看不见的渔夫
隐形渔民:赋权和保护加纳渔业价值链中的女性以减少贫血
研究概览
详细说明
在许多低收入和中等收入国家,育龄妇女贫血仍然是一个棘手的公共卫生问题,尤其是在撒哈拉以南非洲 (SSA),那里超过三分之一的育龄妇女患有贫血。 贫血的复杂病因表明设计干预措施的重要性,以解决营养缺乏和贫血风险的环境驱动因素。 这项拟议的研究建立在我们研究团队正在进行的形成性研究中产生的新知识的基础上,旨在了解干预动物源食品 (ASF) 价值链以影响加纳少女和妇女贫血的可能性。 调查人员已将加纳的渔业价值链确定为一个独特的有前途的干预部门,以减轻妇女的贫血。 具体而言,我们的研究表明,鱼类加工是渔业价值链中最有希望进行干预以解决女性贫血问题的重点领域。 因此,这项拟议研究的总体研究目标是开发、调整和试点测试一套针对加纳渔业价值链的干预措施,旨在减轻女性贫血。 具体来说,研究人员的目标是:1) 定义通过我们正在进行的形成性研究确定的优先干预策略的范围、可行性和可扩展性,2) 使干预措施适应拟议的研究环境,以及 3) 设计和试点测试具体实施战略,以及一个监测和评估 (M&E) 框架,用于评估沿假设的计划影响路径在多个地点的干预措施实施、采用、影响和影响机制。
我们正在进行的形成性研究以及与利益相关者和社区参与者的扩展磋商过程已经确定了在加纳渔业价值链中进行干预的优先战略,这些战略是可行的、可扩展的,可能通过多种机制减少贫血,并且有明显的可持续性潜力影响。 研究人员预计,这些干预措施的试点测试和相关的 M&E 框架将直接为完整随机对照试验 (RCT) 的设计、实施和评估提供信息,该试验将评估这些干预措施对减轻加纳妇女贫血的有效性。 因此,这项试点研究的设计将模仿随机对照试验的设计,该随机对照试验在不同的研究组中向女性提供三种不同的治疗方法,每个组都反映了通过我们正在进行的形成性研究确定的优先干预策略:
- 治疗组 1 (TA1):一项多部门贫血行为改变干预措施,重点是促进多种减轻贫血的行为,包括食用富含微量营养素的 ASF、疟疾和土壤传播的蠕虫控制做法,以及水、环境卫生和个人卫生最佳做法(TA1 也是治疗组 2 和 3 的组成部分);
- 治疗手段 2 (TA2):一项干预措施旨在通过基于群体的小额信贷计划加强女性鱼类加工者与市场的接触,提供创业培训,并促进增加获取市场价格信息的机会;
- 治疗组 3 (TA3):一项向女性加工者引入改进的熏鱼技术和做法的干预措施,旨在提高收入并减少与熏鱼相关的有害职业暴露。
调查人员将从加纳两个代表海洋和淡水小型渔业系统的地区的 12 个社区招募总共 120 名参与者。 参与者将被招募到为期九个月的试点干预中,数据收集发生在干预开始前的基线、干预实施的中间点和干预实施完成后的终点。 研究人员将使用基于调查的工具、直接观察、参与者日记、人体测量和饮食评估、职业暴露评估以及血液和粪便标本分析来评估贫血、微量营养素状况、炎症和感染的变化,以及调查人员假设参与者的知识、态度、行为和暴露与干预暴露有关。 这种分析对于了解每种干预措施的不同影响机制的相对重要性至关重要。 研究人员将进一步对研究参与者和项目实施人员进行定性、半结构化访谈,以了解他们对干预措施的看法、促进或阻碍成功实施和采用干预措施的因素,以及他们对参与带来的积极和消极变化的看法在项目中。 这些见解对于解决我们提出的与定义拟议干预措施范围相关的研究问题以及评估干预措施采用和实施的可行性非常重要。 还将举办最终项目评估研讨会,以内部评估项目 M&E 框架的优势和局限性。
加纳的熏鱼价值链显然有可能通过多种可能相互关联且相互矛盾的机制影响女性吸烟者的贫血风险。 更广泛地说,这些价值链也有可能影响沿海和湖泊社区以及全国消费者的营养和健康状况,这些消费者的饮食深受这些价值链的影响。 研究人员预计,这项研究的结果将大大有助于了解如何最好地设计、实施和评估对加纳和整个 SSA 的渔业和其他 ASF 价值链的干预措施,以解决贫血和相关的营养和健康问题。
研究类型
注册 (实际的)
阶段
- 不适用
联系人和位置
学习地点
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Accra、加纳
- University of Ghana, Legon
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参与标准
资格标准
适合学习的年龄
接受健康志愿者
有资格学习的性别
描述
纳入标准:
- 未怀孕
- 项目期间不打算搬离社区
- 从事鱼类加工为主要生计
排除标准:
- 孕
- 计划在项目期间搬离社区
- 不以鱼类加工为主要生计
学习计划
研究是如何设计的?
设计细节
- 主要用途:预防
- 分配:随机化
- 介入模型:并行分配
- 屏蔽:无(打开标签)
武器和干预
参与者组/臂 |
干预/治疗 |
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实验性的:多部门贫血行为改变
通过促进四个行为领域的识别、知识、评估和实践来解决贫血的多种行为决定因素:1)富含微量营养素的动物源食品的消费; 2) 疟疾和土壤传播的蠕虫感染控制措施; 3) 水、环境卫生和个人卫生 (WASH) 最佳实践; 4) 妇女在决策和控制收入使用方面的自主权。
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音频消息将按照固定的时间表每周两次“推送”到参与者的手机上,这些模块包括与四个行为领域中的每一个相关的基本信息,然后通过相关的、角色驱动的叙述整合跨行为的信息使消息收件人能够通过真实世界的上下文与内容互动。
每个社区的女性参与者将每月举行两次点对点学习会议,以加强音频信息的内容。
这些会议将进一步使用赋予妇女权力的方法,包括对性别动态的严格审查,以及讨论公平决策和控制家庭资源的解决方案。
这些讨论将在整个干预期间举行三次的单独学习会议中与男性家庭成员和祖母一起促进。
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实验性的:加强鱼类加工商的市场参与
通过三管齐下的方法帮助妇女克服获得信贷的机会有限、存储设施不足和市场价格信息不足等问题,这些因素限制了上市产品的及时性和数量,包括:1) 有条件的现金转移; 2)创业培训; 3) 加强对市场价格信息的获取。
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音频消息将按照固定的时间表每周两次“推送”到参与者的手机上,这些模块包括与四个行为领域中的每一个相关的基本信息,然后通过相关的、角色驱动的叙述整合跨行为的信息使消息收件人能够通过真实世界的上下文与内容互动。
每个社区的女性参与者将每月举行两次点对点学习会议,以加强音频信息的内容。
这些会议将进一步使用赋予妇女权力的方法,包括对性别动态的严格审查,以及讨论公平决策和控制家庭资源的解决方案。
这些讨论将在整个干预期间举行三次的单独学习会议中与男性家庭成员和祖母一起促进。
参与者将收到有条件的现金转移,以支持他们的熏鱼业务。
支付的条件是他们参加创业培训并将投资用于他们的熏鱼业务。
创业培训将侧重于普遍缺乏的商业知识,重点是建立基本的创业技能(即客户服务、会计)、健全的业务管理和决策、建立牢固和可持续的业务关系,并鼓励使用贷款来帮助他们预期目的。
该培训将在每月举行两次的信贷和储蓄小组 (CSG) 会议期间推出。
社区、地区和区域市场的新鲜和加工鱼的平均市场价格将通过语音消息呼叫(使用 Viamo 的 Infoline 平台)传播到女性的手机,并以她们的首选语言提供价格信息。
这些市场价格将由 Viamo 实地普查员每周收集两次,并发送给区域协调员进行验证。
将进行第二次独立验证,以确保没有差异。
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实验性的:改进熏鱼技术和做法
介绍和推广最近开发的一种名为 Ahotor 的熏鱼炉,其明确设计用于减少生物质燃料燃烧的排放,降低熏鱼的多环芳烃 (PAH) 水平,并提高燃料效率。
使用此烤箱将减少工作量、增加收入并减少有害职业暴露。
这种改进的熏鱼炉的引入将与行为改变教育相结合,重点是促进最佳的熏鱼和处理方法。
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音频消息将按照固定的时间表每周两次“推送”到参与者的手机上,这些模块包括与四个行为领域中的每一个相关的基本信息,然后通过相关的、角色驱动的叙述整合跨行为的信息使消息收件人能够通过真实世界的上下文与内容互动。
每个社区的女性参与者将每月举行两次点对点学习会议,以加强音频信息的内容。
这些会议将进一步使用赋予妇女权力的方法,包括对性别动态的严格审查,以及讨论公平决策和控制家庭资源的解决方案。
这些讨论将在整个干预期间举行三次的单独学习会议中与男性家庭成员和祖母一起促进。
当地私营部门的工匠将建造并充当新烤箱的供应商。
这些改进的 Ahotor 烤箱的推广、采用和影响将在研究参与者中进行测试。
在每个社区举办的提高认识研讨会将与 Chorkor 炉灶的公共改造相结合来推广 Ahotor。
紧接此事件之后、一个月后和三个月后,研究参与者将接受额外的一对一咨询,以提供有关正确使用烟熏炉以及最佳处理和烟熏做法的进一步支持,以增强产品质量。
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研究衡量的是什么?
主要结果指标
结果测量 |
措施说明 |
大体时间 |
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贫血随时间的变化
大体时间:在干预的 9 个月内从基线贫血状态的变化
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血红蛋白 (Hb) <120 g/L,基于对血液和粪便样本的分析
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在干预的 9 个月内从基线贫血状态的变化
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次要结果测量
结果测量 |
措施说明 |
大体时间 |
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随着时间的推移,动物源性食品对健康的知识和价值发生变化
大体时间:在干预的 9 个月内从基线知识的变化
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根据参与者对与音频信息内容和同伴学习相关的评估的反应进行评估
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在干预的 9 个月内从基线知识的变化
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供自己食用的加工鱼数量变化
大体时间:在干预的 9 个月内鱼的基线数量发生变化
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每天使用参与者的业务日记收集
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在干预的 9 个月内鱼的基线数量发生变化
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动物源食品采购的变化
大体时间:在干预的 9 个月内相对于基线购买的变化
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使用为期 7 天的动物源食品支出问卷收集
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在干预的 9 个月内相对于基线购买的变化
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动物源性食品消费量的变化
大体时间:在干预的 9 个月内相对于基线消费量的变化
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使用 24 小时饮食回忆问卷在一周内非连续的三天收集数据
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在干预的 9 个月内相对于基线消费量的变化
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改变对改善环境和个人卫生以及将感染风险降至最低的具体做法的重要性的理解和评价
大体时间:在干预的 9 个月内从基线理解的变化
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参与者回忆和观察使用经过杀虫剂处理的蚊帐睡觉、最近家庭抗疟疾室内滞留喷洒、赤脚旅行的频率和地点、用肥皂洗手、安全处理粪便、处理饮用水、安全食品和储存制备方法和个人卫生
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在干预的 9 个月内从基线理解的变化
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妇女在决策和控制劳动收入方面的自主权发生变化
大体时间:在干预的 9 个月内自基线自主权的变化
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衡量妇女获得生产性资本的机会以及妇女在与农业生产和创收有关的家庭决策中的作用,通过妇女赋权农业指数调查问卷进行评估
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在干预的 9 个月内自基线自主权的变化
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熏鱼生产加工能力变化
大体时间:在干预的 9 个月内相对于基线生产和产能的变化
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从日常业务日志和参与者回忆中评估以进行交叉验证
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在干预的 9 个月内相对于基线生产和产能的变化
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鱼类销售和鱼类销售收入的变化
大体时间:干预后 9 个月内基线销售额的变化
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从日常业务日志和参与者回忆中评估以进行交叉验证
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干预后 9 个月内基线销售额的变化
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薪柴和其他鱼类加工业务相关支出的变化
大体时间:9 个月干预期间基线支出的变化
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从日常业务日志和参与者回忆中评估以进行交叉验证
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9 个月干预期间基线支出的变化
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改变创业技能和最佳商业实践的知识
大体时间:在干预的 9 个月内,基线知识和实践的变化
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使用评估客户服务、计算利润、管理库存和会计知识的评估工具进行检查
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在干预的 9 个月内,基线知识和实践的变化
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改变对因参与干预而产生的积极和消极变化的看法
大体时间:在干预的 9 个月内从基线感知的变化
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衡量标准是女性使用通过手机传播的市场价格信息的程度、女性商业惯例的变化,以及女性对鱼类加工、销售和/或鱼类销售收入变化原因的看法
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在干预的 9 个月内从基线感知的变化
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暴露于 PM2.5(空气动力学直径小于 2.5 微米的颗粒物)和 CO(一氧化碳)的变化
大体时间:在干预的 9 个月内相对于基线暴露的变化
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主要暴露将计算为吸鱼活动期间记录的浓度的平均值(由参与者时间使用日记确定并用观察数据证实)。
二次暴露将计算为整个 48 小时暴露测量期间记录的浓度的平均值
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在干预的 9 个月内相对于基线暴露的变化
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鱼类加工过程中工作环境的变化,包括参与加工活动的个人
大体时间:在干预的 9 个月内相对于基线环境的变化
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根据观察数据评估
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在干预的 9 个月内相对于基线环境的变化
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改变最佳鱼类处理和熏制方法的知识以提高产品质量
大体时间:在干预的 9 个月内从基线知识的变化
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根据社区宣传活动和一对一咨询会议的内容使用自定义工具进行评估
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在干预的 9 个月内从基线知识的变化
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使用的熏鱼炉类型发生变化
大体时间:在干预的 9 个月内使用的基线烤箱的变化
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根据观测数据评估
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在干预的 9 个月内使用的基线烤箱的变化
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女性对 Ahotor 烤箱相对于之前使用的炉子的易用性的看法
大体时间:学习结束时(10个月)
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通过与治疗组 3 参与者的子样本进行面对面访谈,使用半结构化访谈指南进行评估
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学习结束时(10个月)
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女性对新型烤箱功能的看法
大体时间:学习结束时(10个月)
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通过与治疗组 3 参与者的子样本进行面对面访谈,使用半结构化访谈指南进行评估
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学习结束时(10个月)
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采用新烤箱后家庭烹饪模式的差异
大体时间:学习结束时(10个月)
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通过与治疗组 3 参与者的子样本进行面对面访谈,使用半结构化访谈指南进行评估
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学习结束时(10个月)
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合作者和调查者
出版物和有用的链接
一般刊物
- Weiss G, Goodnough LT. Anemia of chronic disease. N Engl J Med. 2005 Mar 10;352(10):1011-23. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra041809. No abstract available.
- Balarajan Y, Ramakrishnan U, Ozaltin E, Shankar AH, Subramanian SV. Anaemia in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet. 2011 Dec 17;378(9809):2123-35. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62304-5. Epub 2011 Aug 1.
- Stevens GA, Finucane MM, De-Regil LM, Paciorek CJ, Flaxman SR, Branca F, Pena-Rosas JP, Bhutta ZA, Ezzati M; Nutrition Impact Model Study Group (Anaemia). Global, regional, and national trends in haemoglobin concentration and prevalence of total and severe anaemia in children and pregnant and non-pregnant women for 1995-2011: a systematic analysis of population-representative data. Lancet Glob Health. 2013 Jul;1(1):e16-25. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(13)70001-9. Epub 2013 Jun 25.
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