Whole Body Vibration and External Load Exercise Training on Cardiovascular and Autonomic Function in Obese Individuals

The Effect of the Combination of Whole Body Vibration and External Load Exercise Training on Cardiovascular and Autonomic Function in Obese Individuals

Obesity is directly related to arterial dysfunction and negatively associated to muscle strength. High-intensity resistance exercise is the favored modality to offset muscle weakness, yet, adverse effects on arterial function (pulse wave velocity, wave reflection, and aortic and brachial blood pressures) have been observed. Conventional unloaded-whole body vibration training (WBVT) has improved arterial function in overweight/obese women but appears to be low-intensity. Nevertheless, the effects of moderate-intensity (by adding external load) WBVT on arterial and muscle function are unknown. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine whether loaded-WBVT would induce greater benefits than unloaded-WBVT on arterial and muscle function in young overweight/obese women. Furthermore, we examined whether these changes were similar to healthy lean young women.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Obesity
• Intervention / Treatment: Other: Unloaded-Whole Body Vibration (WBVT); Other: Loaded-Whole Body Vibration (WBVT)

Detailed Description

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of 6 weeks of loaded-WBVT on arterial stiffness, peripheral and aortic blood pressures, wave reflection, endothelial function, and muscle strength in overweight/obese women.

The specific aims of the study were:

1. To examine whether 6 weeks of loaded-WBVT was more beneficial than unloaded-WBVT in decreasing cardiovascular risk factors by assessing arterial stiffness (aortic, leg, and systemic), aortic blood pressures and wave reflection, brachial blood pressures, autonomic function, endothelial function, and blood flow (leg and arm).
2. To determine the extent to which 6 weeks of loaded-WBVT improved body composition measured by changes in fat and lean mass utilizing dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and waist circumference.
3. To evaluate the effect of 6 wees of loaded-WBVT on muscle strength by using the one-repetition maximum test (leg press and chest press exercises).

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 60
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• United States
  • Florida
    • Tallahassee, Florida, United States, 32306
      • FSU College of Human Sciences

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 14 years to 21 years (Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: Female

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Female
• 18 to 25 years of age
• Sedentary (less than 120 min per wk)
• 15 lean (Body mass index of 18-25 kg/m²)
• 45 overweight/obese (Body mass index of 27-39.9 kg/m²)

Exclusion Criteria:

• Younger than 18 or older than 25 years of age
• Body mass index lower than 18 or higher than 39.9
• Physically active or competitively active
• Smokers
• Pregnant
• Irregular menstrual cycle
• Use of dietary supplementations (e.g.,L-arginine,L-citrulline,antioxidants)
• Any contraindications to exercise and/or whole-body vibration exercise

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Basic Science
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: Single

Number of Arms

4

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
No Intervention: Lean Control; This arm involves not making any changes to the subject's lifestyle at the moment of the start of the intervention and for 6 weeks.
No Intervention: Overweight/Obese Control; This arm involves not making any changes to the subject's lifestyle at the moment of the start of the intervention and for 6 weeks.
Experimental: Unloaded-Whole Body Vibration (WBVT); Lower-body exercise training on a vibration platform	Other: Unloaded-Whole Body Vibration (WBVT); The unloaded-WBVT intervention consists of four leg exercises performed dynamically over a vibrating platform 3 times/week for 6 weeks. Dynamic movements were performed with controlled movements starting from an upright position into a 90 and 120 degree knee angle, wide-stance squat, and maximal heel elevation. The training volume increased progressively by increasing the intensity of the vibration (30-35 Hz; low-high amplitude), duration of exercise (30-60 sec), number of sets per exercise (2-8), and total during of training session, while decreasing the rest periods (60-30 sec).
Experimental: Loaded-Whole Body Vibration (WBVT); Externally loaded lower-body exercise training on a vibration platform	Other: Loaded-Whole Body Vibration (WBVT); The loaded-WBVT intervention consists of four leg exercises performed dynamically over a vibrating platform 3 times/week for 6 weeks. Importantly, an external load was applied to a weight vest to account for the necessary weight to perform a specific number of repetitions (progressed from 15-8 repetitions maximum during the 6 weeks). Dynamic movements were performed with controlled movements starting from an upright position into a 90 and 120 degree knee angle, wide-stance squat, and maximal heel elevation. The training volume increased progressively by increasing the intensity of the vibration (30-35 Hz; low-high amplitude), duration of exercise (30-60 sec), number of sets per exercise (2-8), and total during of training session, while decreasing the rest periods (60-30 sec).

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Arterial Stiffness	Aortic, leg, and systemic pulse wave velocity acquired through non-invasive sensors.	6 weeks
Pressure Wave Reflection	Augmentation index acquired through radial tonometry.	6 weeks

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Body Composition	Measuring fat mass and lean mass from dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry.	6 weeks
Muscle Strength	Using one-repetition maximum (1-RM) test for the leg press and chest press exercises.	6 weeks
Autonomic Function	Heart rate variability through electrocardiogram.	6 weeks
Blood Pressures	Non-invasive measures of brachial and aortic blood pressures.	6 weeks
Endothelial Function	Non-invasive arm and leg blood flow using vascular ultrasound positioned on my skin at rest and during increased blood flow.	6 weeks

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Florida State University

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Alvarez-Alvarado S, Jaime SJ, Ormsbee MJ, Campbell JC, Post J, Pacilio J, Figueroa A. Benefits of whole-body vibration training on arterial function and muscle strength in young overweight/obese women. Hypertens Res. 2017 May;40(5):487-492. doi: 10.1038/hr.2016.178. Epub 2017 Jan 12.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start: September 1, 2013
• Primary Completion (Actual): August 1, 2015
• Study Completion (Actual): August 1, 2015

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: February 1, 2016
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: February 8, 2016
• First Posted (Estimate): February 11, 2016

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Estimate): February 11, 2016
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: February 8, 2016
• Last Verified: February 1, 2016

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Endothelial function; Muscle strength; Blood flow; Arterial function; Whole-body vibration training; Aortic blood pressures; Wave reflection
• Other Study ID Numbers: HSC201311173

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: No