Basketbal Based Motor Cognitive Training Promotes Adolescents' Personal Growth Initiative and Reduces Reliance on AI

November 6, 2026 updated by: Yunliang Zhang

Basketball-Based Motor Cognitive Training Promotes Adolescents' Personal Growth Initiative and Reduces Reliance on AI: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Objective: To explore whether a 12-week basketball-based cognitive-motor dual-task training (CMDT) improves adolescents' personal growth initiative and functional components of AI dependence, and to examine its effects on critical thinking disposition. Methods: This 12-week randomized controlled trial recruited 106 adolescents aged 18-19 years, who were randomly assigned to either the CMDT group or the control group. The CMDT group received basketball training embedded with cognitive tasks, while the control group participated in conventional basketball training with matched exercise volume. Assessments were conducted at baseline (week 0), mid-intervention (week 6), and post-intervention (week 12) using the Personal Growth Initiative Scale-II (PGIS-II), Critical Thinking Disposition Scale (CTDS), and Conversational AI Dependence Scale (CAIDS-20). A 2 × 3 mixed repeated-measures analysis of variance was adopted to test the main effects of group, time, and group-by-time interaction effects.

Study Overview

Status

Status

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Not yet recruiting

Conditions

Conditions

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Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

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Study Type

Study Type

Describes the nature of a clinical study. Study types include interventional studies (also called clinical trials), observational studies (including patient registries), and expanded access.
Interventional

Enrollment (Estimated)

Enrollment

The number of participants in a clinical study. The "anticipated" enrollment is the target number of participants that the researchers need for the study.
106

Phase

Phase

The stage of a clinical trial studying a drug or biological product, based on definitions developed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The phase is based on the study's objective, the number of participants, and other characteristics. There are five phases: Early Phase 1 (formerly listed as Phase 0), Phase 1, Phase 2, Phase 3, and Phase 4. Not Applicable is used to describe trials without FDA-defined phases, including trials of devices or behavioral interventions.
  • Not Applicable

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

The key requirements that people who want to participate in a clinical study must meet or the characteristics they must have. Eligibility criteria consist of both inclusion criteria (which are required for a person to participate in the study) and exclusion criteria (which prevent a person from participating). Types of eligibility criteria include whether a study accepts healthy volunteers, has age or age group requirements, or is limited by sex.

Ages Eligible for Study

18 years to 19 years (Adult)

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No

Genders Eligible for Study

All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Aged 18-19 years
  • No formal diagnosis of neurological or psychiatric disorders; - No musculoskeletal injuries within the past 6 months that would interfere with participation in basketball training
  • No prior systematic participation in any structured cognitive-motor training program
  • Ability to participate fully in the 12-week intervention and all testing sessions

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Currently taking medications that may affect cognitive function
  • Having uncorrected vision or hearing impairments
  • Being unable to understand the Chinese version of the questionnaire or test instructions
  • Missing more than three consecutive training sessions during the intervention period.

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: Treatment
  • Allocation: Randomized
  • Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
  • Masking: Double

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm

Participant Group / Arm

A group or subgroup of participants in a clinical trial that receives a specific intervention/treatment, or no intervention, according to the trial's protocol.
Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.
Experimental: Basketball-Based Motor Cognitive Training
Behavioral: Basketball-Based Motor Cognitive Training

The CMDT group was required to complete both motor and cognitive exercises simultaneously. The training was designed to enhance behavioral and cognitive abilities based on the characteristics of the four dimensions of the PGI. The plan was to stimulate the PGI through various scenarios. For example, the offensive time limit was set at 12 or 10 seconds to train the "readiness for change" dimension. During the training period, the experimental group completed a 12-week training program divided into four phases, with three tasks in each phase. Coaches will distribute the training sessions for the three tasks evenly across each phase. Each training session includes a warm-up and dynamic decision-making phase (10 minutes), combining dribbling with visual search tasks to quickly locate markers or teammates on the court; a cognitive-motor integration training phase (40 minutes), incorporating inhibitory control into offensive and defensive drills-such as sudden change-of-direction commands vi
Placebo Comparator: Traditional Basketball Training
Behavioral: Traditional Basketball Training

Participants engaged in basketball fundamentals and competitive drills (dribbling, passing, shooting, and simple tactical exercises) at the same intensity and frequency, but without incorporating any additional cognitive tasks or conducting structured debriefings, in order to isolate the cognitive training component. Aside from the inclusion of cognitive tasks, the two groups were matched in terms of training content, venue, coach qualifications, and intensity. A standard individual training session consists of a warm-up phase (10 minutes), a training phase (40 minutes), and a cool-down phase (10 minutes). Following basic training principles, the coach focuses on dribbling fundamentals, incorporating various hand movements, speed changes, and directional shifts, and concludes the session with shooting or moves around the basket.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, the planned outcome measure that is the most important for evaluating the effect of an intervention/treatment. Most clinical studies have one primary outcome measure, but some have more than one.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Personal Growth Initiative
Time Frame: 0week、6week、12week

The Personal Growth Initiative Scale-II consists of 16 items rated on a 6-point Likert scale ranging from 0 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). The PGIS-II scale has four subscales: Resource Utilization (3 items, e.g., "When I try to change myself, I seek help"), Intentional Behavior (4 items, e.g., "I seize every opportunity to grow"), Planning (5 items, e.g., "I set realistic goals for the changes I want to make"), and Readiness for Change (4 items, e.g., "When I am ready to make specific changes in myself, I can recognize it") . Subscale scores are calculated by averaging the item scores for that subscale. The total scale score is calculated by averaging the scores of the four subscales. Higher scores indicate higher levels of PGI and its subscales.
0week、6week、12week
Reduces Reliance on AI
Time Frame: 0week、6week、12week

Dependence on artificial intelligence technology is measured using the Conversational AI Dependence Scale . The scale consists of four dimensions and 20 items: lack of control, withdrawal symptoms, emotional changes, and negative effects. The scale uses a five-point rating scale (1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree); the higher the total score, the greater the dependence on artificial intelligence technology.
0week、6week、12week

Secondary Outcome Measures

Secondary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, a planned outcome measure that is not as important as the primary outcome measure for evaluating the effect of an intervention but is still of interest. Most clinical studies have more than one secondary outcome measure.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Critical thinking
Time Frame: 0week、6week、12week

The Chinese revised version of the Critical Thinking Disposition Scale (CTDS), developed by Sosu (2013) , was used. The scale consists of 11 items and includes two dimensions: critical openness (7 items, measuring an individual's openness and acceptance of new perspectives and feedback from others) and reflective skepticism (4 items, measuring an individual's tendency to question and carefully evaluate information rather than blindly accept it). A 5-point Likert scale was used (1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree); higher scores indicate stronger critical thinking dispositions.
0week、6week、12week

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Sponsor

The organization or person who initiates the study and who has authority and control over the study.
Yunliang Zhang

Publications and helpful links

The person responsible for entering information about the study voluntarily provides these publications. These may be about anything related to the study.

Helpful Links

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Estimated)

Study Start

The actual date on which the first participant was enrolled in a clinical study. The "anticipated" study start date is the date that the researchers think will be the study start date.
November 10, 2026

Primary Completion (Estimated)

Primary Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention to collect final data for the primary outcome measure. Whether the clinical study ended according to the protocol or was terminated does not affect this date. For clinical studies with more than one primary outcome measure with different completion dates, this term refers to the date on which data collection is completed for all the primary outcome measures. The "anticipated" primary completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the primary completion date for the study.
February 2, 2027

Study Completion (Estimated)

Study Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention/treatment to collect final data for the primary outcome measures, secondary outcome measures, and adverse events (that is, the last participant's last visit). The "anticipated" study completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the study completion date.
February 9, 2027

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

First Submitted

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submitted a study record to ClinicalTrials.gov. There is typically a delay of a few days between the first submitted date and the record's availability on ClinicalTrials.gov (the first posted date).
October 29, 2026

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submits a study record that is consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. The sponsor or investigator may need to revise and submit a study record one or more times before NLM's QC review criteria are met. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
November 6, 2026

First Posted (Actual)

First Posted

The date on which the study record was first available on ClinicalTrials.gov after National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review has concluded. There is typically a delay of a few days between the date the study sponsor or investigator submitted the study record and the first posted date.
November 12, 2026

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

Last Update Posted

The most recent date on which changes to a study record were made available on ClinicalTrials.gov. There may be a delay between when the changes were submitted to ClinicalTrials.gov by the study's sponsor or investigator (the last update submitted date) and the last update posted date.
November 12, 2026

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator submitted changes to a study record that are consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
November 6, 2026

Last Verified

Last Verified

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator confirmed the information about a clinical study on ClinicalTrials.gov as accurate and current. If a study with a recruitment status of recruiting; not yet recruiting; or active, not recruiting has not been confirmed within the past 2 years, the study's recruitment status is shown as unknown.
November 1, 2026

More Information

Terms related to this study

Other Study ID Numbers

Other Study ID Numbers

Identifiers or ID numbers other than the NCT number that are assigned to a clinical study by the study's sponsor, funders, or others. These numbers may include unique identifiers from other trial registries and National Institutes of Health grant numbers.
  • TJUS2026-104

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?

YES

IPD Sharing Supporting Information Type

  • ICF

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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