홍콩 젊은 성인들의 외로움을 줄이기 위한 개입의 효과 평가

활성 비교기: Group-based Social Skills Training

Participants in the Social Skills Training (SST) group will receive a group-based SST intervention as an active control.

행동: Group-based Social Skills Training

The SST intervention serves as an active control and focuses on improving interpersonal competence. It includes training in social behavior styles (assertive, shy, and aggressive), initiating and maintaining social interactions, setting boundaries, giving and receiving feedback, and conflict resolution. Improvements in interpersonal competence are expected to enhance perceived social support, which in turn reduces loneliness. The intervention will be delivered over a 4-week period.

실험적: Group-based Positive Affect Intervention

Participants in the Positive Affect (PA) group will receive a group-based psychoeducation intervention designed to test its effectiveness in reducing loneliness among college students.

행동: Group-based Positive Affect Intervention

This 4-week intervention consists of eight skills aimed at enhancing positive affect, delivered via group-based psychoeducation by trained facilitators. Participants will learn skills such as gratitude, mindfulness, and positive reappraisal, with sessions held once a week to test the effects of the intervention in reducing loneliness among young adults.

Loneliness measured by the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Loneliness Scale

The UCLA Loneliness Scale is a reliable self-assessment tool designed to evaluate subjective feelings of loneliness.

Total scores are calculated based on individual item ratings ranging from 1 (never) to 4 (always). Higher scores indicate a greater degree of loneliness (worse outcome).

Perceived Stress on the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10)

The Chinese version of the Perceived Stress Scale is a validated self-report tool used to measure the degree to which situations in one's life are appraised as stressful.

Individual items are rated on a scale from 0 (never) to 4 (very often). Higher scores indicate higher levels of perceived stress (worse outcome).

Symptoms of Depression on the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9)

The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 is a reliable self-report measure designed to evaluate the severity of depressive symptoms over the past two weeks.

Possible scores for each item range from 0 (not at all) to 3 (nearly every day).

Higher scores indicate more severe symptoms of depression (worse outcome).

Symptoms of Anxiety on the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) Scale

The Chinese version of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 Scale is a validated, self-reported instrument assessing the severity of anxiety symptoms.

Possible scores for each item range from 0 (not feeling at all) to 3 (most of the time).Higher scores indicate more severe symptoms of anxiety (worse outcome).

Perceived Social Support on the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS)

The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support evaluates the social support derived from three key sources: family, friends, and significant others.

Respondents rate each item on a 7-point Likert scale, where 1 represents "very strongly disagree" and 7 indicates "very strongly agree."

Higher scores indicate a higher level of perceived social support (better outcome).

Affective Experience over the Past Week on the 30-item Affect Valuation Index (AVI)

The Affect Valuation Index (AVI) is a validated, self-reported instrument assessing affective experiences over the past week. It evaluates the frequency of actual emotions experienced.

Possible scores for each emotion item range from 1 (very slightly or not at all) to 5 (extremely or all the time).

Higher scores indicate a greater frequency of that specific affective state. (Note: High scores in positive affect represent a better outcome, while high scores in negative affect represent a worse outcome).

Meaning of Life on 7-point Meaning in Life Questionnaire (MLQ)

The Meaning in Life Questionnaire (MLQ) is a reliable self-assessment tool that evaluates an individual's sense of meaning in life across two subscales: Presence of Meaning and Search for Meaning.

Each subscale (5 items each) has a minimum score of 5 and a maximum score of 35.

Higher scores on the Presence subscale indicate a stronger sense that life is meaningful. Higher scores on the Search subscale indicate a greater drive to find meaning.

Gratitude on 7-point Gratitude Scale Questionnaire-Six Item Form (GQ-6)

The Gratitude Questionnaire-Six Item Form (GQ-6) is a validated self-report measure that evaluates the inclination to recognize and respond to life events with gratitude.

Total scores range from 6 (strongly disagree across all items) to 42 (strongly agree across all items).

Higher scores indicate a higher level of dispositional gratitude (better outcome).

Mindfulness on the 5-point Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ)

The Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) is a validated measure assessing five different elements of mindfulness in daily life.

Responses are scored on a scale from 1 (never or very rarely true) to 5 (very often or always true).

Higher scores indicate higher levels of mindfulness (better outcome).

Cognitive Reappraisal on the 7-point Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ)

The Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) is a validated instrument assessing strategies used to manage emotions, specifically Cognitive Reappraisal and Expressive Suppression.

Items are rated from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree). The Reappraisal subscale (6 items) ranges from 6 to 42.

Higher scores on Cognitive Reappraisal indicate more frequent use of adaptive emotional regulation (better outcome).

Self-Efficacy on the 4-point General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE)

The General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE) measures an individual's optimistic beliefs regarding their capacity to manage challenging situations and cope with stressors.

This 10-item scale ranges from a total minimum of 10 to a maximum of 40 (based on a 1-4 Likert scale).

Higher scores indicate a stronger belief in one's own self-efficacy (better outcome).

Interpersonal Competence on the 15-item Interpersonal Competence Questionnaire (ICQ-15)

The 15-item Interpersonal Competence Questionnaire (ICQ-15) assesses self-reported proficiency across five social domains, including initiating relationships and conflict management.

It is using a 4-point Likert-type scale, where 1 indicates "I'm always poor at this" and 4 represents "I'm always good at this." Total scores range from 15 to 60.

Higher scores indicate a higher level of interpersonal proficiency and social skill (better outcome).

Rejection Sensitivity on the Adult Rejection Sensitivity Questionnaire (A-RSQ)

The Adult Rejection Sensitivity Questionnaire (A-RSQ) assesses cognitive-affective processing styles regarding the expectation of social rejection.

Scores are calculated based on concern and likelihood of rejection across 15 items, with total scores typically ranging from 1 to 36 (mean score).

Higher scores indicate a greater sensitivity to and anxious expectation of social rejection (worse outcome).