Topical Insulin for Glaucoma (TING2)

May 26, 2026 updated by: Jeffrey L Goldberg, Stanford University

A Phase 1/2 Dose Escalation Followed by a Masked, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study to Evaluate Topical Insulin for Neuroprotection in Open Angle Glaucoma

This study evaluates the safety and preliminary efficacy of topical sterile human insulin eye drops (EYED-002) in patients with open-angle glaucoma. The study uses a phase 1/2 dose-escalation design followed by a masked, randomized, placebo-controlled phase. Insulin is formulated as preservative-free eye drops and delivered once daily. The primary objective is to determine the safety profile of topical insulin; secondary objectives assess effects on retinal structure, visual field, visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and quality of life.

Study Overview

Status

Status

Indicates the current recruitment status or the expanded access status.
Not yet recruiting

Conditions

Conditions

The disease, disorder, syndrome, illness, or injury that is being studied. On ClinicalTrials.gov, conditions may also include other health-related issues, such as lifespan, quality of life, and health risks.

Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.

Study Type

Study Type

Describes the nature of a clinical study. Study types include interventional studies (also called clinical trials), observational studies (including patient registries), and expanded access.
Interventional

Enrollment (Estimated)

Enrollment

The number of participants in a clinical study. The "anticipated" enrollment is the target number of participants that the researchers need for the study.
90

Phase

Phase

The stage of a clinical trial studying a drug or biological product, based on definitions developed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The phase is based on the study's objective, the number of participants, and other characteristics. There are five phases: Early Phase 1 (formerly listed as Phase 0), Phase 1, Phase 2, Phase 3, and Phase 4. Not Applicable is used to describe trials without FDA-defined phases, including trials of devices or behavioral interventions.
  • Phase 2
  • Phase 1

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Contact

Study Contact

The name and contact information for the person who can answer enrollment questions for a clinical study. Each location where the study is being conducted may also have a specific contact, who may be better able to answer those questions.

Study Locations

  • United States
    • California
      • Palo Alto, California, United States, 94303
        • Byers Eye Institute at Stanford University
        • Principal Investigator:
          • Jeffrey Goldberg, MD PhD
        • Contact:

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

The key requirements that people who want to participate in a clinical study must meet or the characteristics they must have. Eligibility criteria consist of both inclusion criteria (which are required for a person to participate in the study) and exclusion criteria (which prevent a person from participating). Types of eligibility criteria include whether a study accepts healthy volunteers, has age or age group requirements, or is limited by sex.

Ages Eligible for Study

  • Adult
  • Older Adult

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No

Description

Limited Inclusion Criteria - All Groups:

  • Provide written informed consent approved by the appropriate ethics committee
  • Age 18 years or older
  • Understand study procedures and have the ability and willingness to abide by all procedures during the study
  • Capable of providing informed consent
  • Diagnosis of glaucoma
  • Only one eye per patient will be selected as the study eye; if both eyes meet inclusion criteria, the eye with worse visual acuity and/or visual field will be selected

Limited Exclusion Criteria - All Groups:

  • Pregnant or breastfeeding
  • Presence of any ocular pathology other than glaucoma that contributes to severe vision loss (retinopathy, maculopathy, severe uveitis, keratopathy, etc.)
  • Diagnosis of glucose intolerance, type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus
  • Inability to perform reliable visual field testing
  • Unable to provide informed consent
  • Unable to complete the tests and follow-ups required by the study

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: Treatment
  • Allocation: Randomized
  • Interventional Model: Sequential Assignment
  • Masking: Triple

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm

Participant Group / Arm

A group or subgroup of participants in a clinical trial that receives a specific intervention/treatment, or no intervention, according to the trial's protocol.
Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.
Experimental: Group 1: Low-Dose EYED-002
N=5 participants with open-angle glaucoma. Low-dose topical insulin (EYED-002), administered as one drop to the study eye once daily in-clinic for 5 consecutive days. Open-label.
Drug: EYED-002 Low Dose (721 U/mL topical insulin)
Sterile, preservative-free suspension of Human Insulin USP. One drop to study eye for duration of study group.
Other Names:
  • Topical Sterile Human Insulin
Experimental: Group 2: High-Dose EYED-002
N=5 participants with open-angle glaucoma. High-dose topical insulin (EYED-002), administered as one drop to the study eye once daily in-clinic for 5 consecutive days.
Drug: EYED-002 High Dose (1442 U/mL topical insulin)
Sterile, preservative-free suspension of Human Insulin USP. One drop to study eye once daily in-clinic for duration of study group.
Other Names:
  • Topical Sterile Human Insulin
Experimental: Group 3: Active EYED-002 (Randomized)
N=40 participants randomized to active EYED-002 at the highest tolerated dose from Groups 1 or 2, administered once daily at home for 12 months. Double -masked.
Drug: EYED-002 (highest tolerated dose, 12-month)
Highest tolerated dose of EYED-002 (721 U/mL or 1442 U/mL, determined from Groups 1 and 2 safety review). Once daily at home for 12 months in single-use vials, dispensed at quarterly visits.
Other Names:
  • Topical Sterile Human Insulin
Placebo Comparator: Group 3: Vehicle Placebo (Randomized)
N=20 participants randomized to vehicle-only placebo, administered once daily at home for 12 months. double-masked. Eligible participants may roll over to open-label active EYED-002 for an additional 12 months after Month 12.
Drug: Vehicle Placebo
Vehicle-only formulation without active insulin. Single-use vials identical in appearance to active EYED-002. Once daily at home for 12 months.
Other Names:
  • Placebo eye drop
Experimental: Group 4: Open-Label Access
N=20 participants ineligible for randomization due to glaucoma severity. Receive highest tolerated dose of EYED-002 once daily for 12 months in an open-label access arm.
Drug: EYED-002 (highest tolerated dose, 12-month)
Highest tolerated dose of EYED-002 (721 U/mL or 1442 U/mL, determined from Groups 1 and 2 safety review). Once daily at home for 12 months in single-use vials, dispensed at quarterly visits.
Other Names:
  • Topical Sterile Human Insulin

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, the planned outcome measure that is the most important for evaluating the effect of an intervention/treatment. Most clinical studies have one primary outcome measure, but some have more than one.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Incidence and severity of ocular and systemic adverse events (AEs) and serious adverse events (SAEs)
Time Frame: From informed consent through end of participation (up to 27 months)
Safety of topical sterile human insulin (EYED-002) in patients with open-angle glaucoma. AEs and SAEs classified using MedDRA nomenclature, assessed for severity (mild, moderate, severe) and causality. Safety monitoring includes glycemia measurements before and 2 hours after in-clinic insulin administration, and serial serum electrolyte (potassium) measurements.
From informed consent through end of participation (up to 27 months)

Secondary Outcome Measures

Secondary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, a planned outcome measure that is not as important as the primary outcome measure for evaluating the effect of an intervention but is still of interest. Most clinical studies have more than one secondary outcome measure.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Change in retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and ganglion cell complex (GCC) thickness by SD-OCT
Time Frame: Baseline to 12 months (Groups 3 and 4); Baseline to Day 5 (Groups 1 and 2)
Change in retinal thickness as measured by spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT).
Baseline to 12 months (Groups 3 and 4); Baseline to Day 5 (Groups 1 and 2)
Change in visual field by Humphrey 24-2 (mean deviation, VFI, pointwise analysis)
Time Frame: Baseline to 12 months (Groups 3 and 4); Baseline to Day 5 (Groups 1 and 2)
Change in visual field as measured by mean deviation, visual field index, and pointwise analysis on Humphrey 24-2 testing.
Baseline to 12 months (Groups 3 and 4); Baseline to Day 5 (Groups 1 and 2)
Change in best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) by ETDRS
Time Frame: Baseline to 12 months (Groups 3 and 4); Baseline to Day 5 (Groups 1 and 2)
Change in visual acuity as measured by ETDRS chart.
Baseline to 12 months (Groups 3 and 4); Baseline to Day 5 (Groups 1 and 2)
Change in contrast sensitivity by FrACT contrast test
Time Frame: Baseline to 12 months (Groups 3 and 4); Baseline to Day 5 (Groups 1 and 2)
Change in contrast sensitivity as measured by the computer-based FrACT contrast test.
Baseline to 12 months (Groups 3 and 4); Baseline to Day 5 (Groups 1 and 2)
Change in quality of life by GQL-15 questionnaire
Time Frame: Baseline, 6 months, and 12 months (Group 3)
Change in patient-reported quality of life as measured by the Glaucoma Quality of Life-15 (GQL-15) questionnaire.
Baseline, 6 months, and 12 months (Group 3)

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Sponsor

The organization or person who initiates the study and who has authority and control over the study.
Stanford University

Investigators

Investigators

A researcher involved in a clinical study. Related terms include site principal investigator, site sub-investigator, study chair, study director, and study principal investigator.
  • Principal Investigator: Jeffrey L Goldberg, MD PhD, Stanford University

Publications and helpful links

The person responsible for entering information about the study voluntarily provides these publications. These may be about anything related to the study.

General Publications

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Estimated)

Study Start

The actual date on which the first participant was enrolled in a clinical study. The "anticipated" study start date is the date that the researchers think will be the study start date.
June 1, 2026

Primary Completion (Estimated)

Primary Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention to collect final data for the primary outcome measure. Whether the clinical study ended according to the protocol or was terminated does not affect this date. For clinical studies with more than one primary outcome measure with different completion dates, this term refers to the date on which data collection is completed for all the primary outcome measures. The "anticipated" primary completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the primary completion date for the study.
October 1, 2028

Study Completion (Estimated)

Study Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention/treatment to collect final data for the primary outcome measures, secondary outcome measures, and adverse events (that is, the last participant's last visit). The "anticipated" study completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the study completion date.
October 1, 2029

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

First Submitted

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submitted a study record to ClinicalTrials.gov. There is typically a delay of a few days between the first submitted date and the record's availability on ClinicalTrials.gov (the first posted date).
May 26, 2026

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submits a study record that is consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. The sponsor or investigator may need to revise and submit a study record one or more times before NLM's QC review criteria are met. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
May 26, 2026

First Posted (Actual)

First Posted

The date on which the study record was first available on ClinicalTrials.gov after National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review has concluded. There is typically a delay of a few days between the date the study sponsor or investigator submitted the study record and the first posted date.
June 2, 2026

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

Last Update Posted

The most recent date on which changes to a study record were made available on ClinicalTrials.gov. There may be a delay between when the changes were submitted to ClinicalTrials.gov by the study's sponsor or investigator (the last update submitted date) and the last update posted date.
June 2, 2026

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator submitted changes to a study record that are consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
May 26, 2026

Last Verified

Last Verified

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator confirmed the information about a clinical study on ClinicalTrials.gov as accurate and current. If a study with a recruitment status of recruiting; not yet recruiting; or active, not recruiting has not been confirmed within the past 2 years, the study's recruitment status is shown as unknown.
May 1, 2026

More Information

Terms related to this study

Keywords

Additional Relevant MeSH Terms

Other Study ID Numbers

Other Study ID Numbers

Identifiers or ID numbers other than the NCT number that are assigned to a clinical study by the study's sponsor, funders, or others. These numbers may include unique identifiers from other trial registries and National Institutes of Health grant numbers.
  • 73339

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?

NO

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

Yes

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

product manufactured in and exported from the U.S.

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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Sponsors and Collaborators

Medical Conditions

Drug Interventions

Conditions

Rare Diseases

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Dietary Supplements

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