Natriuresis With Acetazolamide or SGLT2 Inhibitors Added to Intravenous Loop Diuretics in Decompensated Heart Failure (GLIDE-DHF)

November 5, 2026 updated by: Universidade do Porto

Natriuresis in Decompensated Heart Failure Patients Treated With Intravenous Loop Diuretics Alone or in Combination With an SGLT2 Inhibitor or Acetazolamide: a Single-Center, Prospective, Open-Label, Non-Randomized, Controlled Interventional Study (GLiflozin or AcetazolamIDE on Top of Loop Diuretics in Decompensated Heart Failure)

The GLIDE-DHF study compares the natriuretic effect of adding acetazolamide or a sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) to intravenous loop diuretics, versus intravenous loop diuretics alone, in patients admitted to the emergency department with acute decompensated heart failure. Natriuresis is assessed by spot urinary sodium concentration measured 6 hours after the first study treatment. The study also evaluates changes in urinary and serum electrolytes, kidney function, blood pressure, clinical congestion and safety during the first 3 days of treatment.

Study Overview

Status

Status

Indicates the current recruitment status or the expanded access status.
Active, not recruiting

Conditions

Conditions

The disease, disorder, syndrome, illness, or injury that is being studied. On ClinicalTrials.gov, conditions may also include other health-related issues, such as lifespan, quality of life, and health risks.

Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.

Study Type

Study Type

Describes the nature of a clinical study. Study types include interventional studies (also called clinical trials), observational studies (including patient registries), and expanded access.
Interventional

Enrollment (Actual)

Enrollment

The number of participants in a clinical study. The "anticipated" enrollment is the target number of participants that the researchers need for the study.
68

Phase

Phase

The stage of a clinical trial studying a drug or biological product, based on definitions developed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The phase is based on the study's objective, the number of participants, and other characteristics. There are five phases: Early Phase 1 (formerly listed as Phase 0), Phase 1, Phase 2, Phase 3, and Phase 4. Not Applicable is used to describe trials without FDA-defined phases, including trials of devices or behavioral interventions.
  • Phase 4

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Locations

  • Portugal
    • Porto District
      • Porto, Porto District, Portugal, 4200-319
        • Unidade Local de Saúde São João

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

The key requirements that people who want to participate in a clinical study must meet or the characteristics they must have. Eligibility criteria consist of both inclusion criteria (which are required for a person to participate in the study) and exclusion criteria (which prevent a person from participating). Types of eligibility criteria include whether a study accepts healthy volunteers, has age or age group requirements, or is limited by sex.

Ages Eligible for Study

18 years and older (Adult, Older Adult)

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No

Genders Eligible for Study

All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Age ≥18 years
  • Admission to the emergency department with a primary diagnosis of decompensated heart failure
  • Inclusion within the first 24 hours after emergency department admission
  • In patients who received intravenous loop diuretics before inclusion, baseline urine sample collected at least 6 hours after the last loop diuretic dose
  • Written informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Hemodynamic instability (systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg and/or serum lactate >2 mmol/L)
  • Decompensated heart failure in the setting of an acute coronary syndrome
  • Chronic maintenance therapy with an SGLT2 inhibitor or acetazolamide before the current episode
  • Baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (outside the acute episode) <20 mL/min/1.73 m²
  • Renal replacement therapy
  • Metabolic or respiratory acidosis (arterial pH <7.35)
  • Sodium bicarbonate administration before inclusion

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: Treatment
  • Allocation: Non-Randomized
  • Interventional Model: Sequential Assignment
  • Masking: None (Open Label)

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm

Participant Group / Arm

A group or subgroup of participants in a clinical trial that receives a specific intervention/treatment, or no intervention, according to the trial's protocol.
Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.
Active Comparator: Loop diuretic alone (LD)

Intravenous furosemide. Initial dose: twice the oral outpatient dose (maximum 160 mg IV), or 40 mg IV in patients not on chronic loop diuretics. Subsequent dose adjustments at the attending physician's discretion.
Drug: Furosemide

Intravenous furosemide; initial dose twice the oral outpatient dose (max 160 mg) or 40 mg if loop diuretic-naïve; subsequent adjustments per attending physician.
Experimental: Loop diuretic + SGLT2 inhibitor (LD+SGLT2i)

Intravenous furosemide (as in the LD arm) plus oral dapagliflozin 10 mg or empagliflozin 10 mg once daily, started on day 1. SGLT2i may be continued after day 3.
Drug: Furosemide

Intravenous furosemide; initial dose twice the oral outpatient dose (max 160 mg) or 40 mg if loop diuretic-naïve; subsequent adjustments per attending physician.

Drug: Dapagliflozin

Oral dapagliflozin 10 mg once daily.

Drug: Empagliflozin

Oral empagliflozin 10 mg once daily.
Experimental: Loop diuretic + acetazolamide (LD+A)

Intravenous furosemide (as in the LD arm) plus intravenous acetazolamide 500 mg once daily for a maximum of 3 days (maximum 3 administrations).
Drug: Furosemide

Intravenous furosemide; initial dose twice the oral outpatient dose (max 160 mg) or 40 mg if loop diuretic-naïve; subsequent adjustments per attending physician.

Drug: Acetazolamide

Intravenous acetazolamide 500 mg once daily for up to 3 days.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, the planned outcome measure that is the most important for evaluating the effect of an intervention/treatment. Most clinical studies have one primary outcome measure, but some have more than one.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Change in spot urinary sodium concentration at 6 hours
Time Frame: Baseline and 6 hours after the first study treatment administration (day 1)

Change in spot urinary sodium concentration (mmol/L) from baseline to 6 hours after the first study treatment administration. The main comparison is LD+A versus LD alone; the comparison of LD+SGLT2i versus LD alone is secondary.
Baseline and 6 hours after the first study treatment administration (day 1)

Secondary Outcome Measures

Secondary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, a planned outcome measure that is not as important as the primary outcome measure for evaluating the effect of an intervention but is still of interest. Most clinical studies have more than one secondary outcome measure.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Change in spot urinary sodium concentration at day 3
Time Frame: Baseline and 6 hours after the third study treatment administration (day 3)

Change in spot urinary sodium (mmol/L) from baseline to 6 hours after the third study treatment administration.
Baseline and 6 hours after the third study treatment administration (day 3)
Proportion of patients with spot urinary sodium >70 mmol/L
Time Frame: 6 hours after first administration (day 1)

Percentage of patients achieving spot urinary sodium >70 mmol/L 6 hours after the first study treatment administration.
6 hours after first administration (day 1)
Change in spot urinary potassium
Time Frame: Baseline, 6 hours after first administration (day 1) and 6 hours after third administration (day 3)

Change in spot urinary potassium (mmol/L) from baseline.
Baseline, 6 hours after first administration (day 1) and 6 hours after third administration (day 3)
Change in spot urinary magnesium
Time Frame: Baseline, 6 hours after first administration (day 1) and 6 hours after third administration (day 3)

Change in spot urinary magnesium from baseline.
Baseline, 6 hours after first administration (day 1) and 6 hours after third administration (day 3)
Change in spot urinary phosphate
Time Frame: Baseline, 6 hours after first administration (day 1) and 6 hours after third administration (day 3)

Change in spot urinary phosphate from baseline.
Baseline, 6 hours after first administration (day 1) and 6 hours after third administration (day 3)
Change in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)
Time Frame: Baseline and day 3

Change in eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²) from baseline.
Baseline and day 3
Change in hemoglobin
Time Frame: Baseline and day 3

Change in hemoglobin (g/dL) from baseline.
Baseline and day 3
Change in hematocrit
Time Frame: Baseline and day 3

Change in hematocrit (%) from baseline.
Baseline and day 3
Change in serum urea
Time Frame: Baseline and day 3

Change in serum urea (mg/dL) from baseline.
Baseline and day 3
Change in serum sodium
Time Frame: Baseline and day 3

Change in serum sodium (mmol/L) from baseline.
Baseline and day 3
Change in serum potassium
Time Frame: Baseline and day 3

Change in serum potassium (mmol/L) from baseline.
Baseline and day 3
Change in serum chloride
Time Frame: Baseline and day 3

Change in serum chloride (mmol/L) from baseline.
Baseline and day 3
Change in systolic blood pressure
Time Frame: Baseline, day 2 and day 3

Change in systolic blood pressure (mmHg) from baseline.
Baseline, day 2 and day 3
Change in diastolic blood pressure
Time Frame: Baseline, day 2 and day 3

Change in diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) from baseline.
Baseline, day 2 and day 3
Change in clinical congestion score
Time Frame: Baseline, day 2 and day 3

Change in the clinical congestion score from baseline. The clinical congestion score is a composite score based on three items (orthopnea, peripheral edema and jugular venous pressure elevation), each graded from 0 to 3, with a total score ranging from 0 (no congestion) to 9 (maximum congestion). Higher scores indicate a worse outcome (more congestion).
Baseline, day 2 and day 3
Proportion of patients with clinical decongestion
Time Frame: Day 3

Percentage of patients achieving clinical decongestion, defined as a clinical congestion score ≤2 points. The clinical congestion score is a composite score based on orthopnea, peripheral edema and jugular venous pressure elevation, each graded from 0 to 3 (total score 0-9; higher scores indicate more congestion).
Day 3
Cumulative intravenous loop diuretic dose
Time Frame: Up to day 3

Cumulative intravenous furosemide dose (mg) administered up to day 3.
Up to day 3
Incidence of hypokalemia
Time Frame: Baseline to day 3

Percentage of patients with serum potassium <3.5 mmol/L.
Baseline to day 3
Incidence of severe hypokalemia
Time Frame: Baseline to day 3

Percentage of patients with serum potassium <3.0 mmol/L.
Baseline to day 3
Incidence of hyponatremia
Time Frame: Baseline to day 3

Percentage of patients with serum sodium <135 mmol/L.
Baseline to day 3
Incidence of hypotension
Time Frame: Baseline to day 3

Percentage of patients with systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg.
Baseline to day 3
Incidence of stage 2 acute kidney injury
Time Frame: Baseline to day 3

Percentage of patients with stage 2 acute kidney injury according to the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) staging criteria, defined as at least doubling of serum creatinine from baseline. KDIGO stages range from 1 to 3, with higher stages indicating more severe kidney injury (worse outcome).
Baseline to day 3
Incidence of ≥50% increase in serum creatinine
Time Frame: Baseline to day 3

Percentage of patients with ≥50% increase in serum creatinine from baseline.
Baseline to day 3

Other Outcome Measures

Other Outcome Measures

For clinical trials, a planned measurement described in the protocol that is used to determine the effect of an intervention/treatment on participants. For observational studies, a measurement or observation that is used to describe patterns of diseases or traits, or associations with exposures, risk factors, or treatment. Types of outcome measures include primary outcome measure and secondary outcome measure.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Length of hospital stay
Time Frame: From emergency department admission until hospital discharge, assessed up to 90 days

Duration of index hospitalization (days).
From emergency department admission until hospital discharge, assessed up to 90 days
In-hospital mortality
Time Frame: From emergency department admission until hospital discharge, assessed up to 90 days

Death from any cause during index hospitalization.
From emergency department admission until hospital discharge, assessed up to 90 days
All-cause mortality
Time Frame: From study inclusion until death from any cause, assessed up to 90 days

Time to death from any cause.
From study inclusion until death from any cause, assessed up to 90 days
Cardiovascular mortality
Time Frame: From study inclusion until cardiovascular death, assessed up to 90 days

Time to cardiovascular death.
From study inclusion until cardiovascular death, assessed up to 90 days
All-cause rehospitalization
Time Frame: From hospital discharge until first rehospitalization for any cause, assessed up to 90 days after study inclusion

Time to first rehospitalization for any cause.
From hospital discharge until first rehospitalization for any cause, assessed up to 90 days after study inclusion
Heart failure rehospitalization
Time Frame: From hospital discharge until first rehospitalization for heart failure, assessed up to 90 days after study inclusion

Time to first rehospitalization for heart failure.
From hospital discharge until first rehospitalization for heart failure, assessed up to 90 days after study inclusion
Composite of all-cause mortality or all-cause rehospitalization
Time Frame: From study inclusion until the first occurrence of any component event, assessed up to 90 days

Time to first occurrence of all-cause death or all-cause rehospitalization.
From study inclusion until the first occurrence of any component event, assessed up to 90 days
Composite of cardiovascular mortality or heart failure rehospitalization
Time Frame: From study inclusion until the first occurrence of any component event, assessed up to 90 days

Time to first occurrence of cardiovascular death or heart failure rehospitalization.
From study inclusion until the first occurrence of any component event, assessed up to 90 days

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Sponsor

The organization or person who initiates the study and who has authority and control over the study.
Universidade do Porto

Investigators

Investigators

A researcher involved in a clinical study. Related terms include site principal investigator, site sub-investigator, study chair, study director, and study principal investigator.
  • Principal Investigator: Pedro M. Marques, MD, Unidade Local de Saúde São João, Oporto

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Actual)

Study Start

The actual date on which the first participant was enrolled in a clinical study. The "anticipated" study start date is the date that the researchers think will be the study start date.
March 11, 2024

Primary Completion (Actual)

Primary Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention to collect final data for the primary outcome measure. Whether the clinical study ended according to the protocol or was terminated does not affect this date. For clinical studies with more than one primary outcome measure with different completion dates, this term refers to the date on which data collection is completed for all the primary outcome measures. The "anticipated" primary completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the primary completion date for the study.
September 29, 2026

Study Completion (Estimated)

Study Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention/treatment to collect final data for the primary outcome measures, secondary outcome measures, and adverse events (that is, the last participant's last visit). The "anticipated" study completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the study completion date.
December 1, 2026

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

First Submitted

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submitted a study record to ClinicalTrials.gov. There is typically a delay of a few days between the first submitted date and the record's availability on ClinicalTrials.gov (the first posted date).
October 29, 2026

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submits a study record that is consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. The sponsor or investigator may need to revise and submit a study record one or more times before NLM's QC review criteria are met. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
November 5, 2026

First Posted (Actual)

First Posted

The date on which the study record was first available on ClinicalTrials.gov after National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review has concluded. There is typically a delay of a few days between the date the study sponsor or investigator submitted the study record and the first posted date.
November 9, 2026

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

Last Update Posted

The most recent date on which changes to a study record were made available on ClinicalTrials.gov. There may be a delay between when the changes were submitted to ClinicalTrials.gov by the study's sponsor or investigator (the last update submitted date) and the last update posted date.
November 9, 2026

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator submitted changes to a study record that are consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
November 5, 2026

Last Verified

Last Verified

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator confirmed the information about a clinical study on ClinicalTrials.gov as accurate and current. If a study with a recruitment status of recruiting; not yet recruiting; or active, not recruiting has not been confirmed within the past 2 years, the study's recruitment status is shown as unknown.
October 1, 2026

More Information

Terms related to this study

Additional Relevant MeSH Terms

Other Study ID Numbers

Other Study ID Numbers

Identifiers or ID numbers other than the NCT number that are assigned to a clinical study by the study's sponsor, funders, or others. These numbers may include unique identifiers from other trial registries and National Institutes of Health grant numbers.
  • GLIDE-DHF

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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