Digital Dance for People With Parkinson's Disease During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Eksperymentalny: digital dance for PD

Urządzenie: Digital dance for PD

The digital dance class was held via Zoom. The class was scheduled once a week for 60 min and consisted of 10 sessions. A professional, certified Dance for PD and experienced dance instructor was teaching the dance class. The dance classes followed the Dance for PD protocol yet was adjusted to fit the digital zoom format.

Feasibility outcome measures

The following feasibility outcome measures were assessed: (a) Technical and safety issues, (b) Compliance and motivation, (c) Self-assessed improvement in physical function, wellbeing and cognitive function and (d) The importance of dance as an artistic and creative activity.

Each feasibility outcome measure was assessed via a 5-point Likert scale ranging from (1=very unsatisfactory, 5=very satisfactory), (1=not motivated, 5=very motivated), (1=noticeable worsening, 5=noticeable improvement) or (1=not meaningful, 5=very meaningful). Furthermore, each feasibility outcome measure had an open-ended question connected to it in order to capture any details related that feasibility domain. Two open-ended questions regarding positive and negative aspects of digital dancing were also included.

For each feasibility outcome measure, a criterion of success was developed in order to judge the the success rate of these feasibility outcome measures.

Depression and anxiety

Severity of depression and anxiety symptoms measured by Hospital Anxiety Depression scale Anxiety score: 0-21 higher score indicate more anxiety Depression score: 0-21 higher score indicate more depression

Quality of life (QoL) Summary index

Quality of life measured by Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire-39 (PDQ39), Summary index: 0-100 higher scores indicate more problems.

Furthermore, scores on the following subscales were assessed:

• Mobility score: 0-100 higher scores indicate more problems
• Activity of Daily Living score: 0-100 higher scores indicate more problems
• Emotional well being score: 0-100 higher scores indicate more problems
• Stigma score: 0-100 higher scores indicate more problems
• Social support score: 0-100 higher scores indicate more problems
• Cognition score: 0-100 higher scores indicate more problems
• Communication score: 0-100 higher scores indicate more problems
• Bodily discomfort score: 0-100 higher scores indicate more problems

Quality of life (QoL) - Bodily discomfort

Quality of life measured by Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire-39 (PDQ39).

Subscale: Bodily discomfort score: 0-100 higher scores indicate more problems

Quality of life (QoL) Communication

Quality of life measured by Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire-39 (PDQ39).

Subscale: Communication score: 0-100 higher scores indicate more problems

Quality of life (QoL) Cognition

Quality of life measured by Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire-39 (PDQ39).

Subscale:Cognition score: 0-100 higher scores indicate more problems

Quality of life (QoL) Social support

Quality of life measured by Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire-39 (PDQ39).

Subscale: Social support score: 0-100 higher scores indicate more problems

Quality of life (QoL) Stigma

Quality of life measured by Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire-39 (PDQ39).

Subscale: Stigma score: 0-100 higher scores indicate more problems

Quality of life (QoL) Emotional well being

Quality of life measured by Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire-39 (PDQ39).

Subscale: Emotional well being score: 0-100 higher scores indicate more problems

Quality of life (QoL) Activity of Daily Living

Quality of life measured by Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire-39 (PDQ39).

Subscale: Activity of Daily Living score: 0-100 higher scores indicate more problems

Quality of life (QoL) - Mobility

Quality of life measured by Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire-39 (PDQ39).

Subscale Mobility score: 0-100 higher scores indicate more problems

Fatigue

Fatigue measured by Checklist Individual Strength Questionnaire (CIS). Total score: 20-140

Subjective cognitive complaints

Improvement on subjective memory complaints measured by Prospective Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ). Total score: 16-80 higher scores indicate more cognitive complaints prospective score: 0-100 higher scores indicate more cognitive complaints retrospective score: 0-100 higher scores indicate more cognitive complaints short term score: 0-100 higher scores indicate more cognitive complaints long term score: 0-100 higher scores indicate more cognitive complaints self cued score: 0-100 higher scores indicate more cognitive complaints environmentally cued: 0-100 higher scores indicate more cognitive complaints

Mental fatigue

Two questions from the Mental Fatigue Scale were used to measure mental fatigue (item 3) and recovery (item 4). Answers were given on a 7-point Likert scale.

Experience and meaning of digital dance for people with PD

Two focus group interviews were conducted to examine the broader experience of digital dance for people with PD.

Age

Demographic characteristic: age at baseline

Sex

Demographic characteristic: sex

Educational level

Demographic characteristic: educational level

Previous experience of dance for Parkinson's Disease

Demographic characteristic: previous experience of dance for PD

Self-evaluated health

Demographic characteristic: self-evaluated health

Disease duration

Demographic characteristic: self-reported year of PD diagnosis

Current participation in physical exercise

Demographic characteristic: current participation in physical exercise