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Exercise Self-Efficacy, Body Composition, and Physical Activity in Men With Hypogonadism

6 de novembro de 2026 atualizado por: Aybüke Fanuscu, Hacettepe University

The Mediating Role of Exercise Self-Efficacy in the Relationship Between Body Composition and Physical Activity in Men With Hypogonadism: A Cross-Sectional Study

Male hypogonadism is a chronic endocrine condition characterized by deficient testosterone production, leading to adverse changes in body composition (decreased lean mass, increased fat mass) and various physical and psychological symptoms, including fatigue and reduced motivation. Although testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) is the primary medical treatment, its effectiveness in optimizing body composition largely depends on regular physical activity. However, the psychosocial mechanisms underlying exercise engagement in this specific population remain insufficiently explored.

Exercise self-efficacy, an individual's confidence in their ability to perform physical activity, is a major determinant of exercise behavior. While its mediating role between body composition and physical activity has been shown in other clinical populations, it has not been investigated in men with hypogonadism, where low testosterone levels uniquely impair psychological well-being and drive.

The primary objective of this cross-sectional study is to evaluate the mediating role of exercise self-efficacy in the relationship between body composition and physical activity levels in men with hypogonadism receiving TRT. Additionally, the study explores the potential moderating effects of serum total testosterone levels and TRT duration, while controlling for depressive symptoms as a covariate. Findings from this study aim to provide evidence-based guidance for clinicians and physical therapists in designing targeted exercise interventions and timing rehabilitation strategies for hypogonadal patients.

Visão geral do estudo

Status

Recrutamento

Condições

Descrição detalhada

Male hypogonadism is associated with adverse alterations in body composition, including reduced lean muscle mass and increased adiposity, alongside symptoms such as fatigue, dysphoric mood, and reduced motivation. Although testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) serves as the primary medical intervention, optimizing body composition outcomes relies significantly on concurrent physical activity.

Exercise self-efficacy, the confidence in one's capability to carry out physical activity, is a robust determinant of exercise adherence. In hypogonadism, low testosterone levels uniquely impair psychosocial well-being and motivational drive, creating a distinct biologically driven barrier to exercise engagement that differs from general metabolic or obesity-related populations.

Furthermore, the physiological and psychological responses to TRT follow a time-dependent trajectory. Early stages of therapy may exhibit rapid shifts in mood and sociability, whereas energy levels and physical capacity gradually improve over subsequent weeks and months. This temporal progression suggests that TRT duration and serum total testosterone levels may serve as critical moderators influencing how body composition interacts with exercise self-efficacy and physical activity.

This study evaluates the structural relationships between body composition parameters and physical activity levels in men with hypogonadism. Specifically, it tests whether exercise self-efficacy mediates this relationship, and assesses the potential moderating roles of serum total testosterone levels and TRT duration, while statistically controlling for depressive symptoms to isolate the specific biological and psychosocial pathways.

Tipo de estudo

Observacional

Inscrição (Estimado)

45

Contactos e Locais

Esta seção fornece os detalhes de contato para aqueles que conduzem o estudo e informações sobre onde este estudo está sendo realizado.

Contato de estudo

Locais de estudo

      • Bingoel, Turquia (Türkiye)
        • Recrutamento
        • Bingol University Faculty of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation
        • Contato:
      • Malatya, Turquia (Türkiye)

Critérios de participação

Os pesquisadores procuram pessoas que se encaixem em uma determinada descrição, chamada de critérios de elegibilidade. Alguns exemplos desses critérios são a condição geral de saúde de uma pessoa ou tratamentos anteriores.

Critérios de elegibilidade

Idades elegíveis para estudo

18 anos e mais velhos (Adulto, Adulto mais velho)

Aceita Voluntários Saudáveis

Não

Gêneros Elegíveis para o Estudo

Macho

Método de amostragem

Amostra Não Probabilística

População do estudo

The study population consists of adult male patients aged 18 years or older who have been diagnosed with primary or secondary hypogonadism (biochemically confirmed morning serum total testosterone <300 ng/dL) and are currently receiving testosterone replacement therapy (TRT). Participants will be recruited from patients attending routine clinical visits at the Endocrinology Outpatient Clinic of Malatya Training and Research Hospital.

Descrição

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Confirmed diagnosis of male hypogonadism (primary or secondary; biochemically verified with a morning serum total testosterone level <300 ng/dL).
  • Currently undergoing TRT with observed partial or complete symptom remission, evaluated as treatment-responsive by the clinician.
  • Aged 18 years or older.
  • Ability to read and write in Turkish.
  • Voluntary agreement to participate and signature on the informed consent form.

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Neurological, orthopedic, or cardiopulmonary conditions independent of hypogonadism that restrict physical activity capacity.
  • Diagnosed psychiatric disorders directly impacting exercise self-efficacy and physical activity (e.g., major depressive disorder, psychosis).
  • Concomitant endocrine disorders significantly affecting body composition, including uncontrolled or complicated diabetes mellitus (HbA1c >8.0% or presence of diabetic nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy) or biochemically unverified euthyroid state in thyroid disease.
  • Presence of conditions preventing bioelectrical impedance analysis (e.g., implanted cardiac devices/pacemakers).
  • Visual or cognitive impairments preventing the reading and completion of study questionnaires.
  • Chronic inflammatory conditions directly affecting body composition and physical capacity (e.g., chronic kidney disease, inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, ankylosing spondylitis).

Plano de estudo

Esta seção fornece detalhes do plano de estudo, incluindo como o estudo é projetado e o que o estudo está medindo.

Como o estudo é projetado?

Detalhes do projeto

  • Modelos de observação: OTHER
  • Perspectivas de Tempo: PROSPECTIVE

Coortes e Intervenções

Grupo / Coorte
Men with Hypogonadism on TRT

Male patients aged 18 years or older who have been diagnosed with primary or secondary hypogonadism (biochemically verified morning serum total testosterone <300 ng/dL) and are currently receiving testosterone replacement therapy (TRT).

O que o estudo está medindo?

Medidas de resultados primários

Medida de resultado
Descrição da medida
Prazo
Physical Activity Level
Prazo: Baseline

Assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire - Short Form (IPAQ-SF). IPAQ-SF evaluates walking, moderate, and vigorous intensity physical activities performed over the last 7 days. Total physical activity score will be calculated as MET-minutes/week.

Baseline

Medidas de resultados secundários

Medida de resultado
Descrição da medida
Prazo
Exercise Self-Efficacy Score
Prazo: Baseline

Evaluated via the Exercise Self-Efficacy Scale (EXSE). The scale consists of 18 items assessing an individual's confidence to maintain exercise across challenging situations. Items are rated on a 0-100 numerical rating scale with 10-unit intervals. Total scores range from 0 to 1800, with higher scores reflecting greater confidence in exercise adherence.

Baseline
Body Weight
Prazo: Baseline

Measured using a Tanita BC-420SMA Bioelectrical Impedance Analyzer. This outcome reports body weight in kilograms.

Baseline
Serum Total Testosterone Level
Prazo: Baseline

Recorded from recent morning routine clinical laboratory records. Measured in nanograms per deciliter (ng/dL).

Baseline
Depressive Symptoms (Covariate)
Prazo: Baseline

Evaluated using the depression subscale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS-D). Contains 7 items, each scored on a 0-3 Likert scale (subscale score ranges from 0 to 21), with higher scores indicating higher levels of depressive symptoms.

Baseline
Body Mass Index (BMI)
Prazo: Baseline

Calculated using height and body weight via a Tanita BC-420SMA Bioelectrical Impedance Analyzer.

Baseline

Colaboradores e Investigadores

É aqui que você encontrará pessoas e organizações envolvidas com este estudo.

Patrocinador

Investigadores

  • Investigador principal: Aybüke Fanuscu, Pt, PhD, Bingol University

Datas de registro do estudo

Essas datas acompanham o progresso do registro do estudo e os envios de resumo dos resultados para ClinicalTrials.gov. Os registros do estudo e os resultados relatados são revisados ​​pela National Library of Medicine (NLM) para garantir que atendam aos padrões específicos de controle de qualidade antes de serem publicados no site público.

Datas Principais do Estudo

Início do estudo (Real)

20 de outubro de 2026

Conclusão Primária (Estimado)

30 de setembro de 2027

Conclusão do estudo (Estimado)

15 de outubro de 2027

Datas de inscrição no estudo

Enviado pela primeira vez

4 de agosto de 2026

Enviado pela primeira vez que atendeu aos critérios de CQ

6 de novembro de 2026

Primeira postagem (Real)

9 de novembro de 2026

Atualizações de registro de estudo

Última Atualização Postada (Real)

9 de novembro de 2026

Última atualização enviada que atendeu aos critérios de controle de qualidade

6 de novembro de 2026

Última verificação

1 de novembro de 2026

Mais Informações

Termos relacionados a este estudo

Outros números de identificação do estudo

  • AF-202603

Plano para dados de participantes individuais (IPD)

Planeja compartilhar dados de participantes individuais (IPD)?

NÃO

Informações sobre medicamentos e dispositivos, documentos de estudo

Estuda um medicamento regulamentado pela FDA dos EUA

Não

Estuda um produto de dispositivo regulamentado pela FDA dos EUA

Não

Essas informações foram obtidas diretamente do site clinicaltrials.gov sem nenhuma alteração. Se você tiver alguma solicitação para alterar, remover ou atualizar os detalhes do seu estudo, entre em contato com register@clinicaltrials.gov. Assim que uma alteração for implementada em clinicaltrials.gov, ela também será atualizada automaticamente em nosso site .