将抑郁症筛查和治疗的阶梯式护理模式整合到马拉维的国家 HIV 护理提供平台中 (IC3D)
马拉维是撒哈拉以南非洲的一个低收入国家,其资源有限,无法解决包括艾滋病毒/艾滋病在内的重大疾病负担。 此外,抑郁症是该国残疾的主要原因,但在很大程度上仍未得到诊断和治疗。 缺乏具有成本效益、可扩展的解决方案是扩大抑郁症治疗的根本障碍。 在此背景下,一项重大成功是扩大了由 700 多家 HIV 诊所组成的网络,超过 50 万患者参加了 ART。 作为一个拥有专门人力资源和基础设施的长期护理系统,这为整合抑郁症护理提供了一个战略平台,并对概述抑郁症和 HIV 结果的双向性的强有力的证据基础做出了回应。
研究人员将评估一种阶梯式抑郁症护理模型,该模型将基于群体的问题管理加(PM+ 组)与抗抑郁治疗 (ADT) 相结合,针对马拉维 Neno 区的 420 名中度/重度抑郁症成年人,根据患者健康问卷进行测量- 9 (PHQ-9)。 推出将遵循阶梯楔形集群随机设计,其中 14 个医疗机构被随机分配以在 15 个月的时间内分五个步骤实施该模型。 主要结果(抑郁症状、功能障碍和整体健康)和次要结果(例如 HIV:病毒载量,ART依从性;糖尿病:A1C 水平、治疗依从性;高血压:收缩压、治疗依从性)将在 12 个月的随访期间每三个月测量一次。 研究人员还将评估该模型的成本效益,量化为与没有干预模型的基线长期护理服务相比的增量成本效益比 (ICER)。
本研究将进行阶梯楔形整群随机试验,以比较循证抑郁症护理模式与常规护理对抑郁症症状补救以及慢性护理条件下身体健康结果的影响。 调查人员还将研究干预措施在家庭层面的间接影响。 研究人员的假设是,与常规治疗相比,干预将有效减少抑郁症状、改善身体健康和改善家庭成员的幸福感。 研究人员还假设该干预措施具有很高的成本效益,这意味着获得的每 QALY 成本将低于马拉维的人均 GDP 中位数。 如果被确定为有效且具有成本效益,这项研究将提供一个模型,将抑郁症护理纳入马拉维其他地区和其他 HIV 高流行率低资源地区的 HIV 诊所。
研究概览
详细说明
背景
重度抑郁症对马拉维和整个撒哈拉以南非洲地区的健康和经济造成灾难性影响。 抑郁症是马拉维残疾的主要原因。 然而,最好的证据表明,超过 90% 的患有这种疾病的人没有接受任何治疗 (1)。 不作为的代价可能会产生广泛的影响。 在健康方面,抑郁症——如果不加以治疗——通常会在整个生命周期中反复出现,并且与生活质量的显着下降有关。 抑郁症还会间接影响其他健康结果,包括 HIV 结果,例如坚持抗逆转录病毒疗法和寻求健康的行为。 在社会生态方面,抑郁症影响人际关系、家庭活动参与和劳动力参与。 世界经济论坛估计,由于忽视了对神经精神疾病的治疗,在 20 年的时间里造成了 30 万亿美元的损失,这主要是由于劳动力参与率下降 (2)。
将抑郁症护理整合到 Neno 的 HIV 平台中代表了马拉维 Neno 区的一种具有成本效益、可扩展的解决方案,符合最佳实践。 在过去 10 年中,马拉维已招募了超过 100 万人接受抗逆转录病毒治疗。 目前的入学人数为 580,000。 这是通过引入艾滋病毒护理提供框架实现的,该框架的基础是全国 706 家艾滋病毒诊所网络。 在同一时间段内,HIV 已从预后不良的急性病症演变为存活率大大提高的慢性病症。 鉴于此背景,HIV 系统是筛查和治疗抑郁症的战略切入点,因为它代表了一个可利用的长期护理系统。 在尼诺区,艾滋病设施已经转变为一个综合性慢性病护理平台,用于治疗糖尿病、高血压、哮喘和癫痫等疾病。 同样,可以利用马拉维的常规社区健康筛查来筛查抑郁症。
总体目标。 根据“真实世界”的有效性和成本效益评估抑郁症筛查和治疗的临床模型,以减少 Neno 区的抑郁症。
目标 1. 确定在改善抑郁症 (PHQ-9)、日常功能 (WHODAS) 和整体健康 (EQ5D) 方面引入成人抑郁症护理阶梯模型(行为疗法和抗抑郁疗法)的实施策略有效性2021 年 7 月 1 日至 2025 年 6 月 30 日期间在马拉维尼诺区接受综合慢性病护理。
目标 2. 确定 2021 年 7 月 1 日至 2025 年 6 月 30 日期间在马拉维内诺区接受综合慢性病护理的成年人抑郁症护理阶梯模型(行为疗法和抗抑郁药疗法)的成本效益。
目标 3:评估与抑郁症护理相关的积极外部性,包括改善接受治疗的患者家庭成员的幸福感,以及改善接受抑郁症护理的患者的身体健康结果。
目标 4:检查改善抑郁症护理的中介和调节因素,包括接受治疗水平(行为治疗次数)的剂量效应、减少内在心理健康耻辱感和改善感知社会支持。
基本原理
该框架战略性地解决了抑郁症和艾滋病毒结果的双向性。 遍及撒哈拉以南非洲的大量文献概述了 HIV 的影响,包括与 HIV 相关的污名、生活质量下降和维持就业的能力对抑郁水平升高的影响 (3)。 反过来,抑郁症可以预测与 HIV 相关的结果,例如对 ART 的依从性。 因此,在马拉维,针对包括 HIV 阳性个体在内的人群进行抑郁症护理,应该会在 HIV 相关结果方面产生显着益处。 在撒哈拉以南非洲地区以外,越来越多的证据表明综合医疗服务比独立模式更物有所值。
检查治疗神经精神疾病(包括抑郁症)的收益和成本的研究存在两个主要局限性。 首先,评估只衡量了个人层面的直接治疗效果。 这种方法低估了心理健康的社会生态学:个人通常位于家庭中,家庭位于社区中。 从这个角度来看,神经精神疾病已经显示出对家庭成员的护理负担和情绪健康方面的不利影响。 此前,研究人员表明,当个人的心理健康通过治疗得到改善时,在家庭成员中观察到间接收益 (4)。 同样,仅限于直接治疗效果的测量忽略了对整体健康的间接益处,包括精神健康干预可能导致的合并症,如 HIV。 第二个缺点是评估侧重于衡量独立干预的成本,这比利用现有系统的干预成本更高。 例如,针对青年的干预措施通常已纳入学校系统以降低成本。 在马拉维,国家 HIV 系统——已经过渡到 Neno 区的综合慢性病护理平台——具有通过建立纵向护理系统以较低成本治疗抑郁症的潜力。
就历史目标而言,除了项目成员的少数例外,资源匮乏环境中的大部分心理健康评估都停留在衡量有效性而非成本效益的点上。 结果是显着的:在马拉维尼诺区这样的财政拮据的环境中,分配给特定项目的资源必然意味着分配给另一个项目的资源。 因此,评估干预成本是确定可扩展性的基础。 治疗抑郁症和合并症(如 HIV 和糖尿病)的协作护理模式有可能克服资源限制,成本效益分析将证明这一点。
研究人员将评估整合到 Neno HIV 系统中的抑郁症治疗循证阶梯式护理模型,评估健康结果和成本效益,包括直接和间接收益。 Partners In Health (PIH) 与马拉维卫生部合作,在 165,000 名马拉维人居住的 Neno 区开展了 12 年的工作。 研究人员提议将抑郁症联合抗抑郁治疗 (ADT) 的阶梯式护理模式与基于群体的问题管理加 (PM+) 相结合,研究团队已在卢旺达等资源匮乏的环境中成功建立了其中的要素到海地。 拟议的研究将评估一个模型,该模型培训位于诊所的临床工作人员筛查和诊断抑郁症,并在诊断为中度或重度抑郁症的患者中进行 PM+。 在五次每周 1.5-2.5 小时的小组会议中,行为干预结合了基于经验的治疗成分,例如心理教育、战略性问题解决和行为激活 (5)。 这将与严重抑郁症患者的抗抑郁治疗 (ADT) 相结合。
为了评估干预的好处,研究人员将每 3 个月测量一次抑郁症患者的结果——包括基线、干预后、6 个月和 12 个月的随访以及合并症的标志物:包括病毒载量和 ART 依从性其中包括 HIV+(占样本的 71%)以及其他疾病特异性结果,例如高血压患者的收缩压(占样本的 17%)和糖尿病患者的血红蛋白 A1C(占样本的 2%)——由电子仪器支持病历系统。 重要的是,为了量化抑郁症护理的间接好处,研究人员还将在基线和 6 个月的随访中采访家庭成员,以评估护理负担,包括情绪困扰和错过的工作日。 研究人员将直接和间接收益转换为质量调整生命年 (QALY)。
方法
研究设计。 我们将在 Neno 的 HIV 系统内实施阶梯楔形集群随机试验,以证据为基础的抑郁症护理干预措施,目前正在向慢性护理平台过渡,检查抑郁症症状和合并症的结果,包括 HIV,横跨 14 个设施-在 15 个月内分五个步骤在诊所范围内进行 (6)。 这种设计是一种黄金标准实验方法,符合 PIH 在整个 Neno 区永久实施抑郁症护理的临床目标,并且是我们拥有独特专业知识的方法框架,包括在当地。
学习地点。 这项研究将在 Neno 区进行,这是一个拥有 165,000 名马拉维人的聚集区,其中 12,186 人参加了包括 HIV 在内的综合慢性病护理。 Neno 区 ART 的五年保留率为 80%,而五年死亡率接近 15%。 病毒抑制率为83%。 这些数字表明 Neno 表现出色,但也强调了巨大的改进空间——尤其是在最脆弱的人群中,例如抑郁症患者。 因此,我们预计在同时参加抑郁症护理的人群中衡量 HIV 结果不会产生天花板效应。 对于其他慢性病也是如此:例如 目前只有 60% 的高血压患者的收缩压得到控制(<140 mm Hg)。 迄今为止的成功是通过社区卫生工作者等适度的人力资源投资取得的,这表明可以在全国范围内复制。 这得到了调查人员过去的成本效益分析的支持。
目标人群。 研究人员打算从 2021 年 7 月 1 日开始至 2025 年 6 月 30 日招募至少 420 名患有抑郁症的成年人参与这项研究。 这个数字是基于我们确定抑郁症治疗有效性所需的样本量,以及马拉维的抑郁症患病率:在每个 ICC 诊所,每季度会接待 200-1,800 名患者。 研究人员预计所有患者中有 10%-12% (n=12,186) 的抑郁症状筛查呈阳性,而 6% 的患者将被诊断为中度/重度抑郁症。 马拉维之前的研究发现,参与研究的接受度为 90% 或更高。 此外,调查人员将对一半参与者中的 210 户家庭进行访谈,以确定干预措施是否改善了家庭的生活质量。
采样技术和工具。 完整学习期为2021年1月1日至2025年6月30日。 前六个月将是准备。 从 2021 年 7 月 1 日开始,现有临床官员将使用 PHQ-2 对所有就诊于综合慢性病护理诊所的成年人进行抑郁症状筛查。 与之前的筛选文献一致,得分 > 2 的人将完成 PHQ-9 的剩余问题;分数 >9 将触发由训练有素的咨询师进行简短的诊断性访谈——改编自 CIDI 3.0。 PHQ-9<10(无/轻度抑郁症)的人将接受心理教育课程,但不会根据卫生专业人员的有限可用性和基于需求的优先顺序进行注册。 中度/重度抑郁症患者(PHQ-9>9,对应重度抑郁症的诊断)将有资格参加队列研究。 在整个试验期间,所有机构将持续进行筛查、诊断和登记;那些符合诊断标准的人将被录取。 治疗将逐步展开:每个集群队列中的患者将开始干预:三个设施将立即开始治疗(第 1 步),其余设施将在第 3-(第 2 步)、第 6-(第 3 步)时开始治疗)、九个月(第 4 步)或十二个月(第 5 步)之后。 阶梯楔形方法使整个 Neno 区的所有设施都能够实施该模型,从而保持平衡。 每 3 个月对患者进行一次结果测量评估。
样本量确定。 根据马拉维的抑郁症患病率,研究人员假设每个机构有 n=30 名登记者(总计 n=420)。 根据研究人员在类似环境中进行的干预试验,研究人员进一步假设失访率为 15%。 为了解释聚类,研究人员根据多个发展中国家的抑郁症治疗研究,包括研究人员的试点工作,使用治疗组内 0.05 和推出步骤内 0.01 的集群内相关系数 (ICC) 计算可检测差异。 基于此,研究人员发现 n=420 名登记者就足够了(功效 > 0.80;(alpha=.05; 2 尾)用于检测主要结果的具有临床意义的标准化效应大小 0.5(Cohen's d),包括聚类自相关。 这不是按方式分开的(尽管研究人员将对此进行探索):它是为了评估阶梯式护理模型的整体有效性。
数据收集技术和工具。 在 15 个月的推广期内,所有参与者从入组时起每三个月测量一次主要结果(PHQ-9、WHODAS、EQ5D),与步骤之间的三个月增量一致(见上文) . 三个月的增量将与治疗开始、干预后、6 个月和 12 个月的随访同时发生。 如果登记的个人在治疗开始时不再符合标准,该个人将离开队列并且不符合治疗资格,但将继续每三个月接受一次评估,以确定未来的资格。 鉴于在整个试验期间所有设施都将进行筛查、诊断和登记,研究人员预计由于治疗启动滞后而导致的队列登记患者减少将被同一时期新识别的个体所抵消。 这与阶梯楔形试验的开放队列设计一致。 最终,这种方法使所有设施都能够通过随机化推出顺序来实施模型、保持平衡并创建控制站点。 测量间隔与结果跟踪的最佳实践一致,包括过去的试验。 将在治疗开始和 6 个月随访时对 210 个随机分配的家庭进行家庭成员访谈。
数据分析。 分析将假设一个混合效应纵向回归框架,该团队已经在类似的环境中实施了该框架。 为了说明治疗组和集群内患者的嵌套以及时间点(自相关),患者、患者组和集群将作为随机效应合并,而集群分配和协变量作为固定效应包含在内——使用 STATA 的 MIXED 命令。 调查人员将运行敏感性分析以测试数据是否随机缺失 (MAR),并检查污名和社会支持作为调节因素,以及使用因果中介分析的潜在中介。
效力。 研究人员将使用线性混合效应回归分析来测试研究组之间在主要结果变化方面的差异。 模型将根据患者的人口统计数据以及污名和社会支持进行调整。 分析将采用意向治疗 (ITT) 框架,包括和不包括多重插补分析。 除了 ITT 之外,研究人员还将对那些坚持治疗的人进行“仅完成者”的检查结果分析,并检查剂量反应。
成本效益。 将使用特定领域结果之间的 EQ5D-3L 交叉步将健康措施转换为 QALY。 这种方法之前已经被使用和发布。 QALY 估计将与基本案例和治疗成本估计相关。 对于正式的 CEA,研究人员将从社会角度在 TreeAge 中使用基于黄金标准马尔可夫链蒙特卡罗 (MCMC) 模拟的方法。 对于敏感性分析,研究人员将根据健康调整后的预期寿命将贴现率从 0% 调整为 5%。 感兴趣的单位是每 QALY 成本的增量成本效益比 (ICER),比较引入抑郁症治疗前后的综合慢性护理成本。
协议
抑郁症的循证治疗。 借鉴世界卫生组织为资源匮乏环境开发的称为问题管理增强 (PM+) 的增强型问题解决疗法 (PST) 的手动驱动框架,研究人员将实施黄金标准、阶梯式抑郁症治疗方法。 该模型将遵循基于三个考虑的组格式:这降低了人力资源成本,这在考虑国家可扩展性时至关重要;它在治疗期间提供同伴支持;并且它在文化上适合该环境。 这些考虑一直是 WHO 倡导团体模式的来源。 在实施小组形式的环境中,结果与个人形式相当。 当地辅导员将按照 WHO 指南分五次进行 PST,每次 1.5-2.5 小时,每组 6-8 名参与者。 在 PHQ-9>15 的患者中,将按照 WHO mhGAP 程序提供抗抑郁治疗 (ADT)。
抑郁症筛查。 从 Y2 的第一季度开始,研究人员将对在 Neno 区的 ICC 诊所就诊的 18 岁以上患者进行筛查。 筛选、诊断和加入治疗队列将在各个设施中持续进行,由分别接受过 PHQ-2 和 PHQ-9 培训的数据管理员和顾问管理 (6)。 还将每 3 个月对活跃队列中的个体进行一次筛查,以确定当前的治疗资格状态。 PHQ-2 评估情绪低落和快感缺乏的频率,并已在整个非洲实施。 第一步使用 PHQ-2 将节省时间:研究人员正在筛查 12,186 名成年人。 选定的阈值允许高灵敏度。 PHQ-2 筛查呈阳性(得分 >2;范围:0-6)的患者将立即收到剩余的 PHQ-9 问题,得分 >9(范围:0-27)表示可能患有抑郁症。 那些 PHQ-9<10 的人将接受临床官员的心理教育课程,使用他们接受过培训的手册。 PHQ>9(中度/重度抑郁症)的人将被转介给辅导员以执行诊断方案。
抑郁症诊断。 辅导员将审查 PHQ-9 分数,并根据综合国际诊断访谈 (CIDI) 进行简短的诊断访谈,以诊断抑郁症:出现 9 种症状中的 5 种和功能障碍。 将评估所有患者的自杀风险以及是否需要立即干预。 如果是这样,他们将被转介给卫生机构的主管医生,从而触发紧急协议。 患者将被分配到三类之一:轻度、中度和重度抑郁症。 那些诊断为阴性的人将没有资格进行干预,并将在随后的就诊中接受 PHQ-2 筛选以符合资格。 那些诊断为阳性且 PHQ-9>10 的人将有资格。 PHQ-9 10-14 的人员将单独获得太平洋标准时间。 PHQ-9>15(中度至重度抑郁症)的患者将接受 PST 和 ADT 作为联合治疗,可选择单一方式。 患有严重抑郁症的孕妇也有资格接受 ADT。 最好的证据,包括最近的系统评价,没有发现适当使用 ADT 会增加母亲或婴儿的风险,并且改善母亲的健康有显着的潜在好处。
心理教育和治疗选择。 顾问将告知患者 PST 和 ADT 的可用性,概述潜在的益处和风险,提供研究概述,并获得知情同意。 那些拒绝接受治疗的人将获得心理教育并转介到可用资源。 在选择 PM+ 的人中,第一次 PM+ 会议还将包含深入的心理教育。 PHQ-9 评分为 10-14 的患者将可以选择 ADT,但推荐使用 PM+,因为行为疗法已确定疗效并避免了 ADT 的潜在副作用。 PHQ-9 > 15 的患者也将被给予 PST、ADT 或两者的选择,并推荐两者。 在随机安排立即实施干预的设施中,患者将被告知他们第一次 PM+ 治疗的日期、时间和地点。
问题管理增强版 (PM+)。 辅导员 (n=8) 将在第一年接受强化培训,使用手动方法管理 PM+。 培训和监督如下所述。 PM+ 是 WHO 增强的问题解决疗法 (PST) 框架,供 Neno 等资源匮乏环境中的外行人员实施,设计为每周五次,每次 1.5-2.5 小时。 PM+ 的元素,包括顺序问题解决,已被研究团队应用于许多环境,并取得了显著成功,包括在利隆圭。 这项利用 Neno 现有基础设施的地区范围内的随机试验将为世卫组织在全球范围内扩展该模型的议程提供重要的证据支持。 模块包括:心理教育、管理问题、行为激活、加强社会支持和减轻压力。
抗抑郁疗法 (ADT)。 研究人员预计 20-25% 的研究参与者——即 那些符合诊断标准的人——患有中重度或重度抑郁症并选择参加 ADT。 5-羟色胺选择性再摄取抑制剂 (SSRI) 氟西汀和三环类抗抑郁药 (TCA) 阿米替林是马拉维国家处方集的一部分。 Neno District 拥有强大的供应链,这将减少缺货情况。 ADT 的潜在副作用不大,但包括恶心、失眠和紧张,并且会在开始前告知参与者。 有适度证据表明 ADT 可能会增加自杀风险;这种风险将在知情同意书中说明,辅导员将接受培训以识别这种风险,并将在结果评估期间进行正式评估,有可能触发自杀意念协议。 ADT 的好处通常超过伤害风险和未经治疗的抑郁症的负面影响。 氟西汀通常是首选药物,因为它具有更好的耐受性。
剂量算法:每日剂量将从 20 毫克氟西汀或 25 毫克阿米替林开始。 每种药物的剂量增量和水平相同。 在每月的随访中,可以使用抗抑郁药副作用检查表,根据治疗反应和副作用的测量结果,考虑增加剂量或改变药物。 这种基于算法的过程将每两周重复一次,直到患者对为期三个月的治疗产生完全反应 (PHQ-9 < 5)。 超过一个增量的剂量递增和药物变化将与主管医生一起审查。
测量
主要成果。 措施将包括调查、实验室化验、药房数据以及从医疗图表和抑郁症护理登记处提取的数据。 除非另有说明,否则在先前研究过程中尚未翻译成 Chichewa 的调查措施将使用标准翻译、反向翻译方法进行翻译,并将在每次评估时进行管理。
抑郁症状。 抑郁症状将使用 PHQ-9 进行测量,该 PHQ-9 之前已被翻译并在当地进行了验证。 研究人员选择使用 PHQ-9,因为它已在包括马拉维在内的整个撒哈拉以南非洲实施,该量表在该地区显示出对治疗反应的高度敏感性,以及同时发生和预测的有效性。 它包含九个四点顺序反应项目,主题包括绝望、心身反应(例如 失眠、食欲不振)和快感缺乏。
功能障碍。 功能障碍,包括日常功能方面,符合 DSM 诊断标准。 调查人员将使用 12 项 WHO 残疾评估表 2.0 (WHODAS) 对此进行评估。 WHODAS 已在包括马拉维在内的各种撒哈拉以南非洲地区得到验证,涵盖了完成家务、集中注意力和维持关系等主题。
总体健康。 将使用先前在马拉维验证过的 EQ-5D-3L 为每个人生成健康档案。 这项调查确定了患者在接受采访时的整体健康状况,并提供了与质量调整生命年 (QALY) 的对照。
次要结果。 次要结果将构成衡量间接收益和治疗成本的结果。 通过内化艾滋病毒和高血压等合并症的改善以及减轻家庭护理负担,间接收益将被纳入成本效益估计。
坚持艺术。 ART 依从性将根据 HIV+ 登记者是否在过去三个月内返回抗逆转录病毒药物 (ARV) 的 IC3 来衡量,这种方法被认为比自我报告更可靠。 就提供抗逆转录病毒药物的持续时间而言,该间隔与整个马拉维的临床方案重叠。
病毒载量。 病毒载量将作为 HIV+ 患者临床评估干预前、干预后、6 个月和 12 个月随访的一部分进行测量,与 IC3 的持续护理一致。 这被认为是确定治疗计划的关键指标,并且对遵守规定的 ART 方案高度敏感。
HIV 疾病分期。 将每三个月在 HIV+ 登记者中评估一次分期,与 IC3 访问一致。 这种跟踪疾病进展的方法通常用于资源匮乏的环境。
慢性护理结果。 高血压、2 型糖尿病和癫痫的慢性护理结果将从电子病历中提取。 将测量高血压患者的收缩压和抗高血压药物的依从性(通过药物采集测量)。 在患有 2 型糖尿病的患者中,将提取坚持每季度就诊的情况和 A1C(或随机血糖)水平。 在癫痫患者中,研究人员将对过去一个季度报告的癫痫发作次数进行分类,并根据季度用药情况衡量抗癫痫药的依从性。
家庭护理负担。 最后,家庭成员的护理负担将使用团队之前实施的本地化版本的负担评估表 (BAS) 进行评估。 该调查评估了护理的情感和功能负担的维度,包括错过工作、内疚和担忧。
调解员和主持人。 分析还将包括三个调解员/调解员,评估抑郁症治疗导致抑郁症症状缓解的潜在途径,包括增强社会支持、减少 HIV 和抑郁症相关的耻辱感,以及通过忠实于 PM+ 协议量化的心理社会辅导员的表现。
感知社会支持。 加强社会支持是 PM+ 的重点。 这将使用先前经过验证的感知社会支持多维量表 (MSPSS) 来衡量,以评估护理前后的支持。
感知耻辱。 自我感知的耻辱感与艾滋病毒感染状况和抑郁症有关,包括在马拉维。 研究人员将在项目的第一年调整与艾滋病相关的污名量表 (ARSS) 和精神疾病的内化污名量表 (ISMI),这两个量表都设计用于撒哈拉以南非洲的社区环境。
PM+保真度。 首席临床官员或主管将为每位辅导员生成保真度检查表分数。 研究表明,保真度协议可以预测抑郁症护理背景下的患者结果。
家庭访谈。 参与者的成年家庭成员——每个家庭一名——将被研究参与者识别为基于参与的推荐和/或自我识别作为与研究参与者密切联系的社会支持。 此人将被告知研究团队正在对个人和家庭健康之间的关系进行广泛的研究。 家庭访谈将主要包括对参与者进行的电池的子集:具体来说,PHQ-9、WHODAS 和 EQ-5D-3L(主要结果)。 此外,如上所述,家庭成员将完成 BAS。
过程评估。 在该项目的最后一年,研究人员将进行定性访谈,以评估提供者和患者对干预效果的感知体验,以及用于解决这些问题的实施障碍和策略。 目标是确定重要的经验教训,并准备好干预工具以在研究结束时扩大规模。
提供者经验:在第 5 年,调查人员将采访 10 名开具 ADT 处方的临床官员,以及领导 PM+ 会议的社会心理咨询师以及诊断患者。 除了讨论干预及其实施的优势和劣势外,调查人员还将讨论培训和监督过程,以及提供者的工作满意度和职业倦怠。
患者体验:随机抽样 20 名参与者(10 名男性,10 名女性)将在他们的最终研究评估后接受采访,以评估他们对干预的体验 - 包括参与的后勤方面、对个人心理健康和福祉的影响,以及变化在家庭层面的关系中。
研究类型
注册 (实际的)
阶段
- 第四阶段
联系人和位置
学习地点
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Neno District
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Neno、Neno District、马拉维
- Partners In Health
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参与标准
资格标准
适合学习的年龄
接受健康志愿者
描述
纳入标准:
- 在马拉维内诺区的综合慢性病护理中心 (IC3) 就诊
- 成人,18 岁或以上
排除标准:
- 精神病或其他 Axis I 精神疾病的迹象
学习计划
研究是如何设计的?
设计细节
- 主要用途:治疗
- 分配:随机化
- 介入模型:交叉作业
- 屏蔽:双倍的
武器和干预
参与者组/臂 |
干预/治疗 |
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实验性的:第 1 组(第一组随机接受护理的诊所)
第 1 组代表一组 2-3 个诊所,随机在试验的第 3 个月开始提供干预
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PM+是一种认知行为干预,训练接受者改善他们对实际问题的管理,并使用术语“问题管理”而不是“问题解决”来强调生活在不利环境中的个人遇到的许多问题可能无法“解决” .
PM+ 中的“加号”强调了模型中包含的其他基于证据的行为策略,包括:压力管理策略、行为激活和加强社会支持。
PM+ 总共包括五场会议,每周举行一次,每次 1.5。
每个会话 2.5 小时。
在尼泊尔和巴基斯坦等资源匮乏的地区,该模型已成功减少抑郁症状。 4
其他名称:
5-羟色胺选择性再摄取抑制剂 (SSRI) 氟西汀和三环类抗抑郁药 (TCA) 阿米替林是马拉维国家处方集的一部分。 内诺区供应链由 PIH 提供支持,相对于在马拉维其他环境中观察到的情况,它减少了缺货情况。 氟西汀通常是首选药物,因为它更安全且耐受性更好。 每日剂量将从 20 毫克氟西汀或 25 毫克阿米替林开始。 在每月的随访中,可以使用抗抑郁药副作用检查表,根据治疗反应和副作用的测量结果,考虑增加剂量或改变药物。 这种基于算法的过程将每隔一周重复一次,直到患者在三个月内对治疗 (PHQ-9 < 5) 产生完全反应。 超过一个增量的剂量递增和药物变化将与主管医生一起审查。 如果在研究结束时使用 ADT,它将作为常规护理的一部分进行维持。
其他名称:
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实验性的:第 2 组(随机接受护理的第二组诊所)
第 2 组代表一组 2-3 个诊所,随机在试验的第 6 个月开始提供干预
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PM+是一种认知行为干预,训练接受者改善他们对实际问题的管理,并使用术语“问题管理”而不是“问题解决”来强调生活在不利环境中的个人遇到的许多问题可能无法“解决” .
PM+ 中的“加号”强调了模型中包含的其他基于证据的行为策略,包括:压力管理策略、行为激活和加强社会支持。
PM+ 总共包括五场会议,每周举行一次,每次 1.5。
每个会话 2.5 小时。
在尼泊尔和巴基斯坦等资源匮乏的地区,该模型已成功减少抑郁症状。 4
其他名称:
5-羟色胺选择性再摄取抑制剂 (SSRI) 氟西汀和三环类抗抑郁药 (TCA) 阿米替林是马拉维国家处方集的一部分。 内诺区供应链由 PIH 提供支持,相对于在马拉维其他环境中观察到的情况,它减少了缺货情况。 氟西汀通常是首选药物,因为它更安全且耐受性更好。 每日剂量将从 20 毫克氟西汀或 25 毫克阿米替林开始。 在每月的随访中,可以使用抗抑郁药副作用检查表,根据治疗反应和副作用的测量结果,考虑增加剂量或改变药物。 这种基于算法的过程将每隔一周重复一次,直到患者在三个月内对治疗 (PHQ-9 < 5) 产生完全反应。 超过一个增量的剂量递增和药物变化将与主管医生一起审查。 如果在研究结束时使用 ADT,它将作为常规护理的一部分进行维持。
其他名称:
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实验性的:第 3 组(第三组随机接受护理的诊所)
第 3 组代表一组随机分配的 2-3 个诊所,在试验的第 9 个月开始提供干预
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PM+是一种认知行为干预,训练接受者改善他们对实际问题的管理,并使用术语“问题管理”而不是“问题解决”来强调生活在不利环境中的个人遇到的许多问题可能无法“解决” .
PM+ 中的“加号”强调了模型中包含的其他基于证据的行为策略,包括:压力管理策略、行为激活和加强社会支持。
PM+ 总共包括五场会议,每周举行一次,每次 1.5。
每个会话 2.5 小时。
在尼泊尔和巴基斯坦等资源匮乏的地区,该模型已成功减少抑郁症状。 4
其他名称:
5-羟色胺选择性再摄取抑制剂 (SSRI) 氟西汀和三环类抗抑郁药 (TCA) 阿米替林是马拉维国家处方集的一部分。 内诺区供应链由 PIH 提供支持,相对于在马拉维其他环境中观察到的情况,它减少了缺货情况。 氟西汀通常是首选药物,因为它更安全且耐受性更好。 每日剂量将从 20 毫克氟西汀或 25 毫克阿米替林开始。 在每月的随访中,可以使用抗抑郁药副作用检查表,根据治疗反应和副作用的测量结果,考虑增加剂量或改变药物。 这种基于算法的过程将每隔一周重复一次,直到患者在三个月内对治疗 (PHQ-9 < 5) 产生完全反应。 超过一个增量的剂量递增和药物变化将与主管医生一起审查。 如果在研究结束时使用 ADT,它将作为常规护理的一部分进行维持。
其他名称:
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实验性的:第 4 组(第四组随机接受护理的诊所)
第 4 组代表一组随机分配的 2-3 个诊所,在试验的第 12 个月开始提供干预
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PM+是一种认知行为干预,训练接受者改善他们对实际问题的管理,并使用术语“问题管理”而不是“问题解决”来强调生活在不利环境中的个人遇到的许多问题可能无法“解决” .
PM+ 中的“加号”强调了模型中包含的其他基于证据的行为策略,包括:压力管理策略、行为激活和加强社会支持。
PM+ 总共包括五场会议,每周举行一次,每次 1.5。
每个会话 2.5 小时。
在尼泊尔和巴基斯坦等资源匮乏的地区,该模型已成功减少抑郁症状。 4
其他名称:
5-羟色胺选择性再摄取抑制剂 (SSRI) 氟西汀和三环类抗抑郁药 (TCA) 阿米替林是马拉维国家处方集的一部分。 内诺区供应链由 PIH 提供支持,相对于在马拉维其他环境中观察到的情况,它减少了缺货情况。 氟西汀通常是首选药物,因为它更安全且耐受性更好。 每日剂量将从 20 毫克氟西汀或 25 毫克阿米替林开始。 在每月的随访中,可以使用抗抑郁药副作用检查表,根据治疗反应和副作用的测量结果,考虑增加剂量或改变药物。 这种基于算法的过程将每隔一周重复一次,直到患者在三个月内对治疗 (PHQ-9 < 5) 产生完全反应。 超过一个增量的剂量递增和药物变化将与主管医生一起审查。 如果在研究结束时使用 ADT,它将作为常规护理的一部分进行维持。
其他名称:
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实验性的:第 5 组(第五组随机接受护理的诊所)
第 5 组代表一组随机分配的 2-3 个诊所,在试验的第 15 个月开始提供干预
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PM+是一种认知行为干预,训练接受者改善他们对实际问题的管理,并使用术语“问题管理”而不是“问题解决”来强调生活在不利环境中的个人遇到的许多问题可能无法“解决” .
PM+ 中的“加号”强调了模型中包含的其他基于证据的行为策略,包括:压力管理策略、行为激活和加强社会支持。
PM+ 总共包括五场会议,每周举行一次,每次 1.5。
每个会话 2.5 小时。
在尼泊尔和巴基斯坦等资源匮乏的地区,该模型已成功减少抑郁症状。 4
其他名称:
5-羟色胺选择性再摄取抑制剂 (SSRI) 氟西汀和三环类抗抑郁药 (TCA) 阿米替林是马拉维国家处方集的一部分。 内诺区供应链由 PIH 提供支持,相对于在马拉维其他环境中观察到的情况,它减少了缺货情况。 氟西汀通常是首选药物,因为它更安全且耐受性更好。 每日剂量将从 20 毫克氟西汀或 25 毫克阿米替林开始。 在每月的随访中,可以使用抗抑郁药副作用检查表,根据治疗反应和副作用的测量结果,考虑增加剂量或改变药物。 这种基于算法的过程将每隔一周重复一次,直到患者在三个月内对治疗 (PHQ-9 < 5) 产生完全反应。 超过一个增量的剂量递增和药物变化将与主管医生一起审查。 如果在研究结束时使用 ADT,它将作为常规护理的一部分进行维持。
其他名称:
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研究衡量的是什么?
主要结果指标
结果测量 |
措施说明 |
大体时间 |
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Depression Symptoms (PHQ-9), 3 Months Post-intervention for All Participants (i.e., for Each Arm)
大体时间:3 months post-intervention for all participants (i.e., for each arm)
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Depression symptoms will be measured with the Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9). This will be quantified as PHQ-9 score at 3-months (post-intervention). It is not a change score. Scale Name: Patient Health Questionnaire - 9 Scale Range (Min-Max): 0-27 Scale Notes: Higher value is considered more severe depression symptoms. There are no combined subscales. |
3 months post-intervention for all participants (i.e., for each arm)
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Depression Symptoms (PHQ-9), 6 Months Post-intervention for All Participants (i.e., for Each Arm)
大体时间:6 months post-intervention for all participants (i.e., for each arm)
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Depression symptoms will be measured with the Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9). This will be quantified as PHQ-9 score at 6-months (post-intervention). It is not a change score. Scale Name: Patient Health Questionnaire - 9 Scale Range (Min-Max): 0-27 Scale Notes: Higher value is considered more severe depression symptoms. There are no combined subscales. |
6 months post-intervention for all participants (i.e., for each arm)
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Depression Symptoms (PHQ-9), 9 Months Post-intervention for All Participants (i.e., for Each Arm)
大体时间:9 months post-intervention for all participants (i.e., for each arm)
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Depression symptoms will be measured with the Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9). This will be quantified as PHQ-9 score at 9-months (post-intervention). It is not a change score. Scale Name: Patient Health Questionnaire - 9 Scale Range (Min-Max): 0-27 Scale Notes: Higher value is considered more severe depression symptoms. There are no combined subscales. |
9 months post-intervention for all participants (i.e., for each arm)
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Depression Symptoms (PHQ-9), 12 Months Post-intervention for All Participants (i.e., for Each Arm).
大体时间:12 months post-intervention for all participants (i.e., for each arm).
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Depression symptoms will be measured with the Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9). This will be quantified as PHQ-9 score at 12-months (post-intervention). It is not a change score. Scale Name: Patient Health Questionnaire - 9 Scale Range (Min-Max): 0-27 Scale Notes: Higher value is considered more severe depression symptoms. There are no combined subscales. |
12 months post-intervention for all participants (i.e., for each arm).
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Functional Impairment (WHO Disability Assessment Schedule), 3 Months Post-intervention for All Participants (i.e., for Each Arm).
大体时间:3 months post-intervention for all participants (i.e., for each arm).
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Functional impairment will be measured with the World Health Organization (WHO) Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS). This will be quantified as WHODAS score at 3-months (post-intervention). It is not a change score. Scale Name: WHO Disability Assessment Schedule Scale Range (Min-Max): 12-60 Scale Notes: Higher value is considered more severe functional impairment. There are no combined subscales. |
3 months post-intervention for all participants (i.e., for each arm).
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Functional Impairment (WHO Disability Assessment Schedule), 6 Months Post-intervention for All Participants (i.e., for Each Arm).
大体时间:6 months post-intervention for all participants (i.e., for each arm).
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Functional impairment will be measured with the World Health Organization (WHO) Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS). This will be quantified as WHODAS score at 6-months (post-intervention). It is not a change score. Scale Range (Min-Max): 12-60 Scale Notes: Higher value is considered more severe functional impairment. There are no combined subscales. |
6 months post-intervention for all participants (i.e., for each arm).
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Functional Impairment (WHO Disability Assessment Schedule), 9 Months Post-intervention for All Participants (i.e., for Each Arm).
大体时间:9 months post-intervention for all participants (i.e., for each arm).
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Functional impairment will be measured with the World Health Organization (WHO) Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS). This will be quantified as WHODAS score at 9-months (post-intervention). It is not a change score. Scale Name: WHO Disability Assessment Schedule Scale Range (Min-Max): 12-60 Scale Notes: Higher value is considered more severe functional impairment. There are no combined subscales. |
9 months post-intervention for all participants (i.e., for each arm).
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Functional Impairment (WHO Disability Assessment Schedule), 12 Months Post-intervention for All Participants (i.e., for Each Arm).
大体时间:12 months post-intervention for all participants (i.e., for each arm).
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Functional impairment will be measured with the World Health Organization (WHO) Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS). This will be quantified as WHODAS score at 12-months (post-intervention). It is not a change score. Scale Name: WHO Disability Assessment Schedule Scale Range (Min-Max): 12-60 Scale Notes: Higher value is considered more severe functional impairment. There are no combined subscales. |
12 months post-intervention for all participants (i.e., for each arm).
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Overall Health Profile (EQ-5D-5L), 3 Months Post-intervention for All Participants (i.e., for Each Arm).
大体时间:3 months post-intervention for all participants (i.e., for each arm).
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A health profile will be generated for each individual using the EuroQol (EQ-5D-5L). This will be quantified as EQ-5D-5L score at 3-months (post-intervention). It is not a change score. Scale Name: EuroQol, EQ-5D-5L Scale Range (Min-Max): 5-25 Scale Notes: Higher value is considered worse overall health. There are no combined subscales. |
3 months post-intervention for all participants (i.e., for each arm).
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Overall Health Profile (EQ-5D-5L), 6 Months Post-intervention for All Participants (i.e., for Each Arm).
大体时间:6 months post-intervention for all participants (i.e., for each arm).
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A health profile will be generated for each individual using the EuroQol (EQ-5D-5L). This will be quantified as EQ-5D-5L score at 6-months (post-intervention). It is not a change score. Scale Name: EuroQol, EQ-5D-5L Scale Range (Min-Max): 5-25 Scale Notes: Higher value is considered worse overall health. There are no combined subscales. |
6 months post-intervention for all participants (i.e., for each arm).
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Overall Health Profile, 9 Months Post-intervention for All Participants (i.e., for Each Arm).
大体时间:9 months post-intervention for all participants (i.e., for each arm).
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A health profile will be generated for each individual using the EuroQol (EQ-5D-5L). This will be quantified as EQ-5D-5L score at 9-months (post-intervention). It is not a change score. Scale Name: EuroQol, EQ-5D-5L Scale Range (Min-Max): 5-25 Scale Notes: Higher value is considered worse overall health. There are no combined subscales. |
9 months post-intervention for all participants (i.e., for each arm).
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Overall Health Profile, 12 Months Post-intervention for All Participants (i.e., for Each Arm).
大体时间:12 months post-intervention for all participants (i.e., for each arm).
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A health profile will be generated for each individual using the EuroQol (EQ-5D-5L). This will be quantified as EQ-5D-5L score at 12-months (post-intervention). It is not a change score. Scale Name: EuroQol, EQ-5D-5L Scale Range (Min-Max): 5-25 Scale Notes: Higher value is considered worse overall health. There are no combined subscales. |
12 months post-intervention for all participants (i.e., for each arm).
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Prevalence of Depression (PHQ-9 Score > 9), 3-months Post-intervention for All Participants (for Each Arm).
大体时间:3 months post-intervention for all participants (for each arm).
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Prevalence of depression is calculated as the number of participants with a PHQ-9 score of 9 or greater at the time of measurement.
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3 months post-intervention for all participants (for each arm).
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Prevalence of Depression (PHQ-9 Score > 9), 6-months Post-intervention for All Participants (for Each Arm).
大体时间:6 months post-intervention for all participants (for each arm).
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Prevalence of depression is calculated as the number of participants with a PHQ-9 score of 9 or greater at the time of measurement.
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6 months post-intervention for all participants (for each arm).
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Prevalence of Depression (PHQ-9 Score > 9), 9-months Post-intervention for All Participants (for Each Arm).
大体时间:9 months post-intervention for all participants (for each arm).
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Prevalence of depression is calculated as the number of participants with a PHQ-9 score of 9 or greater at the time of measurement.
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9 months post-intervention for all participants (for each arm).
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Prevalence of Depression (PHQ-9 Score > 9), 12-months Post-intervention for All Participants (for Each Arm).
大体时间:12 months post-intervention for all participants (for each arm).
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Prevalence of depression is calculated as the number of participants with a PHQ-9 score of 9 or greater at the time of measurement.
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12 months post-intervention for all participants (for each arm).
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次要结果测量
结果测量 |
措施说明 |
大体时间 |
|---|---|---|
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ART Adherence (Medication Pick-Up Every 3 Months), 3-Months Post-Intervention for Participants With HIV (for Each Arm)
大体时间:3 months post-intervention for participants with HIV (i.e., for each arm).
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ART adherence will be measured in terms of whether patients with HIV have returned to their health clinic for antiretrovirals (ARVs) within the prior three months for quarterly medication pick-up, consistent with national guidelines.
Adherence is calculated as the number who satisfy this criterion out of those who are eligible.
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3 months post-intervention for participants with HIV (i.e., for each arm).
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ART Adherence (Medication Pick-Up Every 3 Months), 6-Months Post-Intervention for Participants With HIV (for Each Arm)
大体时间:6 months post-intervention for participants with HIV (i.e., for each arm).
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ART adherence will be measured in terms of whether patients with HIV have returned to their health clinic for antiretrovirals (ARVs) within the prior three months for quarterly medication pick-up, consistent with national guidelines.
Adherence is calculated as the number who satisfy this criterion out of those who are eligible.
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6 months post-intervention for participants with HIV (i.e., for each arm).
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ART Adherence (Medication Pick-Up Every 3 Months), 9-Months Post-Intervention for Participants With HIV (for Each Arm)
大体时间:9 months post-intervention for participants with HIV (i.e., for each arm).
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ART adherence will be measured in terms of whether patients with HIV have returned to their health clinic for antiretrovirals (ARVs) within the prior three months for quarterly medication pick-up, consistent with national guidelines.
Adherence is calculated as the number who satisfy this criterion out of those who are eligible.
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9 months post-intervention for participants with HIV (i.e., for each arm).
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ART Adherence (Medication Pick-Up Every 3 Months), 12-Months Post-Intervention for Participants With HIV (for Each Arm)
大体时间:12 months post-intervention for participants with HIV (i.e., for each arm)
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ART adherence will be measured in terms of whether patients with HIV have returned to their health clinic for antiretrovirals (ARVs) within the prior three months for quarterly medication pick-up, consistent with national guidelines.
Adherence is calculated as the number who satisfy this criterion out of those who are eligible.
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12 months post-intervention for participants with HIV (i.e., for each arm)
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Viral Suppression (<500 Copies of the Virus Per mL of Blood), 3-Months Post-Intervention for Participants With HIV (for Each Arm)
大体时间:3-months post-intervention for participants with HIV (i.e., for each arm).
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Viral suppression will be measured in terms of whether patients with HIV been measured in the previous three months and reported <500 copies of the virus per mL of blood, consistent with national guidelines.
Viral suppression is calculated as the number who satisfy this criterion out of those who are eligible (i.e., viral load measured in the prior three months).
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3-months post-intervention for participants with HIV (i.e., for each arm).
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Viral Suppression (<500 Copies of the Virus Per mL of Blood), 6-Months Post-Intervention for Participants With HIV (for Each Arm)
大体时间:6-months post-intervention for participants with HIV (i.e., for each arm).
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Viral suppression will be measured in terms of whether patients with HIV been measured in the previous three months and reported <500 copies of the virus per mL of blood, consistent with national guidelines.
Viral suppression is calculated as the number who satisfy this criterion out of those who are eligible (i.e., viral load measured in the prior three months).
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6-months post-intervention for participants with HIV (i.e., for each arm).
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Viral Suppression (<500 Copies of the Virus Per mL of Blood), 9-Months Post-Intervention for Participants With HIV (for Each Arm)
大体时间:9-months post-intervention for participants with HIV (i.e., for each arm).
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Viral suppression will be measured in terms of whether patients with HIV been measured in the previous three months and reported <500 copies of the virus per mL of blood, consistent with national guidelines.
Viral suppression is calculated as the number who satisfy this criterion out of those who are eligible (i.e., viral load measured in the prior three months).
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9-months post-intervention for participants with HIV (i.e., for each arm).
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Viral Suppression (<500 Copies of the Virus Per mL of Blood), 12-Months Post-Intervention for Participants With HIV (for Each Arm)
大体时间:12-months post-intervention for participants with HIV (i.e., for each arm).
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Viral suppression will be measured in terms of whether patients with HIV been measured in the previous three months and reported <500 copies of the virus per mL of blood, consistent with national guidelines.
Viral suppression is calculated as the number who satisfy this criterion out of those who are eligible (i.e., viral load measured in the prior three months).
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12-months post-intervention for participants with HIV (i.e., for each arm).
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Controlled Systolic Blood Pressure (<140mmHg), 3-Months Post-Intervention for Participants With Hypertension (for Each Arm)
大体时间:3 months post-intervention for participants with hypertension (i.e., for each arm).
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Controlled blood pressure will be measured in terms of whether patients with hypertension been measured in the previous three months and reported systolic blood pressure <140 mmHg, consistent with national guidelines.
Controlled blood pressure is calculated as the number who satisfy this criterion out of those who are eligible (i.e., systolic blood pressure measured in the prior three months, among hypertension patients).
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3 months post-intervention for participants with hypertension (i.e., for each arm).
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Controlled Systolic Blood Pressure (<140mmHg), 6-Months Post-Intervention for Participants With Hypertension (for Each Arm)
大体时间:6 months post-intervention for participants with hypertension (i.e., for each arm).
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Controlled blood pressure will be measured in terms of whether patients with hypertension been measured in the previous three months and reported systolic blood pressure <140 mmHg, consistent with national guidelines.
Controlled blood pressure is calculated as the number who satisfy this criterion out of those who are eligible (i.e., systolic blood pressure measured in the prior three months, among hypertension patients).
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6 months post-intervention for participants with hypertension (i.e., for each arm).
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Controlled Systolic Blood Pressure (<140mmHg), 9-Months Post-Intervention for Participants With Hypertension (for Each Arm)
大体时间:9-months post-intervention for participants with hypertension (i.e., for each arm).
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Controlled blood pressure will be measured in terms of whether patients with hypertension been measured in the previous three months and reported systolic blood pressure <140 mmHg, consistent with national guidelines.
Controlled blood pressure is calculated as the number who satisfy this criterion out of those who are eligible (i.e., systolic blood pressure measured in the prior three months, among hypertension patients).
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9-months post-intervention for participants with hypertension (i.e., for each arm).
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Controlled Systolic Blood Pressure (<140mmHg), 12-Months Post-Intervention for Participants With Hypertension (for Each Arm)
大体时间:12-months post-intervention for participants with hypertension (i.e., for each arm).
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Controlled blood pressure will be measured in terms of whether patients with hypertension been measured in the previous three months and reported systolic blood pressure <140 mmHg, consistent with national guidelines.
Controlled blood pressure is calculated as the number who satisfy this criterion out of those who are eligible (i.e., systolic blood pressure measured in the prior three months, among hypertension patients).
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12-months post-intervention for participants with hypertension (i.e., for each arm).
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WHO Staging, 3 Months Post-intervention for All Participants (i.e., for Each Arm)
大体时间:3 months post-intervention for all participants (i.e., for each arm)
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WHO staging will be measured the World Health Organization's clinical staging system for HIV/AIDS, which classifies disease progression based on the presence of specific clinical conditions and symptoms, ranging from Stage I (asymptomatic) to Stage IV (AIDS-defining illnesses). Instrument Name: WHO's Clinical Staging System for HIV/AIDS Instrument Range: Stage I (asymptomatic) to Stage IV (AIDS-defining illnesses) Instrument Notes: Higher stage considered more severe progression of illness. There are no combined subscales. |
3 months post-intervention for all participants (i.e., for each arm)
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WHO Staging, 6 Months Post-intervention for All Participants (i.e., for Each Arm)
大体时间:6 months post-intervention for all participants (i.e., for each arm)
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WHO staging will be measured the World Health Organization's clinical staging system for HIV/AIDS, which classifies disease progression based on the presence of specific clinical conditions and symptoms, ranging from Stage I (asymptomatic) to Stage IV (AIDS-defining illnesses). Instrument Name: WHO's Clinical Staging System for HIV/AIDS Instrument Range: Stage I (asymptomatic) to Stage IV (AIDS-defining illnesses) Instrument Notes: Higher stage considered more severe progression of illness. There are no combined subscales. |
6 months post-intervention for all participants (i.e., for each arm)
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WHO Staging, 9 Months Post-intervention for All Participants (i.e., for Each Arm)
大体时间:9 months post-intervention for all participants (i.e., for each arm)
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WHO staging will be measured the World Health Organization's clinical staging system for HIV/AIDS, which classifies disease progression based on the presence of specific clinical conditions and symptoms, ranging from Stage I (asymptomatic) to Stage IV (AIDS-defining illnesses). Instrument Name: WHO's Clinical Staging System for HIV/AIDS Instrument Range: Stage I (asymptomatic) to Stage IV (AIDS-defining illnesses) Instrument Notes: Higher stage considered more severe progression of illness. There are no combined subscales. |
9 months post-intervention for all participants (i.e., for each arm)
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WHO Staging, 12 Months Post-intervention for All Participants (i.e., for Each Arm)
大体时间:12 months post-intervention for all participants (i.e., for each arm)
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WHO staging will be measured the World Health Organization's clinical staging system for HIV/AIDS, which classifies disease progression based on the presence of specific clinical conditions and symptoms, ranging from Stage I (asymptomatic) to Stage IV (AIDS-defining illnesses). Instrument Name: WHO's Clinical Staging System for HIV/AIDS Instrument Range: Stage I (asymptomatic) to Stage IV (AIDS-defining illnesses) Instrument Notes: Higher stage considered more severe progression of illness. There are no combined subscales. |
12 months post-intervention for all participants (i.e., for each arm)
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Proportion of Study Participants With Type II Diabetes With Controlled Diabetes (HbA1C Below 8.0%), 3 Months Post-intervention (i.e., for Each Arm)
大体时间:3 months post-intervention for all participants with type-2 diabetes (i.e., for each arm)
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HbA1C measurement will be measured using a laboratory-based immunoassay or high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method, standardized to the National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program (NGSP) and traceable to the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) reference, in accordance with international guidelines. Diabetes control was defined as an HbA1c level below 8.0%, consistent with WHO and ADA-recommended thresholds for glycemic control in resource-limited settings and among patients with comorbidities or limited life expectancy. Our primary outcome was the proportion of patients with type 2 diabetes achieving this target. |
3 months post-intervention for all participants with type-2 diabetes (i.e., for each arm)
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Proportion of Study Participants With Type II Diabetes With Controlled Diabetes (HbA1C Below 8.0%), 6 Months Post-intervention (i.e., for Each Arm)
大体时间:6 months post-intervention for all participants with type-2 diabetes (i.e., for each arm)
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HbA1C measurement will be measured using a laboratory-based immunoassay or high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method, standardized to the National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program (NGSP) and traceable to the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) reference, in accordance with international guidelines. Diabetes control was defined as an HbA1c level below 8.0%, consistent with WHO and ADA-recommended thresholds for glycemic control in resource-limited settings and among patients with comorbidities or limited life expectancy. Our primary outcome was the proportion of patients with type 2 diabetes achieving this target. |
6 months post-intervention for all participants with type-2 diabetes (i.e., for each arm)
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Proportion of Study Participants With Type II Diabetes With Controlled Diabetes (HbA1C Below 8.0%), 9 Months Post-intervention (i.e., for Each Arm)
大体时间:9 months post-intervention for all participants with type-2 diabetes (i.e., for each arm)
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HbA1C measurement will be measured using a laboratory-based immunoassay or high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method, standardized to the National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program (NGSP) and traceable to the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) reference, in accordance with international guidelines. Diabetes control was defined as an HbA1c level below 8.0%, consistent with WHO and ADA-recommended thresholds for glycemic control in resource-limited settings and among patients with comorbidities or limited life expectancy. Our primary outcome was the proportion of patients with type 2 diabetes achieving this target. |
9 months post-intervention for all participants with type-2 diabetes (i.e., for each arm)
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Proportion of Study Participants With Type II Diabetes With Controlled Diabetes (HbA1C Below 8.0%), 12 Months Post-intervention (i.e., for Each Arm)
大体时间:12 months post-intervention for all participants with type-2 diabetes (i.e., for each arm)
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HbA1C measurement will be measured using a laboratory-based immunoassay or high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method, standardized to the National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program (NGSP) and traceable to the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) reference, in accordance with international guidelines. Diabetes control was defined as an HbA1c level below 8.0%, consistent with WHO and ADA-recommended thresholds for glycemic control in resource-limited settings and among patients with comorbidities or limited life expectancy. Our primary outcome was the proportion of patients with type 2 diabetes achieving this target. |
12 months post-intervention for all participants with type-2 diabetes (i.e., for each arm)
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Proportion of Study Participants With Epilepsy Reporting Seizures in the Prior 3 Months, 3 Months Post-intervention (i.e., for Each Arm)
大体时间:3 months post-intervention for all participants with epilepsy (i.e., for each arm)
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Any seizures (yes/no) in the prior three months was self-reported among participants with diagnosed epilepsy.
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3 months post-intervention for all participants with epilepsy (i.e., for each arm)
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Proportion of Study Participants With Epilepsy Reporting Seizures in the Prior 3 Months, 6 Months Post-intervention (i.e., for Each Arm)
大体时间:6 months post-intervention for all participants with epilepsy (i.e., for each arm)
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Any seizures (yes/no) in the prior three months was self-reported among participants with diagnosed epilepsy.
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6 months post-intervention for all participants with epilepsy (i.e., for each arm)
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Proportion of Study Participants With Epilepsy Reporting Seizures in the Prior 3 Months, 9 Months Post-intervention (i.e., for Each Arm)
大体时间:9 months post-intervention for all participants with epilepsy (i.e., for each arm)
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Any seizures (yes/no) in the prior three months was self-reported among participants with diagnosed epilepsy.
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9 months post-intervention for all participants with epilepsy (i.e., for each arm)
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Proportion of Study Participants With Epilepsy Reporting Seizures in the Prior 3 Months, 12 Months Post-intervention (i.e., for Each Arm)
大体时间:12 months post-intervention for all participants with epilepsy (i.e., for each arm)
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Any seizures (yes/no) in the prior three months was self-reported among participants with diagnosed epilepsy.
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12 months post-intervention for all participants with epilepsy (i.e., for each arm)
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其他结果措施
结果测量 |
措施说明 |
大体时间 |
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Perceived Burden of Care (BAS) Among Household Member, 6 Months After the Start of Study Participant Treatment Eligibility
大体时间:6-months after initiation of treatment eligibility for the study trial participant (for each arm).
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Perceived burden of care will be measured according to the Burden Assessment Schedule (BAS). This will be quantified as household member's score at 6-months after initiation of treatment eligibility for the study trial participant. Scale Name: Burden Assessment Schedule Scale Range (Min-Max): 0-57 Scale Notes: Higher value indicates more severe perceived burden of care. There are no combined subscales. |
6-months after initiation of treatment eligibility for the study trial participant (for each arm).
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Prevalence of Depression (PHQ-9 Score > 9) Among Household Members, 6 Months After the Start of Study Participant Treatment Eligibility
大体时间:6-months after initiation of treatment eligibility for the study trial participant (for each arm).
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Prevalence of depression is calculated as the number of household participants with a PHQ-9 score of 9 or greater at the time of measurement.
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6-months after initiation of treatment eligibility for the study trial participant (for each arm).
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Functional Impairment (WHO Disability Assessment Schedule) Among Household Members, 6 Months After the Start of Study Participant Treatment Eligibility
大体时间:6-months after initiation of treatment eligibility for the study trial participant (for each arm).
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Functional impairment will be measured with the World Health Organization (WHO) Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS) among household members. This will be quantified as WHODAS score at 6 months after the start of study participant treatment eligibility. It is not a change score. Scale Name: WHO Disability Assessment Schedule Scale Range (Min-Max): 12-60 Scale Notes: Higher value is considered more severe functional impairment. There are no combined subscales. |
6-months after initiation of treatment eligibility for the study trial participant (for each arm).
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Overall Health Profile (EQ-5D-5L) Among Household Members, 6 Months After the Start of Study Participant Treatment Eligibility
大体时间:6-months after initiation of treatment eligibility for the study trial participant (for each arm).
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A health profile will be generated for each household member using the EuroQol (EQ-5D-5L). This will be quantified as EQ-5D-5L score at 6-months after the start of study participants' treatment eligibility. It is not a change score. Scale Name: EuroQol, EQ-5D-5L Scale Range (Min-Max): 5-25 Scale Notes: Higher value is considered worse overall health. There are no combined subscales. |
6-months after initiation of treatment eligibility for the study trial participant (for each arm).
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Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), 3 Months Post-intervention for All Participants (i.e., for Each Arm)
大体时间:3 months post-intervention for all participants (i.e., for each arm)
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Perceived social support will be measured with the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS). This will be quantified as MSPSS score at 3-months (post-intervention). It is not a change score. Scale Name: Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support Scale Range (Min-Max): 12-84 Scale Notes: Higher value is considered greater social support. There are no combined subscales. |
3 months post-intervention for all participants (i.e., for each arm)
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Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), 6 Months Post-intervention for All Participants (i.e., for Each Arm)
大体时间:6 months post-intervention for all participants (i.e., for each arm)
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Perceived social support will be measured with the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS). This will be quantified as MSPSS score at 6-months (post-intervention). It is not a change score. Scale Name: Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support Scale Range (Min-Max): 12-84 Scale Notes: Higher value is considered greater social support. There are no combined subscales. |
6 months post-intervention for all participants (i.e., for each arm)
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Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), 9 Months Post-intervention for All Participants (i.e., for Each Arm)
大体时间:9 months post-intervention for all participants (i.e., for each arm)
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Perceived social support will be measured with the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS). This will be quantified as MSPSS score at 9-months (post-intervention). It is not a change score. Scale Name: Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support Scale Range (Min-Max): 12-84 Scale Notes: Higher value is considered greater social support. There are no combined subscales. |
9 months post-intervention for all participants (i.e., for each arm)
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Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), 12 Months Post-intervention for All Participants (i.e., for Each Arm)
大体时间:12 months post-intervention for all participants (i.e., for each arm)
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Perceived social support will be measured with the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS). This will be quantified as MSPSS score at 12-months (post-intervention). It is not a change score. Scale Name: Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support Scale Range (Min-Max): 12-84 Scale Notes: Higher value is considered greater social support. There are no combined subscales. |
12 months post-intervention for all participants (i.e., for each arm)
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Internalized Mental Health Stigma (ISMI), 3 Months Post-intervention for All Participants (i.e., for Each Arm)
大体时间:3 months post-intervention for all participants (i.e., for each arm)
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Internalized mental health stigma will be measured with the Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness Scale (ISMI). This will be quantified as ISMI score at 3-months (post-intervention). It is not a change score. Scale Name: Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness Scale Scale Range (Min-Max): 10-40 Scale Notes: Higher value is considered greater internalized stigma. There are no combined subscales. |
3 months post-intervention for all participants (i.e., for each arm)
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Internalized Mental Health Stigma (ISMI), 6 Months Post-intervention for All Participants (i.e., for Each Arm)
大体时间:6 months post-intervention for all participants (i.e., for each arm)
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Internalized mental health stigma will be measured with the Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness Scale (ISMI). This will be quantified as ISMI score at 6-months (post-intervention). It is not a change score. Scale Name: Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness Scale Scale Range (Min-Max): 10-40 Scale Notes: Higher value is considered greater internalized stigma. There are no combined subscales. |
6 months post-intervention for all participants (i.e., for each arm)
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Internalized Mental Health Stigma (ISMI), 9 Months Post-intervention for All Participants (i.e., for Each Arm)
大体时间:9 months post-intervention for all participants (i.e., for each arm)
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Internalized mental health stigma will be measured with the Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness Scale (ISMI). This will be quantified as ISMI score at 9-months (post-intervention). It is not a change score. Scale Name: Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness Scale Scale Range (Min-Max): 10-40 Scale Notes: Higher value is considered greater internalized stigma. There are no combined subscales. |
9 months post-intervention for all participants (i.e., for each arm)
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Internalized Mental Health Stigma (ISMI), 12 Months Post-intervention for All Participants (i.e., for Each Arm)
大体时间:12 months post-intervention for all participants (i.e., for each arm)
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Internalized mental health stigma will be measured with the Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness Scale (ISMI). This will be quantified as ISMI score at 12-months (post-intervention). It is not a change score. Scale Name: Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness Scale Scale Range (Min-Max): 10-40 Scale Notes: Higher value is considered greater internalized stigma. There are no combined subscales. |
12 months post-intervention for all participants (i.e., for each arm)
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AIDS-related Stigma (ARSS), 3 Months Post-intervention for All Participants (i.e., for Each Arm)
大体时间:3 months post-intervention for all participants (i.e., for each arm)
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AIDS-related stigma will be measured with the AIDS-Related Stigma Scale (ARSS). This will be quantified as ARSS score at 3-months (post-intervention). It is not a change score. Scale Name: AIDS-Related Stigma Scale Scale Range (Min-Max): 0-6 Scale Notes: Higher value is considered greater internalized stigma. There are no combined subscales. |
3 months post-intervention for all participants (i.e., for each arm)
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AIDS-related Stigma (ARSS), 6 Months Post-intervention for All Participants (i.e., for Each Arm)
大体时间:6 months post-intervention for all participants (i.e., for each arm)
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AIDS-related stigma will be measured with the AIDS-Related Stigma Scale (ARSS). This will be quantified as ARSS score at 6-months (post-intervention). It is not a change score. Scale Name: AIDS-Related Stigma Scale Scale Range (Min-Max): 0-6 Scale Notes: Higher value is considered greater internalized stigma. There are no combined subscales. |
6 months post-intervention for all participants (i.e., for each arm)
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AIDS-related Stigma (ARSS), 9 Months Post-intervention for All Participants (i.e., for Each Arm)
大体时间:9 months post-intervention for all participants (i.e., for each arm)
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AIDS-related stigma will be measured with the AIDS-Related Stigma Scale (ARSS). This will be quantified as ARSS score at 9-months (post-intervention). It is not a change score. Scale Name: AIDS-Related Stigma Scale Scale Range (Min-Max): 0-6 Scale Notes: Higher value is considered greater internalized stigma. There are no combined subscales. |
9 months post-intervention for all participants (i.e., for each arm)
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AIDS-related Stigma (ARSS), 12 Months Post-intervention for All Participants (i.e., for Each Arm)
大体时间:12 months post-intervention for all participants (i.e., for each arm)
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AIDS-related stigma will be measured with the AIDS-Related Stigma Scale (ARSS). This will be quantified as ARSS score at 12-months (post-intervention). It is not a change score. Scale Name: AIDS-Related Stigma Scale Scale Range (Min-Max): 0-6 Scale Notes: Higher value is considered greater internalized stigma. There are no combined subscales. |
12 months post-intervention for all participants (i.e., for each arm)
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合作者和调查者
出版物和有用的链接
一般刊物
- Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001 Sep;16(9):606-13. doi: 10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x.
- Dawson KS, Bryant RA, Harper M, Kuowei Tay A, Rahman A, Schafer A, van Ommeren M. Problem Management Plus (PM+): a WHO transdiagnostic psychological intervention for common mental health problems. World Psychiatry. 2015 Oct;14(3):354-7. doi: 10.1002/wps.20255. No abstract available.
- Udedi M. The prevalence of depression among patients and its detection by primary health care workers at Matawale Health Centre (Zomba). Malawi Med J. 2014 Jun;26(2):34-7.
- World Economic Forum. The Global Economic Burden of Non-Communicable Diseases. World Economic Forum; Harvard School of Public Health; 2011.
- Passchier RV, Abas MA, Ebuenyi ID, Pariante CM. Effectiveness of depression interventions for people living with HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review & meta-analysis of psychological & immunological outcomes. Brain Behav Immun. 2018 Oct;73:261-273. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.05.010. Epub 2018 May 13.
- McBain RK, Salhi C, Hann K, Kellie J, Kamara A, Salomon JA, Kim JJ, Betancourt TS. Improving outcomes for caregivers through treatment of young people affected by war: a randomized controlled trial in Sierra Leone. Bull World Health Organ. 2015 Dec 1;93(12):834-41. doi: 10.2471/BLT.14.139105. Epub 2015 Oct 16.
- McBain RK, Mwale O, Ruderman T, Kayira W, Connolly E, Chalamanda M, Kachimanga C, Khongo BD, Wilson J, Wroe E, Raviola G, Smith S, Coleman S, Kelly K, Houde A, Tebeka MG, Watson S, Kulisewa K, Udedi M, Wagner G. Stepped care for depression at integrated chronic care centers (IC3) in Malawi: study protocol for a stepped-wedge cluster randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2021 Sep 16;22(1):630. doi: 10.1186/s13063-021-05601-1.
- Mwale O, Mpinga K, Rukundo T, Kamwiyo M, Kayira W, Matanje B, Munyaneza F, Ruderman T, Raviola G, Smith S, Okunogbe A, Kachimanga C, McBain RK. Cost analysis of integrating depression treatment into chronic care in Malawi: evidence from a cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open. 2025 Oct 7;15(10):e095494. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2024-095494.
- Mwale O, Kasambala C, Houde A, Mpinga K, Kayira W, Harawa M, Kamwiyo M, Isaacs R, Nhlema B, Ruderman T, Liwimbi O, Udedi M, Kelly K, McBain RK. Patient perspectives on group problem management plus for adults with major depressive disorder in rural Malawi. Glob Health Action. 2025 Dec;18(1):2500785. doi: 10.1080/16549716.2025.2500785. Epub 2025 May 9.
- McBain RK, Mwale O, Mpinga K, Kamwiyo M, Kayira W, Ruderman T, Connolly E, Watson SI, Wroe EB, Munyaneza F, Dullie L, Raviola G, Smith SL, Kulisewa K, Udedi M, Patel V, Wagner GJ. Effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, and positive externalities of integrated chronic care for adults with major depressive disorder in Malawi (IC3D): a stepped-wedge, cluster-randomised, controlled trial. Lancet. 2024 Nov 9;404(10465):1823-1834. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(24)01809-9. Epub 2024 Oct 30.
- Mpinga K, Rukundo T, Mwale O, Kamwiyo M, Thengo L, Ruderman T, Matanje B, Munyaneza F, Connolly E, Kulisewa K, Udedi M, Kachimanga C, Dullie L, McBain R. Depressive disorder at the household level: prevalence and correlates of depressive symptoms among household members. Glob Health Action. 2023 Dec 31;16(1):2241808. doi: 10.1080/16549716.2023.2241808.
- Mpinga K, Lee SD, Mwale O, Kamwiyo M, Nyirongo R, Ruderman T, Connolly E, Kayira W, Munyaneza F, Matanje B, Kachimanga C, Zaniku HR, Kulisewa K, Udedi M, Wagner G, McBain R. Prevalence and correlates of internalized stigma among adults with HIV and major depressive disorder in rural Malawi. AIDS Care. 2023 Nov;35(11):1775-1785. doi: 10.1080/09540121.2023.2195609. Epub 2023 Mar 31.
研究记录日期
研究主要日期
学习开始 (实际的)
初级完成 (实际的)
研究完成 (实际的)
研究注册日期
首次提交
首先提交符合 QC 标准的
首次发布 (实际的)
研究记录更新
最后更新发布 (实际的)
上次提交的符合 QC 标准的更新
最后验证
更多信息
与本研究相关的术语
其他相关的 MeSH 术语
其他研究编号
- R01MH117760 (美国 NIH 拨款/合同)
计划个人参与者数据 (IPD)
计划共享个人参与者数据 (IPD)?
IPD 计划说明
IPD 共享时间框架
IPD 共享访问标准
IPD 共享支持信息类型
- 研究方案
- 分析代码
药物和器械信息、研究文件
研究美国 FDA 监管的药品
研究美国 FDA 监管的设备产品
在美国制造并从美国出口的产品
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