exercise as an effective conditioning activity for inducing PAPE responses (Dobbs et al.).
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Experimental: Condition 2
isometric contraction
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The isometric contraction protocol was conducted as described by Koźlenia and Domaradzki (2023) and Lim and Kong (2013).
Participants assumed a squat position in a squat rack with the barbell fixed in place and the knee joint positioned at approximately 90° of flexion (Profitness 1030, Türkiye).
The barbell was secured to the rack using safety pins, and participants were instructed to exert maximal force against the immovable bar to produce a MVIC.
Each contraction lasted 3 seconds, and a total of 3 repetitions were performed with 2 min of rest between repetitions (Koźlenia & Domaradzki, 2023; Lim & Kong, 2013).
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Experimental: Condition 3
Dynamic + EMS contraction
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Participants performed a dynamic back squat conditioning protocol on a Smith machine consisting of five sets of one repetition at 90% of one-repetition maximum (1RM), with 1 min of passive recovery between sets.
In the DC-EMS condition, electromyostimulation (EMS) was applied simultaneously throughout the conditioning protocol.
Each repetition included a controlled descent to approximately 90° of knee flexion, an explosive concentric phase, a 2-s isometric hold at full knee extension, and a slow, controlled eccentric phase (Pincivero et al.).
All repetitions were supervised to ensure proper technique.
The protocol was selected based on previous evidence supporting high-intensity resistance exercise as an effective conditioning activity for inducing PAPE responses (Dobbs et al.).
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Experimental: Condition 4
Isometric + EMS Contraction
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The isometric contraction protocol was conducted as described by Koźlenia and Domaradzki (2023) and Lim and Kong (2013).
Participants assumed a squat position in a squat rack with the barbell fixed in place and the knee joint positioned at approximately 90° of flexion (Profitness 1030, Türkiye).
The barbell was secured to the rack using safety pins, and participants were instructed to exert maximal force against the immovable bar to produce an MVIC.
Each contraction lasted 3 seconds, and a total of three repetitions were performed with 2 min of rest between repetitions (Koźlenia & Domaradzki, 2023; Lim & Kong, 2013).
In the MVIC-EMS condition, electromyostimulation (EMS) was applied simultaneously during each maximal voluntary isometric contraction.
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Experimental: Condition 5
EMS contraction
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EMS was delivered bilaterally to the quadriceps using a portable stimulator (Compex Rehab 400, Compex Medical SA, Switzerland) with a biphasic symmetrical rectangular waveform (75 Hz, 450 μs).
Four self-adhesive electrodes were placed over the vastus medialis and vastus lateralis muscles of both legs.
Participants remained seated for 10 min with the knees flexed at approximately 90° and the hips flexed at approximately 110°, while receiving EMS without performing any voluntary contractions.
Stimulation intensity was gradually increased to the highest level tolerated by each participant and maintained throughout the intervention (Paillard et al., 2008; Sofuoğlu et al., 2025).
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Was misst die Studie?
Primäre Ergebnismessungen
Primäre Ergebnismessungen
Ergebnis Maßnahme |
Maßnahmenbeschreibung |
Zeitfenster |
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Countermovement Jump (CMJ) Height
Zeitfenster: aseline and 4 minutes after each experimental condition
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Change in countermovement jump (CMJ) height (cm) from baseline to 4 minutes after each conditioning protocol, measured using a jump assessment system.
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aseline and 4 minutes after each experimental condition
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Countermovement Jump with Arm Swing (CMJWH) Height
Zeitfenster: Baseline and 4 minutes after each experimental condition
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Change in countermovement jump with arm swing (CMJWH) height (cm) from baseline to 4 minutes after each conditioning protocol.
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Baseline and 4 minutes after each experimental condition
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Zig-Zag Agility Performance
Zeitfenster: Baseline and 4 minutes after each experimental condition
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Change in zig-zag agility performance time (s) from baseline to 4 minutes after each conditioning protocol.
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Baseline and 4 minutes after each experimental condition
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Shooting Speed
Zeitfenster: Baseline and 4 minutes after each experimental condition
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Change in maximal shooting speed (km/h) from baseline to 4 minutes after each conditioning protocol, measured using a radar gun.
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Baseline and 4 minutes after each experimental condition
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Sekundäre Ergebnismessungen
Sekundäre Ergebnismessungen
Ergebnis Maßnahme |
Maßnahmenbeschreibung |
Zeitfenster |
|---|---|---|
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Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE)
Zeitfenster: Immediately after each experimental condition
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Rating of perceived exertion assessed immediately after each conditioning protocol using the Borg CR-10 scale.
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Immediately after each experimental condition
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Rating of Perceived Discomfort (RPD)
Zeitfenster: Immediately after each experimental condition
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Rating of perceived discomfort assessed immediately after each conditioning protocol using the Borg CR-10 scale.
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Immediately after each experimental condition
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Perceived Fatigue
Zeitfenster: Immediately after each experimental condition
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Perceived fatigue assessed immediately after each conditioning protocol using a visual analog scale (VAS).
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Immediately after each experimental condition
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Mitarbeiter und Ermittler
Sponsor
Sponsor
Ermittler
Ermittler
- Studienstuhl: Neslihan Akçay, Doctorate, Karabuk University
Publikationen und hilfreiche Links
Allgemeine Veröffentlichungen
- Keskin K, Akcay N, Ozmen T, Contarli N, Yildiz KC, Sofuoglu C, Kamis O, Rolnick N, de Queiros VS, Montoye A. Effects of different pre-exercise strategies on jumping performance in female volleyball players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2025 Jan;65(1):59-68. doi: 10.23736/S0022-4707.24.16196-8. Epub 2024 Oct 3.
- Sofuoglu C, Fujita RA, Keskin K, Kamis O, Akcay N. Acute electrical muscle stimulation effects on strength and anaerobic power in soccer players. Int J Sports Med. 2025 Jun;46(7):501-509. doi: 10.1055/a-2563-9289. Epub 2025 Mar 20.
Studienaufzeichnungsdaten
Haupttermine studieren
Studienbeginn (Geschätzt)
Studienbeginn
Primärer Abschluss (Geschätzt)
Primärer Abschluss
Studienabschluss (Geschätzt)
Studienabschluss
Studienanmeldedaten
Zuerst eingereicht
Zuerst eingereicht
Zuerst eingereicht, das die QC-Kriterien erfüllt hat
Zuerst eingereicht, das die QC-Kriterien erfüllt hat
Zuerst gepostet (Tatsächlich)
Zuerst gepostet
Studienaufzeichnungsaktualisierungen
Letztes Update gepostet (Tatsächlich)
Letztes Update gepostet
Letztes eingereichtes Update, das die QC-Kriterien erfüllt
Letztes eingereichtes Update, das die QC-Kriterien erfüllt
Zuletzt verifiziert
Zuletzt verifiziert
Mehr Informationen
Begriffe im Zusammenhang mit dieser Studie
Schlüsselwörter
Zusätzliche relevante MeSH-Bedingungen
Andere Studien-ID-Nummern
Andere Studien-ID-Nummern
- UKarabuk-6
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