Isometric vs. Dynamic Squat Pre-Loading: Acute PAPE Responses (IPP vs DPP)
Acute Post-Activation Performance Responses to Isometric and Dynamic Squat Pre-Loading Protocols: A Randomized Crossover Trial
Panoramica dello studio
Stato
Stato
Condizioni
Condizioni
Intervento / Trattamento
Intervento / Trattamento
Descrizione dettagliata
Tipo di studio
Tipo di studio
Iscrizione (Stimato)
Iscrizione
Fase
Fase
- Non applicabile
Contatti e Sedi
Contatto studio
Contatto studio
- Nome: Neslihan Akçay, Doctorate
- Numero di telefono: +905468426671
- Email: neslihanozcan@karabuk.edu.tr
Backup dei contatti dello studio
- Nome: Neslihan Akçay, Doctorate
Luoghi di studio
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Turkey
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Karabük, Turkey, Turchia (Türkiye), 78200
- Karabuk University
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Contatto:
- Neslihan Akçay, Doctorate
- Numero di telefono: +905468426671
- Email: neslihanozcan@karabuk.edu.tr
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Investigatore principale:
- Neslihan Akçay, Doctorate
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Sub-investigatore:
- Cem Sofuoğlu
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Sub-investigatore:
- Wolfgang Kemmler, Prof.Dr.
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Sub-investigatore:
- Andre Filipovic, Prof.Dr.
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Sub-investigatore:
- Metehan Yana, Doctorate
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Sub-investigatore:
- Erşan Arslan, Prof.Dr.
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Criteri di partecipazione
Criteri di ammissibilità
Criteri di ammissibilità
Età idonea allo studio
- Adulto
Accetta volontari sani
Descrizione
Inclusion Criteria:
- Being healthy
- Male volleyball athletes
- Willing to maintain the intervention for all sessions
Exclusion Criteria:
- Being under 18 years old
- Having a chronic disease
- Contraindications for exercise
Piano di studio
Come è strutturato lo studio?
Dettagli di progettazione
- Scopo principale: Trattamento
- Assegnazione: Randomizzato
- Modello interventistico: Assegnazione incrociata
- Mascheramento: Separare
Numero di armi
Armi e interventi
Gruppo di partecipanti / ArmGruppo di partecipanti / Arm |
Intervento / TrattamentoIntervento / Trattamento |
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Sperimentale: Condition 1
Dynamic contraction
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Participants performed a dynamic back squat conditioning protocol on a Smith machine consisting of five sets of one repetition at 90% of one-repetition maximum (1RM), with 1 min of passive recovery between sets.
Each repetition included a controlled descent to approximately 90° of knee flexion, an explosive concentric phase, a 2-s isometric hold at full knee extension, and a slow, controlled eccentric phase (Pincivero et al.).
All repetitions were supervised to ensure proper technique.
The protocol was selected based on previous evidence supporting high-intensity resistance exercise as an effective conditioning activity for inducing PAPE responses (Dobbs et al.).
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Sperimentale: Condition 2
isometric contraction
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The isometric contraction protocol was conducted as described by Koźlenia and Domaradzki (2023) and Lim and Kong (2013).
Participants assumed a squat position in a squat rack with the barbell fixed in place and the knee joint positioned at approximately 90° of flexion (Profitness 1030, Türkiye).
The barbell was secured to the rack using safety pins, and participants were instructed to exert maximal force against the immovable bar to produce a MVIC.
Each contraction lasted 3 seconds, and a total of 3 repetitions were performed with 2 min of rest between repetitions (Koźlenia & Domaradzki, 2023; Lim & Kong, 2013).
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Sperimentale: Condition 3
Dynamic + EMS contraction
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Participants performed a dynamic back squat conditioning protocol on a Smith machine consisting of five sets of one repetition at 90% of one-repetition maximum (1RM), with 1 min of passive recovery between sets.
In the DC-EMS condition, electromyostimulation (EMS) was applied simultaneously throughout the conditioning protocol.
Each repetition included a controlled descent to approximately 90° of knee flexion, an explosive concentric phase, a 2-s isometric hold at full knee extension, and a slow, controlled eccentric phase (Pincivero et al.).
All repetitions were supervised to ensure proper technique.
The protocol was selected based on previous evidence supporting high-intensity resistance exercise as an effective conditioning activity for inducing PAPE responses (Dobbs et al.).
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Sperimentale: Condition 4
Isometric + EMS Contraction
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The isometric contraction protocol was conducted as described by Koźlenia and Domaradzki (2023) and Lim and Kong (2013).
Participants assumed a squat position in a squat rack with the barbell fixed in place and the knee joint positioned at approximately 90° of flexion (Profitness 1030, Türkiye).
The barbell was secured to the rack using safety pins, and participants were instructed to exert maximal force against the immovable bar to produce an MVIC.
Each contraction lasted 3 seconds, and a total of three repetitions were performed with 2 min of rest between repetitions (Koźlenia & Domaradzki, 2023; Lim & Kong, 2013).
In the MVIC-EMS condition, electromyostimulation (EMS) was applied simultaneously during each maximal voluntary isometric contraction.
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Sperimentale: Condition 5
EMS contraction
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EMS was delivered bilaterally to the quadriceps using a portable stimulator (Compex Rehab 400, Compex Medical SA, Switzerland) with a biphasic symmetrical rectangular waveform (75 Hz, 450 μs).
Four self-adhesive electrodes were placed over the vastus medialis and vastus lateralis muscles of both legs.
Participants remained seated for 10 min with the knees flexed at approximately 90° and the hips flexed at approximately 110°, while receiving EMS without performing any voluntary contractions.
Stimulation intensity was gradually increased to the highest level tolerated by each participant and maintained throughout the intervention (Paillard et al., 2008; Sofuoğlu et al., 2025).
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Cosa sta misurando lo studio?
Misure di risultato primarie
Misure di risultato primarie
Misura del risultato |
Misura Descrizione |
Lasso di tempo |
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Countermovement Jump (CMJ) Height
Lasso di tempo: aseline and 4 minutes after each experimental condition
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Change in countermovement jump (CMJ) height (cm) from baseline to 4 minutes after each conditioning protocol, measured using a jump assessment system.
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aseline and 4 minutes after each experimental condition
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Countermovement Jump with Arm Swing (CMJWH) Height
Lasso di tempo: Baseline and 4 minutes after each experimental condition
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Change in countermovement jump with arm swing (CMJWH) height (cm) from baseline to 4 minutes after each conditioning protocol.
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Baseline and 4 minutes after each experimental condition
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Zig-Zag Agility Performance
Lasso di tempo: Baseline and 4 minutes after each experimental condition
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Change in zig-zag agility performance time (s) from baseline to 4 minutes after each conditioning protocol.
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Baseline and 4 minutes after each experimental condition
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Shooting Speed
Lasso di tempo: Baseline and 4 minutes after each experimental condition
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Change in maximal shooting speed (km/h) from baseline to 4 minutes after each conditioning protocol, measured using a radar gun.
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Baseline and 4 minutes after each experimental condition
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Misure di risultato secondarie
Misure di risultato secondarie
Misura del risultato |
Misura Descrizione |
Lasso di tempo |
|---|---|---|
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Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE)
Lasso di tempo: Immediately after each experimental condition
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Rating of perceived exertion assessed immediately after each conditioning protocol using the Borg CR-10 scale.
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Immediately after each experimental condition
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Rating of Perceived Discomfort (RPD)
Lasso di tempo: Immediately after each experimental condition
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Rating of perceived discomfort assessed immediately after each conditioning protocol using the Borg CR-10 scale.
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Immediately after each experimental condition
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Perceived Fatigue
Lasso di tempo: Immediately after each experimental condition
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Perceived fatigue assessed immediately after each conditioning protocol using a visual analog scale (VAS).
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Immediately after each experimental condition
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Collaboratori e investigatori
Sponsor
Sponsor
Investigatori
Investigatori
- Cattedra di studio: Neslihan Akçay, Doctorate, Karabuk University
Pubblicazioni e link utili
Pubblicazioni generali
- Keskin K, Akcay N, Ozmen T, Contarli N, Yildiz KC, Sofuoglu C, Kamis O, Rolnick N, de Queiros VS, Montoye A. Effects of different pre-exercise strategies on jumping performance in female volleyball players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2025 Jan;65(1):59-68. doi: 10.23736/S0022-4707.24.16196-8. Epub 2024 Oct 3.
- Sofuoglu C, Fujita RA, Keskin K, Kamis O, Akcay N. Acute electrical muscle stimulation effects on strength and anaerobic power in soccer players. Int J Sports Med. 2025 Jun;46(7):501-509. doi: 10.1055/a-2563-9289. Epub 2025 Mar 20.
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Inizio studio (Stimato)
Inizio studio
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Completamento primario
Completamento dello studio (Stimato)
Completamento dello studio
Date di iscrizione allo studio
Primo inviato
Primo inviato
Primo inviato che soddisfa i criteri di controllo qualità
Primo inviato che soddisfa i criteri di controllo qualità
Primo Inserito (Effettivo)
Primo Inserito
Aggiornamenti dei record di studio
Ultimo aggiornamento pubblicato (Effettivo)
Ultimo aggiornamento pubblicato
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Ultimo aggiornamento inviato che soddisfa i criteri QC
Ultimo verificato
Ultimo verificato
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Altri numeri di identificazione dello studio
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