PROTeIn-rich Meals to Control Glucose (PROTIME)

August 10, 2026 updated by: Olga Ramich (formerly Pivovarova), German Institute of Human Nutrition

Meal Timing-based Strategies to Improve Glucose Metabolism in Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes

The overall aim is to identify the dietary pattern for prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes. The specific aim of this pilot project is to compare effects of two diets with different diurnal distribution of carbohydrates and protein on the glucose metabolism in subjects with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes and its effects on inflammatory status.

Study Overview

Status

Status

Indicates the current recruitment status or the expanded access status.
Active, not recruiting

Conditions

Conditions

The disease, disorder, syndrome, illness, or injury that is being studied. On ClinicalTrials.gov, conditions may also include other health-related issues, such as lifespan, quality of life, and health risks.

Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.

Detailed Description

Overweight individual with prediabetes and non-insulin treated type 2 diabetes will be recruited for the study. The trial will have a cross-over design and compare metabolic effects of two isocaloric 4-week interventions with opposite timely distribution of macronutrient intake - a high-protein (HP) breakfast and a high-carb (HC) dinner (HP/HC intervention) vs. a HC breakfast and a HP dinner (HC/HP intervention) - divided by a 4-week wash-out phase. A HP low-carb meal (breakfast or dinner) will contain 35%E protein, 35%E carbs, and 30%E fat, and a HC meal (breakfast or dinner) will contain 10E%protein, 60%E carbs, and 30%E fat.

Study Type

Study Type

Describes the nature of a clinical study. Study types include interventional studies (also called clinical trials), observational studies (including patient registries), and expanded access.
Interventional

Enrollment (Estimated)

Enrollment

The number of participants in a clinical study. The "anticipated" enrollment is the target number of participants that the researchers need for the study.
30

Phase

Phase

The stage of a clinical trial studying a drug or biological product, based on definitions developed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The phase is based on the study's objective, the number of participants, and other characteristics. There are five phases: Early Phase 1 (formerly listed as Phase 0), Phase 1, Phase 2, Phase 3, and Phase 4. Not Applicable is used to describe trials without FDA-defined phases, including trials of devices or behavioral interventions.
  • Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Contact

Study Contact

The name and contact information for the person who can answer enrollment questions for a clinical study. Each location where the study is being conducted may also have a specific contact, who may be better able to answer those questions.

Study Contact Backup

Study Locations

  • Germany
    • Potsdam-Rehbrücke
      • Potsdam, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany, 14558
        • Olga Ramich

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

The key requirements that people who want to participate in a clinical study must meet or the characteristics they must have. Eligibility criteria consist of both inclusion criteria (which are required for a person to participate in the study) and exclusion criteria (which prevent a person from participating). Types of eligibility criteria include whether a study accepts healthy volunteers, has age or age group requirements, or is limited by sex.

Ages Eligible for Study

  • Adult
  • Older Adult

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Prediabetes (fasting blood sugar 100-125 mg/dl)
  • Diabetes type 2 (fasting blood sugar >126 mg/dl)
  • Overweight and obesity (BMI 25-50 kg/m2)

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Other diabetes types
  • Insulin treatment
  • Shift work
  • Weight changes >5% within past 3 months
  • Systemic glucocorticoid therapy
  • Systemic infections
  • Severe anemia
  • High blood pressure (>180/110 mmHg)
  • Endocrinologic, liver and heart disorders
  • Immune diseases
  • Thyroid dysfunction
  • Heart attack or stroke
  • Cancer in the last 2 years
  • Eating disorders, food intolerance/allergy, addiction disorders, digestive disorders intestinal, liver, cardiovascular diseases
  • Hereditary or acquired coagulation disorders
  • Non-interruptible intake of blood thinners (anticoagulants)
  • Specific diets, intermittent fasting
  • Pregnancy or breastfeeding
  • Severe internal or psychiatric disorders or other conditions and drugs therapy that might influence the outcome of the study

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: Supportive Care
  • Allocation: Randomized
  • Interventional Model: Crossover Assignment
  • Masking: None (Open Label)

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm

Participant Group / Arm

A group or subgroup of participants in a clinical trial that receives a specific intervention/treatment, or no intervention, according to the trial's protocol.
Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.
Experimental: HP/HC - HC/HP
Isocaloric 4-week HP/HC intervention followed by a 4-week HC/HP intervention.
Other: Diet with specific macronutrient composition.
The intervention is about an isocaloric diet that differs in terms of distribution of carbohydrates and protein throughout the day. The interventions include a HP-breakfast and a HC-dinner vs. a HC-breakfast and a HP-dinner. A HP low-carb meal (breakfast or dinner) will contain 35%E protein, 35%E carbs, and 30%E fat, and a HC meal (breakfast or dinner) will contain 10%E protein, 60%E carbs, and 30%E fat.
Experimental: HC/HP - HP/HC
Isocaloric 4-week HC/HP intervention followed by a 4-week HP/HC intervention.
Other: Diet with specific macronutrient composition.
The intervention is about an isocaloric diet that differs in terms of distribution of carbohydrates and protein throughout the day. The interventions include a HP-breakfast and a HC-dinner vs. a HC-breakfast and a HP-dinner. A HP low-carb meal (breakfast or dinner) will contain 35%E protein, 35%E carbs, and 30%E fat, and a HC meal (breakfast or dinner) will contain 10%E protein, 60%E carbs, and 30%E fat.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, the planned outcome measure that is the most important for evaluating the effect of an intervention/treatment. Most clinical studies have one primary outcome measure, but some have more than one.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Mean 24-hour glucose
Time Frame: 4 weeks
Mean 24-hour glucose assessed by continuous glucose monitoring (CGM)
4 weeks

Secondary Outcome Measures

Secondary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, a planned outcome measure that is not as important as the primary outcome measure for evaluating the effect of an intervention but is still of interest. Most clinical studies have more than one secondary outcome measure.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Measurement of height
Time Frame: 4 weeks
Height measured by stadiometer
4 weeks
Measurement of body weight
Time Frame: 4 weeks
Body weight measured by body scale
4 weeks
Waist and hip circumference / waist to hip ratio
Time Frame: 4 weeks
Waist and hip circumference measured by tape measure
4 weeks
Systolic and diastolic blood pressure
Time Frame: 4 weeks
Systolic and diastolic blood pressure changes measurement by manometer
4 weeks
Body fat and lean mass
Time Frame: 4 weeks
Body fat and lean mass assessed by bioelectrical impendance analysis (BIA)
4 weeks
Energy expenditure and substrate oxidation rates
Time Frame: 4 weeks
Energy expenditure and substrate oxidation rates assessed by indirect calorimetry
4 weeks
Hepatic values (gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT))
Time Frame: 4 weeks
GGT, AST, ALT etermined in fasting blood samples
4 weeks
Renal values (creatinine, urea, uric acid)
Time Frame: 4 weeks
Renal values determined in fasting blood samples
4 weeks
Intra- und inter-day glycemic variability
Time Frame: 4 weeks
Indices of intra- and inter-day glycemic variability assessed by continuous glucose monitoring (CGM)
4 weeks
Glucose levels in meal tolerance test (MTT)
Time Frame: 4 weeks
Glucose levels in blood samples collected in MTT
4 weeks
Metabolic hormones (insulin, C-peptide, glucagon, glucagon-like peptite 1(GLP-1), gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), peptide YY (PYY), ghrelin, adiponectin, leptin)
Time Frame: 4 weeks
Blood levels of metabolic hormones assessed in fasting state and during the MTT
4 weeks
Inflammatory markers and T cell populations analyses
Time Frame: 4 weeks
Level of the inflammatory markers IL-6, TNFa, MCP-1 and T cell populations in circulation and adipose tissue are assessed through blood analysis and fat biopsy
4 weeks
Satiety and hunger scores
Time Frame: 4 weeks
Satiety and hunger scores assessed using Visual Analog Scale (VAS with a scale of 1-100, where higher values correspond to stronger satiety/hunger)
4 weeks
Sleep/wake timing and sleep quality
Time Frame: 4 weeks
Sleep/wake timing and sleep quality assessed by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI score, which ranges from 0-21, where higher values correspond to worse sleep quality) and also monitored by an ActiGraph device
4 weeks
Physical activity
Time Frame: 4 weeks
24-h physical activity will be monitored by an ActiGraph device
4 weeks
Adipose tissue transcriptome
Time Frame: 4 weeks
RNA-Seq analysis of subcutaneous adipose tissue sample
4 weeks
Gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC)
Time Frame: 4 weeks
Expression of metabolic genes assessed by qPCR
4 weeks
Gut microbiota and microbiome-derived metabolites
Time Frame: 4 weeks
Determined in stool samples and blood plasma
4 weeks
Determination of decision behavior
Time Frame: 4 weeks
Impulsiveness assessed by decision making tasks on computer
4 weeks

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Sponsor

The organization or person who initiates the study and who has authority and control over the study.
German Institute of Human Nutrition

Collaborators

Collaborators

An organization other than the sponsor that provides support for a clinical study. This support may include activities related to funding, design, implementation, data analysis, or reporting.
Charite University, Berlin, Germany
Helmholtz Zentrum München
Hasso Plattner Institute, Potsdam, Germany

Investigators

Investigators

A researcher involved in a clinical study. Related terms include site principal investigator, site sub-investigator, study chair, study director, and study principal investigator.
  • Principal Investigator: Olga Ramich, PD Dr., German Institute of Human Nutrition

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Actual)

Study Start

The actual date on which the first participant was enrolled in a clinical study. The "anticipated" study start date is the date that the researchers think will be the study start date.
April 12, 2024

Primary Completion (Actual)

Primary Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention to collect final data for the primary outcome measure. Whether the clinical study ended according to the protocol or was terminated does not affect this date. For clinical studies with more than one primary outcome measure with different completion dates, this term refers to the date on which data collection is completed for all the primary outcome measures. The "anticipated" primary completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the primary completion date for the study.
April 21, 2026

Study Completion (Estimated)

Study Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention/treatment to collect final data for the primary outcome measures, secondary outcome measures, and adverse events (that is, the last participant's last visit). The "anticipated" study completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the study completion date.
February 28, 2027

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

First Submitted

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submitted a study record to ClinicalTrials.gov. There is typically a delay of a few days between the first submitted date and the record's availability on ClinicalTrials.gov (the first posted date).
March 15, 2024

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submits a study record that is consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. The sponsor or investigator may need to revise and submit a study record one or more times before NLM's QC review criteria are met. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
April 21, 2024

First Posted (Actual)

First Posted

The date on which the study record was first available on ClinicalTrials.gov after National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review has concluded. There is typically a delay of a few days between the date the study sponsor or investigator submitted the study record and the first posted date.
April 24, 2024

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

Last Update Posted

The most recent date on which changes to a study record were made available on ClinicalTrials.gov. There may be a delay between when the changes were submitted to ClinicalTrials.gov by the study's sponsor or investigator (the last update submitted date) and the last update posted date.
August 11, 2026

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator submitted changes to a study record that are consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
August 10, 2026

Last Verified

Last Verified

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator confirmed the information about a clinical study on ClinicalTrials.gov as accurate and current. If a study with a recruitment status of recruiting; not yet recruiting; or active, not recruiting has not been confirmed within the past 2 years, the study's recruitment status is shown as unknown.
August 1, 2025

More Information

Terms related to this study

Keywords

Additional Relevant MeSH Terms

Other Study ID Numbers

Other Study ID Numbers

Identifiers or ID numbers other than the NCT number that are assigned to a clinical study by the study's sponsor, funders, or others. These numbers may include unique identifiers from other trial registries and National Institutes of Health grant numbers.
  • 90/2023

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?

NO

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

product manufactured in and exported from the U.S.

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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