Brief Structured Team Reflection Embedded in Elite Underwater Rugby Training (BSTR-UWR) (BSTR-UWR)

September 2, 2026 updated by: Édison Andrés Pérez Bedoya

Brief Structured Team Reflection Embedded in Elite Underwater Rugby Training: A Three-Wave Field Evaluation of Cohesion, Psychological Safety, Peer Trust, and Team Identification

This single-arm field evaluation examined whether a brief, structured team reflection routine embedded within usual elite underwater rugby training was associated with change in team cohesion, psychological safety, peer trust, and team identification across three measurement occasions. Twenty-five male athletes contributed at least one assessment. Baseline responses were recorded on 16-17 February 2026 (T0), midpoint responses after session 6 on 5-9 March 2026 (T1), and endpoint responses after session 12 on 18 March 2026 (T2). The registered plan anticipated 16 sessions over six weeks; operational delivery concluded after 12 sessions, and no later follow-up was conducted.

Study Overview

Status

Status

Indicates the current recruitment status or the expanded access status.
Completed

Conditions

Conditions

The disease, disorder, syndrome, illness, or injury that is being studied. On ClinicalTrials.gov, conditions may also include other health-related issues, such as lifespan, quality of life, and health risks.

Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.

Detailed Description

The intervention consisted of brief, structured team-reflection conversations embedded within the squad's usual training environment. The routine used concise prompts, turn-taking, and a 'share-only' rule that prohibited interruption, rebuttal, blame, selection discussion, and cross-talk.. Sessions were intended to close with an observable cue, rule, norm, or micro-habit for subsequent training.

The registered plan anticipated 16 sessions over six weeks. Operational delivery concluded after 12 sessions. Assessments were completed at T0 (16-17 February 2026), T1 after session 6 (5-9 March 2026), and T2 after session 12 (18 March 2026). No later follow-up was conducted.

The retained study file contains outcome responses but no complete nominal record of attendance, actual session duration, facilitator fidelity, protocol deviations, training availability, injury, or illness. Accordingly, no attendance percentage, fidelity percentage, dose-response analysis, or injury/availability result is claimed. Objective sport-performance outcomes were not collected.

Study Type

Study Type

Describes the nature of a clinical study. Study types include interventional studies (also called clinical trials), observational studies (including patient registries), and expanded access.
Interventional

Enrollment (Actual)

Enrollment

The number of participants in a clinical study. The "anticipated" enrollment is the target number of participants that the researchers need for the study.
25

Phase

Phase

The stage of a clinical trial studying a drug or biological product, based on definitions developed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The phase is based on the study's objective, the number of participants, and other characteristics. There are five phases: Early Phase 1 (formerly listed as Phase 0), Phase 1, Phase 2, Phase 3, and Phase 4. Not Applicable is used to describe trials without FDA-defined phases, including trials of devices or behavioral interventions.
  • Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Contact

Study Contact

The name and contact information for the person who can answer enrollment questions for a clinical study. Each location where the study is being conducted may also have a specific contact, who may be better able to answer those questions.

Study Locations

  • Colombia
    • Antioquia
      • Guarne, Antioquia, Colombia, 054080
        • Tecnológico de Antioquia

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

The key requirements that people who want to participate in a clinical study must meet or the characteristics they must have. Eligibility criteria consist of both inclusion criteria (which are required for a person to participate in the study) and exclusion criteria (which prevent a person from participating). Types of eligibility criteria include whether a study accepts healthy volunteers, has age or age group requirements, or is limited by sex.

Ages Eligible for Study

  • Adult
  • Older Adult

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Male elite underwater rugby athletes aged 18 years or older.
  • Officially rostered in the squad and training regularly (minimum 2 sessions per week).
  • Able to complete Spanish-language questionnaires.
  • Willing to participate and provide written informed consent.
  • Available to complete assessments at baseline (T0), week 3 (T1), and week 6 (T2).

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Unable to complete the questionnaires reliably (e.g., language/comprehension barriers).
  • Anticipated prolonged absence during the 6-week period that would prevent meaningful exposure to the intervention and/or completion of follow-up assessments.
  • Declines participation or does not provide informed consent.

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: Other
  • Allocation: N/A
  • Interventional Model: Single Group Assignment
  • Masking: None (Open Label)

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm

Participant Group / Arm

A group or subgroup of participants in a clinical trial that receives a specific intervention/treatment, or no intervention, according to the trial's protocol.
Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.
Experimental: Usual elite underwater rugby training plus BSTR
Participants continued usual elite underwater rugby training and took part in 12 embedded Brief Structured Team Reflection sessions. There was no separate control arm.
Behavioral: Brief Structured Team Reflection (BSTR)
Twelve brief, structured team-reflection sessions were embedded within usual elite underwater rugby training. Athletes responded to concise prompts in turn under a 'share-only' rule that prohibited interruption, rebuttal, blame, selection discussion, and cross-talk. Sessions normally closed with an observable cue, rule, norm, or micro-habit for the next training experience. The registered plan anticipated 16 sessions; operational delivery concluded after session 12.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, the planned outcome measure that is the most important for evaluating the effect of an intervention/treatment. Most clinical studies have one primary outcome measure, but some have more than one.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Team Cohesion (GEQ-12 short form)
Time Frame: Baseline 16-17 February 2026 (T0, pre-intervention; up to 5 minutes); T1: 5-9 March 2026 (after session 6; T1; up to 5 minutes) and T2: 18 March 2026 (after session 12; post-intervention; up to 5 minutes)
Team cohesion measured using the Spanish 12-item short form of the Group Environment Questionnaire (GEQ). Items are rated on a 1-9 scale; negatively keyed items are reverse-scored. A composite cohesion score is computed as the mean of items, with higher scores indicating greater perceived cohesion.
Baseline 16-17 February 2026 (T0, pre-intervention; up to 5 minutes); T1: 5-9 March 2026 (after session 6; T1; up to 5 minutes) and T2: 18 March 2026 (after session 12; post-intervention; up to 5 minutes)

Secondary Outcome Measures

Secondary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, a planned outcome measure that is not as important as the primary outcome measure for evaluating the effect of an intervention but is still of interest. Most clinical studies have more than one secondary outcome measure.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Psychological Safety (Edmondson 7-item Team Psychological Safety scale)
Time Frame: Baseline 16-17 February 2026 (T0, pre-intervention; up to 5 minutes); T1: 5-9 March 2026 (after session 6; T1; up to 5 minutes) and T2: 18 March 2026 (after session 12; post-intervention; up to 5 minutes)
Psychological safety assessed with the 7-item Team Psychological Safety scale. Items are answered on a 1-7 Likert-type response format; negatively keyed items are reverse-scored. A composite psychological safety score is computed as the mean of the 7 items, with higher scores indicating greater perceived psychological safety within the team.
Baseline 16-17 February 2026 (T0, pre-intervention; up to 5 minutes); T1: 5-9 March 2026 (after session 6; T1; up to 5 minutes) and T2: 18 March 2026 (after session 12; post-intervention; up to 5 minutes)
Peer Trust (HERO horizontal trust, 4-item team-referent measure)
Time Frame: Baseline 16-17 February 2026 (T0, pre-intervention; up to 5 minutes); T1: 5-9 March 2026 (after session 6; T1; up to 5 minutes) and T2: 18 March 2026 (after session 12; post-intervention; up to 5 minutes)
Peer trust within the squad assessed using a 4-item team-referent horizontal trust measure drawn from the HERO organisational trust framework. Items are answered on a 0-6 response scale (strongly disagree to strongly agree). A composite peer trust score is computed as the mean of the 4 items, with higher values indicating greater perceived horizontal (peer) trust among teammates.
Baseline 16-17 February 2026 (T0, pre-intervention; up to 5 minutes); T1: 5-9 March 2026 (after session 6; T1; up to 5 minutes) and T2: 18 March 2026 (after session 12; post-intervention; up to 5 minutes)
Team Identification (6-item team-referent identification scale)
Time Frame: Baseline 16-17 February 2026 (T0, pre-intervention; up to 5 minutes); T1: 5-9 March 2026 (after session 6; T1; up to 5 minutes) and T2: 18 March 2026 (after session 12; post-intervention; up to 5 minutes)
Team identification assessed using a 6-item team-referent identification measure adapted from Mael & Ashforth. Items are answered on a 1-7 Likert-type response format. A composite identification score is computed as the mean of the 6 items, with higher scores indicating stronger identification with the team.
Baseline 16-17 February 2026 (T0, pre-intervention; up to 5 minutes); T1: 5-9 March 2026 (after session 6; T1; up to 5 minutes) and T2: 18 March 2026 (after session 12; post-intervention; up to 5 minutes)

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Sponsor

The organization or person who initiates the study and who has authority and control over the study.
Édison Andrés Pérez Bedoya

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Actual)

Study Start

The actual date on which the first participant was enrolled in a clinical study. The "anticipated" study start date is the date that the researchers think will be the study start date.
February 16, 2026

Primary Completion (Actual)

Primary Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention to collect final data for the primary outcome measure. Whether the clinical study ended according to the protocol or was terminated does not affect this date. For clinical studies with more than one primary outcome measure with different completion dates, this term refers to the date on which data collection is completed for all the primary outcome measures. The "anticipated" primary completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the primary completion date for the study.
March 18, 2026

Study Completion (Actual)

Study Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention/treatment to collect final data for the primary outcome measures, secondary outcome measures, and adverse events (that is, the last participant's last visit). The "anticipated" study completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the study completion date.
March 18, 2026

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

First Submitted

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submitted a study record to ClinicalTrials.gov. There is typically a delay of a few days between the first submitted date and the record's availability on ClinicalTrials.gov (the first posted date).
February 26, 2026

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submits a study record that is consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. The sponsor or investigator may need to revise and submit a study record one or more times before NLM's QC review criteria are met. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
February 26, 2026

First Posted (Actual)

First Posted

The date on which the study record was first available on ClinicalTrials.gov after National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review has concluded. There is typically a delay of a few days between the date the study sponsor or investigator submitted the study record and the first posted date.
March 4, 2026

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

Last Update Posted

The most recent date on which changes to a study record were made available on ClinicalTrials.gov. There may be a delay between when the changes were submitted to ClinicalTrials.gov by the study's sponsor or investigator (the last update submitted date) and the last update posted date.
September 8, 2026

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator submitted changes to a study record that are consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
September 2, 2026

Last Verified

Last Verified

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator confirmed the information about a clinical study on ClinicalTrials.gov as accurate and current. If a study with a recruitment status of recruiting; not yet recruiting; or active, not recruiting has not been confirmed within the past 2 years, the study's recruitment status is shown as unknown.
September 1, 2026

More Information

Terms related to this study

Keywords

Other Study ID Numbers

Other Study ID Numbers

Identifiers or ID numbers other than the NCT number that are assigned to a clinical study by the study's sponsor, funders, or others. These numbers may include unique identifiers from other trial registries and National Institutes of Health grant numbers.
  • BSTR-UWR

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?

NO

IPD Plan Description

Individual participant data (IPD) will not be shared publicly. The sample is small and drawn from a single, identifiable elite underwater rugby squad, so even de-identified records could carry a meaningful risk of re-identification when combined with contextual information (e.g., roster composition, training attendance patterns, and time-point assessments). Participant consent covers analysis and publication of aggregated results rather than unrestricted public release of participant-level data. Summary statistics and full methodological details will be reported in publications. De-identified extracts or additional details may be considered on a case-by-case basis, subject to a data-use agreement, ethics approval, and safeguards that minimise re-identification risk.

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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