PRECEDE-PROCEED BASED FIRST AID TRAINING: SELF-EFFICACY, SKILL AND COST ANALYSIS IN HIGH SCHOLL STUDENTS

August 13, 2026 updated by: Medine Yilmaz, Izmir Katip Celebi University

THE EFFECT OF A FIRST AID TRAINING PROGRAM DEVELOPED BASED ON THE PRECEDE-PROCEED MODEL ON THE SELF-EFFICACY AND SKILL LEVELS OF HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS, AND A COST ANALYSIS OF THE PROGRAM.

This research has two objectives. Firstly, to determine the effect of a first aid training program, developed based on the PRECEDE-PROCEED model, on the first aid knowledge, self-efficacy, and skill levels of high school students. Secondly, to conduct a cost analysis of the first aid training program. This study is a randomized controlled experimental follow-up study. The research is planned to be conducted in the Aliağa district of İzmir during the fall and spring semesters of the 2026-2027 academic year. The study population will consist of all 10th-grade students who will be studying at the selected high school during the fall semester of the 2026-2027 academic year. Ninth-grade students were excluded from the sample due to their school orientation process, and 11th and 12th-grade students were excluded due to academic intensity and exam anxiety related to their preparation for higher education entrance exams. A complete enumeration method was adopted for sample selection, and all 6 classes (n=187) were included in the study. The sample size calculation was performed based on the information that there are a total of 187 students in 6 different classes currently in 9th grade who will be entering 10th grade in the fall semester of the 2025-2026 academic year.Cluster Randomization was used to assign classes to experimental and control groups. A ranking system was created among the classes using the random.org digital random assignment tool. As a result of this assignment, classes 10-E, 10-D, and 10-F, which ranked first and third respectively, were designated as the Experimental Group, while classes 10-A, 10-C, and 10-B, which ranked third, were designated as the Control Group.To protect student identities and match pre-test and post-test data, a coding system will be used: [Group Letter (D/K)] + [Class/Branch Code] + [Student Sequence/List Number] (e.g., D10B12: The 12th student in the experimental group, class 10-B). To prevent intergroup interaction, the application is designed to be sequential. The experimental group will be applied after all training and data collection processes for the control group are completed. Experimental Group: Before the training, students in the experimental group will be administered a "Personal Information Form, First Aid Information Form, and First Aid Self-Efficacy Scale." Following this, a first aid training program developed based on PRECEDE-PROCEED will be implemented in the students' classrooms. As part of the training program, students will be individually given first aid interventions to assess their skills. Following the training, and then one month and three months after the training, the "First Aid Knowledge Form, First Aid Self-Efficacy Scale, and First Aid Application Skills Assessment Form" will be administered, respectively. Control Group: Students in the control group will be administered the "Personal Information Form, First Aid Knowledge Form, and First Aid Self-Efficacy Scale" before the training. Students will be given brochures based on traditional training methods. For application skills, video training will be conducted on the interactive whiteboard in the control group classrooms. If interactive whiteboards are not available, video training will be conducted for all students in the control group using a projector in the conference halls. After the video presentation, students will be given individual skill practice exercises. Following the brochure and video training, and then one month and three months after the training, the "First Aid Knowledge Form, First Aid Self-Efficacy Scale, and First Aid Application Skills Assessment Form" will be administered, respectively.

Study Overview

Status

Status

Indicates the current recruitment status or the expanded access status.
Not yet recruiting

Conditions

Conditions

The disease, disorder, syndrome, illness, or injury that is being studied. On ClinicalTrials.gov, conditions may also include other health-related issues, such as lifespan, quality of life, and health risks.

Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.

Study Type

Study Type

Describes the nature of a clinical study. Study types include interventional studies (also called clinical trials), observational studies (including patient registries), and expanded access.
Interventional

Enrollment (Estimated)

Enrollment

The number of participants in a clinical study. The "anticipated" enrollment is the target number of participants that the researchers need for the study.
187

Phase

Phase

The stage of a clinical trial studying a drug or biological product, based on definitions developed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The phase is based on the study's objective, the number of participants, and other characteristics. There are five phases: Early Phase 1 (formerly listed as Phase 0), Phase 1, Phase 2, Phase 3, and Phase 4. Not Applicable is used to describe trials without FDA-defined phases, including trials of devices or behavioral interventions.
  • Not Applicable

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

The key requirements that people who want to participate in a clinical study must meet or the characteristics they must have. Eligibility criteria consist of both inclusion criteria (which are required for a person to participate in the study) and exclusion criteria (which prevent a person from participating). Types of eligibility criteria include whether a study accepts healthy volunteers, has age or age group requirements, or is limited by sex.

Ages Eligible for Study

  • Child
  • Adult

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes

Description

Participation Criteria:

  • Students enrolled in the relevant high school
  • Students who have received informed consent from their parents or legal guardians.

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Students who have previously received certified first aid training from a professional institution
  • Students with chronic orthopedic, neurological, or cardiovascular conditions that would prevent them from practicing
  • Students who have recently experienced a traumatic accident or loss
  • Students who have left/transferred from the school during the academic term.

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: Basic Science
  • Allocation: Randomized
  • Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
  • Masking: Single

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm

Participant Group / Arm

A group or subgroup of participants in a clinical trial that receives a specific intervention/treatment, or no intervention, according to the trial's protocol.
Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.
Experimental: Experiment
The experimental group will receive model-based training.
Other: First aid training program developed based on the PRECEDE-PROCEED model.
The experimental group will receive first aid training based on the PRECEDE-PROCEED model.
Experimental: Control
The control group will be given a brochure and shown the video.
Other: control group
A video will be shown and brochures will be distributed.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, the planned outcome measure that is the most important for evaluating the effect of an intervention/treatment. Most clinical studies have one primary outcome measure, but some have more than one.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
First Aid Knowledge Score
Time Frame: Baseline, 1 month, and 3 months post-training
Assessed using the First Aid Knowledge Form developed by the researchers based on current guidelines. The form consists of 26 multiple-choice questions evaluating knowledge across key topics (General Safety, Musculoskeletal Injuries, Bleeding, Choking, Airway Obstruction, and Basic Life Support). Each correct answer is awarded 1 point, with total scores ranging from 0 to 26. Higher scores indicate greater first aid knowledge.
Baseline, 1 month, and 3 months post-training
First Aid Self-Efficacy Score
Time Frame: Baseline, 1 month, and 3 months post-training
Assessed using the First Aid Self-Efficacy Scale (developed by Gülmez Dağ and Çapa Aydın, 2015). The scale contains 25 items rated on a 9-point Likert scale ranging from 1 ("inadequate") to 9 ("very adequate"). The overall score ranges from 25 to 225, calculated by summing all items (subscales include "Life Support First Aid Self-Efficacy" and "Basic First Aid Self-Efficacy"). Higher scores indicate a higher level of perceived self-efficacy in first aid.
Baseline, 1 month, and 3 months post-training
First Aid Practical Skills Score
Time Frame: Baseline, 1 month, and 3 months post-training
Assessed using the First Aid Practical Skills Evaluation Form developed by the researchers. Participants' skill performance is evaluated simultaneously and independently by two blinded first aid instructors. Each step is scored on a 3-point scale: 0 = Not Performed/Incorrect, 1 = Partially/Incompletely Performed, and 2 = Fully and Correctly Performed. Total scores are calculated by summing the steps evaluated, where higher scores reflect better practical skill competence.
Baseline, 1 month, and 3 months post-training

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Sponsor

The organization or person who initiates the study and who has authority and control over the study.
Izmir Katip Celebi University

Investigators

Investigators

A researcher involved in a clinical study. Related terms include site principal investigator, site sub-investigator, study chair, study director, and study principal investigator.
  • Study Director: Medine YILMAZ, Professor Doctor, İzmir Katip Çelebi University
  • Principal Investigator: Kübra KABALCI, Expert, İzmir Katip Çelebi University

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Estimated)

Study Start

The actual date on which the first participant was enrolled in a clinical study. The "anticipated" study start date is the date that the researchers think will be the study start date.
October 5, 2026

Primary Completion (Estimated)

Primary Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention to collect final data for the primary outcome measure. Whether the clinical study ended according to the protocol or was terminated does not affect this date. For clinical studies with more than one primary outcome measure with different completion dates, this term refers to the date on which data collection is completed for all the primary outcome measures. The "anticipated" primary completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the primary completion date for the study.
April 1, 2027

Study Completion (Estimated)

Study Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention/treatment to collect final data for the primary outcome measures, secondary outcome measures, and adverse events (that is, the last participant's last visit). The "anticipated" study completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the study completion date.
December 1, 2027

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

First Submitted

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submitted a study record to ClinicalTrials.gov. There is typically a delay of a few days between the first submitted date and the record's availability on ClinicalTrials.gov (the first posted date).
August 8, 2026

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submits a study record that is consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. The sponsor or investigator may need to revise and submit a study record one or more times before NLM's QC review criteria are met. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
August 13, 2026

First Posted (Actual)

First Posted

The date on which the study record was first available on ClinicalTrials.gov after National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review has concluded. There is typically a delay of a few days between the date the study sponsor or investigator submitted the study record and the first posted date.
August 18, 2026

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

Last Update Posted

The most recent date on which changes to a study record were made available on ClinicalTrials.gov. There may be a delay between when the changes were submitted to ClinicalTrials.gov by the study's sponsor or investigator (the last update submitted date) and the last update posted date.
August 18, 2026

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator submitted changes to a study record that are consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
August 13, 2026

Last Verified

Last Verified

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator confirmed the information about a clinical study on ClinicalTrials.gov as accurate and current. If a study with a recruitment status of recruiting; not yet recruiting; or active, not recruiting has not been confirmed within the past 2 years, the study's recruitment status is shown as unknown.
August 1, 2026

More Information

Terms related to this study

Additional Relevant MeSH Terms

Other Study ID Numbers

Other Study ID Numbers

Identifiers or ID numbers other than the NCT number that are assigned to a clinical study by the study's sponsor, funders, or others. These numbers may include unique identifiers from other trial registries and National Institutes of Health grant numbers.
  • 16.7.2026/0596

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?

NO

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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