Effect of Amygdala Neurofeedback on Depressive Symptoms and Processing Biases

The purpose of this study is to determine whether upregulating the left amygdala during positive autobiographical memory recall via real time functional magnetic resonance imaging neurofeedback will lead to an improvement in clinician administered ratings of depressive symptoms. The investigators predict that patients with major depressive disorder receiving left amygdala neurofeedback will increase their amygdala response during positive autobiographical memory recall compared to those receiving control feedback from a region not involved in emotional processing and that this ability will be associated with clinically significant improvement.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Major Depressive Disorder
• Intervention / Treatment: Behavioral: real-time fMRI neurofeedback: Amygdala; Behavioral: real-time fMRI neurofeedback: HIPS

Detailed Description

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is the leading cause of years lived with disability worldwide. Traditional pharmacological and/or psychological interventions are ineffective in up to one-half of patients, and treatments (such as electroconvulsive therapy, vagus nerve stimulation, and deep brain stimulation) available for severely ill patients who do not respond to standard interventions are invasive, and associated with potentially significant side effects. Therefore, there is a need to explore and develop novel non-invasive treatments.

One such non-invasive method is real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging neurofeedback (rtfMRI-nf), which allows a person to see and regulate the fMRI signal from his or her own brain. Emerging evidence suggests rtfMRI-nf has clinical utility in reducing symptoms of chronic pain, tinnitus, and Parkinson's disease. The goal of the current study is to leverage recent advances in rtfMRI-nf to determine whether this procedure can be adapted as treatment for MDD. While amygdala activity is exaggerated in response to negative stimuli in MDD, evidence further suggests that the amygdala response to positive stimuli is attenuated in MDD and normalizes with remission. Therefore, the target for our rtfMRI-nf procedure is the left amygdala. Participants will be randomly assigned to receive rtfMRI-nf from either the left amygdala or the left horizontal segment of the intraparietal sulcus (HIPS; a region not involved in emotional processing) and to increase the activity within that region to a target level by thinking of positive autobiographical memories. This neurofeedback condition will alternate with periods of rest and counting backwards in order to allow participants to disengage from memory contemplation. A final run without neurofeedback information will be included to determine whether participants can maintain the learned amygdala elevation during positive memory recall in the absence of neurofeedback. Participants will complete two sessions within a one-week period. Clinical ratings will be taken at the time of each scan to determine whether the amygdala rtfMRI-nf procedure results in improvement of depression symptoms, and changes within the emotional regulation network that occur with successful amygdala regulation will be examined. Furthermore, the investigators aim to determine whether the rtfMRI-nf procedure will alter assessments of emotional processing conducted within three days prior to, and following completion of, the rtfMRI-nf procedure.

Specific Aim 1: In individuals with MDD, determine the degree to which rtfMRI-nf enhances voluntary control over neural activity in the amygdala, co-modulates other brain regions within the emotion regulation circuitry, and alters depressive symptom severity ratings.

• Hypothesis 1.1: MDD participants receiving rtfMRI-nf regarding blood oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) activity within their amygdala can learn to voluntarily regulate this activity in response to positive stimuli. MDD participants receiving rtfMRI-nf regarding left amygdala activity will demonstrate greater activity in this region while contemplating positive autobiographical memories (AMs) than MDD participants receiving rtfMRI-nf regarding BOLD activity in the left HIPS, a region not involved in emotion.
• Hypothesis 1.2: The investigators hypothesize enhancing control over the amygdala via rtfMRI-nf will increase connectivity strengths between the amygdala and prefrontal regions involved in modulating emotional behavior including the pregenual anterior cingulate cortex and ventromedial prefrontal cortex.
• Hypothesis 1.3: The investigators hypothesize participants showing the greatest enhancement of amygdala activity in response to rtfMRI-nf also will show the greatest improvement in depressive symptom severity ratings at the end of the study.

Specific Aim 2: In MDD patients, determine the degree to which rtfMRI-nf from the amygdala restores a normative mood-congruent processing bias during the processing of emotionally valenced stimuli.

• Hypothesis 2.1: During the performance of a backward masking task in which emotional faces are presented below conscious awareness, the investigators hypothesize MDD participants will initially show a processing bias toward negative stimuli in the amygdala that will reverse to a processing bias toward positive stimuli in participants receiving active vs HIPS rtfMRI-nf
• Hypothesis 2.2: The investigators hypothesize that MDD patients will initially show a mood-congruent processing bias toward negative stimuli on the P1Vital Emotional Test Battery that will reverse to a bias toward positive stimuli following amygdala (vs HIPS) rtfMRI-nf.

Results from this project will lead to new insights into the plastic neurobiological mechanisms that govern recovery from MDD and promote novel, non-invasive approaches to MDD treatment.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 36
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• United States
  • Oklahoma
    • Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States, 74136
      • Laureate Institute for Brain Research

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years to 55 years (ADULT)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• clinical diagnosis of major depressive disorder
• right handed
• adult aged 18-55
• currently depressed

Exclusion Criteria:

• clinically significant or unstable cardiovascular, pulmonary, endocrine, neurological, gastrointestinal illness or unstable medical disorder
• met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) criteria for alcohol and/or substance abuse or substance dependence (other than nicotine) within 12 months prior to screening
• endorse suicidal intent or have made a suicide attempt within the preceding three months
• history of traumatic brain injury
• inability to complete MRI scan due to claustrophobia or general MRI exclusions (e.g., shrapnel inside body)
• current pregnancy or breast feeding
• a primary language other than English
• received psychotropic drugs for at least 3 weeks (8 weeks for fluoxetine) prior to scanning (Effective medications will not be discontinued for the purposes of the study)

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: TREATMENT
• Allocation: RANDOMIZED
• Interventional Model: PARALLEL
• Masking: QUADRUPLE

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
EXPERIMENTAL: real-time fMRI neurofeedback: Amygdala; Amygdala neurofeedback - attempt to upregulate the left amygdala during positive autobiographical memory recall via real time fMRI neurofeedback from the amygdala. Two sessions will be performed one week apart.	Behavioral: real-time fMRI neurofeedback: Amygdala; Participants are shown activity from their left amygdala in real time and are instructed to increase the level of activity in that region by thinking of positive autobiographical memories.
ACTIVE_COMPARATOR: real-time fMRI neurofeedback: HIPS; HIPS neurofeedback - attempt to upregulate the left horizontal segment of the intraparietal sulcus (HIPS), a region not involved in emotional processing, during positive autobiographical memory recall via real time fMRI neurofeedback from the HIPS. Two sessions will be performed one week apart.	Behavioral: real-time fMRI neurofeedback: HIPS; Participants are shown activity from their left horizontal segment of the intraparietal sulcus in real time and are instructed to increase the level of activity in that region by thinking of positive autobiographical memories.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Change From Baseline in Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale at 2 Weeks	Depression symptom severity rating scale. The overall score ranges on MADRS are from from 0 to 60, with higher scores indicating more severe depression. Usual cutoff points are: 0 to 6 - normal /symptom absent 7 to 19 - mild depression 20 to 34 - moderate depression >34 - severe depression	baseline and 2 weeks

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Change From Baseline Beck Depression Inventory at 2 Weeks	Depression symptom severity rating scale. The overall score ranges on BDI are from from 0 to 63, with higher scores indicating more severe depression. Usual cutoff points are: 0 to 13 - normal /symptom absent 14 to 19 - mild depression 20 to 28 - moderate depression >29 - severe depression	baseline and 2 weeks
Change From Baseline Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression at 2 Weeks	Depression symptom severity rating scale. The overall score ranges on HDRS are from from 0 to 50, with higher scores indicating more severe depression. Usual cutoff points are: 0 to 7 - normal /symptom absent 8 to 16 - mild depression 17 to 23 - moderate depression >24 - severe depression	baseline and 2 weeks

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Inc.
• Collaborators: National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Kymberly D Young, PhD, Laureate Institute for Brain Research

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Zotev V, Phillips R, Young KD, Drevets WC, Bodurka J. Prefrontal control of the amygdala during real-time fMRI neurofeedback training of emotion regulation. PLoS One. 2013 Nov 6;8(11):e79184. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079184. eCollection 2013.
• Zotev V, Krueger F, Phillips R, Alvarez RP, Simmons WK, Bellgowan P, Drevets WC, Bodurka J. Self-regulation of amygdala activation using real-time FMRI neurofeedback. PLoS One. 2011;6(9):e24522. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024522. Epub 2011 Sep 8.
• Young KD, Zotev V, Phillips R, Misaki M, Yuan H, Drevets WC, Bodurka J. Real-time FMRI neurofeedback training of amygdala activity in patients with major depressive disorder. PLoS One. 2014 Feb 11;9(2):e88785. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088785. eCollection 2014.
• Young KD, Siegle GJ, Zotev V, Phillips R, Misaki M, Yuan H, Drevets WC, Bodurka J. Randomized Clinical Trial of Real-Time fMRI Amygdala Neurofeedback for Major Depressive Disorder: Effects on Symptoms and Autobiographical Memory Recall. Am J Psychiatry. 2017 Aug 1;174(8):748-755. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.16060637. Epub 2017 Apr 14.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start: April 1, 2014
• Primary Completion (ACTUAL): April 1, 2016
• Study Completion (ACTUAL): April 1, 2016

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: March 4, 2014
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: March 5, 2014
• First Posted (ESTIMATE): March 6, 2014

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (ACTUAL): September 25, 2017
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: July 21, 2017
• Last Verified: July 1, 2017

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Depression; Amygdala; Neurofeedback
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Behavioral Symptoms; Mental Disorders; Mood Disorders; Depression; Depressive Disorder; Depressive Disorder, Major
• Other Study ID Numbers: 2013-013-00; 4R00MH101235-03 (NIH)