Community Safety and Violence

March 20, 2026 updated by: NYU Langone Health

Estimating the Impact of Alternative Crisis Response Models on Community Violence

This study will describe, estimate, and explore the effectiveness of community-centered safety models (CCSMs)-including co-response, alternative response, and community violence intervention modalities-implemented across U.S. municipalities to prevent community violence among youth and young adults (YYA). Specifically, the investigators will (1) describe CCSM implementation using implementation-science methods, (2) estimate CCSMs' impacts on community-violence outcomes using quasi-experimental methods, and (3) explore operational and contextual factors associated with stronger or weaker effects.

Study Overview

Status

Status

Indicates the current recruitment status or the expanded access status.
Recruiting

Conditions

Conditions

The disease, disorder, syndrome, illness, or injury that is being studied. On ClinicalTrials.gov, conditions may also include other health-related issues, such as lifespan, quality of life, and health risks.

Study Type

Study Type

Describes the nature of a clinical study. Study types include interventional studies (also called clinical trials), observational studies (including patient registries), and expanded access.
Observational

Enrollment (Estimated)

Enrollment

The number of participants in a clinical study. The "anticipated" enrollment is the target number of participants that the researchers need for the study.
15

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Contact

Study Contact

The name and contact information for the person who can answer enrollment questions for a clinical study. Each location where the study is being conducted may also have a specific contact, who may be better able to answer those questions.

Study Contact Backup

Study Locations

  • United States
    • New York
      • New York, New York, United States, 10016
        • Recruiting
        • NYU Langone Health

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

The key requirements that people who want to participate in a clinical study must meet or the characteristics they must have. Eligibility criteria consist of both inclusion criteria (which are required for a person to participate in the study) and exclusion criteria (which prevent a person from participating). Types of eligibility criteria include whether a study accepts healthy volunteers, has age or age group requirements, or is limited by sex.

Ages Eligible for Study

  • Child
  • Adult
  • Older Adult

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No

Sampling Method

Non-Probability Sample

Study Population

This protocol does not involve prospective enrollment or direct interaction with individuals. The "participants" in this study are:

  1. Jurisdictions/sites (U.S. cities/counties) operating fully implemented community-centered safety models (CCSMs)-co-response, alternative response, or community violence intervention; and
  2. Community populations within those jurisdictions, represented only through secondary, de-identified or limited administrative datasets (e.g., violent deaths, nonfatal injury encounters, crime/arrest records) used for population-level analyses.

Youth and young adults (YYA; ~ages 10-34) are a focal analytic subgroup because they bear a disproportionate burden of community violence. No individuals are recruited, contacted, or intervened upon.

Description

Inclusion Criteria for Jurisdiction/Sites:

  1. Intervention modality clarity: A single, identifiable CCSM-Co-Response (CRM), Alternative Response (ARM), or Community Violence Intervention (CVI)-implemented at city/county level.
  2. Documented launch date & scope: Public or official documentation specifying program start date, catchment, operating hours, staffing, eligibility, and core activities.
  3. Observation window: ≥24 months pre-implementation and ≥12 months post-implementation of outcome data (monthly preferred; annual acceptable for fatal outcomes).
  4. Outcomes coverage: Availability of primary outcomes (fatal and nonfatal violent injury) and at least one secondary justice outcome at the jurisdiction level.
  5. Data quality: Stable geographic boundaries, consistent reporting practices, and no catastrophic breaks that preclude credible counterfactual fit.
  6. Donor comparability: Jurisdiction characteristics and data cadence compatible with a pooled augmented synthetic control design (i.e., can be matched to a synthetic control and included in permutation tests).

Exclusion Criteria:

  1. Pilot-only or indeterminate programs: Short-lived pilots, ambiguous or multi-modality rollouts where treatment timing or content cannot be reliably defined.
  2. Severe data discontinuity: Major boundary changes, reporting suspensions, coding overhauls, or dataset gaps that undermine time-series integrity (e.g., prolonged outages during system migration) and cannot be addressed with standard remedies.
  3. Overlapping major interventions: Concurrent, poorly measured citywide initiatives (e.g., sweeping policy bundles) that coincide with the CCSM start and make identification infeasible.
  4. Insufficient pre-period: <24 months pre-implementation data for primary outcomes.
  5. Incompatible cadence/aggregation: Outcomes only available at spatial or temporal units that cannot be aligned with other sites or donors.

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

Cohorts and Interventions

Group / Cohort

Group / Cohort

A group or subgroup of participants in an observational study that is assessed for biomedical or health outcomes.
U.S. Cities/Counties
Approximately 15 U.S. cities/counties (≈5 per CCSM modality) selected for evaluability.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, the planned outcome measure that is the most important for evaluating the effect of an intervention/treatment. Most clinical studies have one primary outcome measure, but some have more than one.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Homicide Rate
Time Frame: Baseline, Month 36
Measured as deaths per 100,000 (annual).
Baseline, Month 36
Firearm Homicide Rate
Time Frame: Baseline, Month 36
Measured as deaths per 100,000 (annual).
Baseline, Month 36
Assault-related ED & inpatient encounters (combined) rate
Time Frame: Baseline, Month 36
Measured as visits/admissions per 10,000 (monthly).
Baseline, Month 36
Firearm-assault-related ED & inpatient encounters (combined) rate
Time Frame: Baseline, Month 36
Measured as hospitalizations per 10,000 (monthly).
Baseline, Month 36
Nonfatal firearm assault rate
Time Frame: Baseline, Month 36
Measured as hospitalizations per 10,000 (monthly).
Baseline, Month 36

Secondary Outcome Measures

Secondary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, a planned outcome measure that is not as important as the primary outcome measure for evaluating the effect of an intervention but is still of interest. Most clinical studies have more than one secondary outcome measure.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Aggravated assault arrest rate
Time Frame: Baseline, Month 36
Measured as arrests per 10,000 (monthly).
Baseline, Month 36
Weapons-related arrest rate
Time Frame: Baseline, Month 36
Measured as arrests per 10,000 (monthly).
Baseline, Month 36
Robbery arrest rate
Time Frame: Baseline, Month 36
Measured as arrests per 10,000 (monthly).
Baseline, Month 36
Juvenile arrest rate
Time Frame: Baseline, Month 36
Measured as arrests per 10,000 juveniles (monthly).
Baseline, Month 36

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Sponsor

The organization or person who initiates the study and who has authority and control over the study.
NYU Langone Health

Collaborators

Collaborators

An organization other than the sponsor that provides support for a clinical study. This support may include activities related to funding, design, implementation, data analysis, or reporting.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Investigators

Investigators

A researcher involved in a clinical study. Related terms include site principal investigator, site sub-investigator, study chair, study director, and study principal investigator.
  • Principal Investigator: Bennett Allen, PhD, NYU Langone Health

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Actual)

Study Start

The actual date on which the first participant was enrolled in a clinical study. The "anticipated" study start date is the date that the researchers think will be the study start date.
September 30, 2025

Primary Completion (Estimated)

Primary Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention to collect final data for the primary outcome measure. Whether the clinical study ended according to the protocol or was terminated does not affect this date. For clinical studies with more than one primary outcome measure with different completion dates, this term refers to the date on which data collection is completed for all the primary outcome measures. The "anticipated" primary completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the primary completion date for the study.
September 29, 2028

Study Completion (Estimated)

Study Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention/treatment to collect final data for the primary outcome measures, secondary outcome measures, and adverse events (that is, the last participant's last visit). The "anticipated" study completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the study completion date.
September 29, 2028

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

First Submitted

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submitted a study record to ClinicalTrials.gov. There is typically a delay of a few days between the first submitted date and the record's availability on ClinicalTrials.gov (the first posted date).
March 20, 2026

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submits a study record that is consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. The sponsor or investigator may need to revise and submit a study record one or more times before NLM's QC review criteria are met. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
March 20, 2026

First Posted (Actual)

First Posted

The date on which the study record was first available on ClinicalTrials.gov after National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review has concluded. There is typically a delay of a few days between the date the study sponsor or investigator submitted the study record and the first posted date.
March 27, 2026

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

Last Update Posted

The most recent date on which changes to a study record were made available on ClinicalTrials.gov. There may be a delay between when the changes were submitted to ClinicalTrials.gov by the study's sponsor or investigator (the last update submitted date) and the last update posted date.
March 27, 2026

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator submitted changes to a study record that are consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
March 20, 2026

Last Verified

Last Verified

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator confirmed the information about a clinical study on ClinicalTrials.gov as accurate and current. If a study with a recruitment status of recruiting; not yet recruiting; or active, not recruiting has not been confirmed within the past 2 years, the study's recruitment status is shown as unknown.
March 1, 2026

More Information

Terms related to this study

Other Study ID Numbers

Other Study ID Numbers

Identifiers or ID numbers other than the NCT number that are assigned to a clinical study by the study's sponsor, funders, or others. These numbers may include unique identifiers from other trial registries and National Institutes of Health grant numbers.
  • 25-01382
  • R01CE003770 (U.S. NIH Grant/Contract)

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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