Mechanism of Non-invasive Magnetic Stimulation

Understanding the Acute Modulation of Brain Activity by Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Background:

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is form of non-invasive brain stimulation. It is approved to treat depression. TMS may help decrease drug craving. It is important to understand how TMS affects the brain. Such a better understanding would help to design ways to treat drug addiction.

Objectives:

To learn how TMS affects the brain when it stimulates an area in the front of the brain. Also, to see how the stimulation affects the area stimulated and other connected areas.

Eligibility:

Healthy, right-handed adults ages 18 60 who are non-drug users.

Design:

Participants will be screened under protocol 06-DA-N415.

Participants will have at least 3 visits. The first visit will last about 3 hours. All other visits will last up to 6 hours. Participants cannot use drugs or alcohol at least 24 hours before a visit. They cannot have more than half a cup of a caffeinated drink at least 12 hours before a visit.

Each visit will include a brief medical history update, urine test for drugs and pregnancy (if female), a breath test for alcohol and smoking, and questionnaires.

Participants will have a TMS orientation visit. A wire coil will be placed on the head. An electrical current will pass through the coil to create a magnetic pulse that stimulates the brain.

The other visits will include 2 sessions of TMS-MRI. Participants will lie on a table that slides into a cylinder. The TMS coil and the MRI coil will be placed over the head. Pictures will be taken of the brain with and without stimulation.

Participants will complete a questionnaire about how they feel before and after each TMS session and in a follow-up call 2 3 weeks after their last session.

Study Overview

• Status: Recruiting
• Conditions: Healthy Volunteers
• Intervention / Treatment: Device: TMS (MagVenture MagPro 100 with MagOption)

Detailed Description

Objectives:

The goal of the protocol is to investigate acute modulations of brain activity by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Using simultaneous TMS and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we will evaluate TMS induced changes in brain activity, including regional brain activation and inter-regional functional connectivity. Repetitive TMS will be applied over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) with different frequencies and interleaved with fMRI acquisition to provide online monitoring of brain activity. Furthermore, we will assess the relationship between the TMS induced brain activity and the anatomical connection obtained from diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), using individual variations in these imaging measures. Results from this study will help to understand the underling mechanism of TMS and will provide insights for interpretation of TMS and fMRI data.

Study population:

Up to 70 healthy, adults will be tested. Subjects must fit exclusion/inclusion criteria for both TMS and MRI. We expect to enroll 70 subjects to arrive at 50 who complete the protocol.

Design:

The study is a within-subject design with each subject completing up to 6 TMS-fMRI sessions in three days (2 sessions per day)

Outcome measures:

The outcome measures will be the effects of TMS on fMRI blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) responses, TMS induced changes on resting state functional connectivity, and their associations with relevant structural connectivity revealed by DTI.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Estimated): 70
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

• Study Contact: Name: Yihong Yang, Ph.D.; Phone Number: (667) 312-5364; Email: yihongyang@intra.nida.nih.gov
• Study Contact Backup: Name: NIDA IRP Screening Team; Phone Number: (800) 535-8254; Email: researchstudies@nida.nih.gov

Study Locations

• United States
  • Maryland
    • Baltimore, Maryland, United States, 21224
      • Recruiting
      • National Institute on Drug Abuse
      • Contact: Betty Jo Salmeron, M.D.; Phone Number: 443-740-2651; Email: bsalmeron@intra.nida.nih.gov

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years to 60 years (Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes

Description

• INCLUSION CRITERIA:

Subjects must:

• Be 18 - 60 years of age.

  • Justification: Many neural processes change with age, and these changes could introduce unwanted variability in both behavioral and MRI signals. In addition, the risk of difficult-to-detect medical abnormalities such as silent cerebral infarcts increases with age.
  • Screening tool: History.

• Be in good health.

  • Justification: Many illnesses may alter neural functioning as well as fMRI signals.
  • Screening tools: Medical Assessment, Medical History and Physical Examination. Medical assessments include: Vital Signs, oral HIV test, height/weight measurements, urinalysis and blood sample. Tests on the blood sample include CBC, complete metabolic profile, TSH, ESR, STS and HIV (if needed to confirm a positive salivary test for HIV). The following individual laboratory results will independently disqualify individuals: Hemoglobin < 10.5 g/dl, WBC < 2400/microliter, LFTs > 3Xnormal, HCG positive, Casual serum glucose > 200 mg/dl, Urine protein > 1+. The MAI will retain discretion to exclude at less extreme values, depending on the clinical presentation. Elevated serum glucose may be followed up to assess for diabetes. MAI will make the final judgment on any questionable lab results.

• Right-handed.

  • Justification: Using right-handed individuals will reduce variability in BOLD MRI data.
  • Screening tool: Edinburgh Handedness Inventory.

EXCLUSION CRITERIA:

• Personal history of stroke, brain lesions, previous neurosurgery, any personal history of seizure or fainting episode of unknown cause, or head trauma resulting in loss of consciousness, lasting over 30 minutes or with sequela lasting longer than two days. Participants will also be asked about any lingering neurological and psychiatric symptoms that may be a result of COVID-19 infection. The MAI will assess the severity in relation to the potential impact on data.

  • Justification: Stroke or head trauma can lower the seizure threshold, and are therefore contra-indications for TMS. Fainting episodes or syncope of unknown cause could indicate an undiagnosed condition associated with seizures. Neurological and psychiatric symptoms could potentially alter BOLD signal.
  • Screening tool: TMS safety questionnaire, Medical History, neuromotor exam.

• First-degree family history of any neurological disorder with a potentially hereditary basis, including migraines, epilepsy, or multiple sclerosis.

  • Justification: Neurological disorders can lower the seizure threshold, and are therefore contra-indications for TMS. First-degree family history of certain neurological disorders with a hereditary component increases the risk of the subject having an undiagnosed condition that is associated with lowered seizure threshold.
  • Screening tool: TMS safety screening, Medical History.
  • Cardiac pacemakers, neural stimulators, implantable defibrillator, implanted medication pumps, intracardiac lines, or acute, unstable cardiac disease, with intracranial implants (e.g. aneurysm clips, -shunts, stimulators, cochlear implants, or electrodes) or any other metal object in the body that precludes either MRI scanning or TMS intervention.
  • Justification: Any metal around the head is a contraindication for both MRI and TMS, as both methods involve exposure to a relatively strong magnetic field.
  • Screening tool: TMS safety screening, MRI safety screening, Medical History.

• Any contraindications to MRI or TMS.

  • Justification: There are additional contraindications that would exclude participation in MRI or TMS (e.g., claustrophobia).
  • Screening tool: MRI safety screening, TMS Safety Screening, mock scanner trial (when available).

• Noise-induced hearing loss or tinnitus.

  • Justification: individuals with noise-induced hearing problems may be particularly vulnerable to the acoustic noise generated by TMS and MRI equipment.
  • Screening tools: TMS safety screening.

• Current use (any use in the past 4 weeks, chronic use within 6 past six months) of any investigational drug or of any medications with psychotropic, anti or pro-convulsive action.

  • Justification: The use of certain medications or drugs can lower seizure threshold and is therefore contraindicated for TMS.
  • Screening tools: MRI safety screening questionnaire, Medical history, Medical Assessments: Urine toxicology analyzes for presence of a broad range of prescription and nonprescription drugs.

• Lifetime history of major depressive disorder, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, mania, or hypomania.

  • Justification: The population of interest here is a healthy control population with no psychiatric disorders. In subjects with depression, bipolar disorder, mania or hypomania, there is a small chance that TMS can trigger (hypo)manic symptoms.
  • Screening tools: structured psychiatric interview such as the MINI Screen Patient Questionnaire or Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM (SCID). Potential diagnoses will be further evaluated by a counsellor.

• Current use of nicotine or history more than 20 cigarettes lifetime or history of daily smoking.

  • Justification: The population of interest here is a healthy control population with no substance use disorder and therefore a minimal cigarette exposure history in the control group is required.
  • Screening tools: Self-report, commercial urine cotinine test corresponding to non-smoker status for the specific test being used, typically corresponding to a urine cotinine under about 20 ng/ml., CO < 6.

• Meet current DSM-5 criteria for any substance use disorder, smoke daily, or urine toxicology positive for any illicit substance inconsistent with history given.

  • Justification: The population of interest here is a healthy control population with no substance use disorder. Current use of illicit substances could lower seizure threshold and is therefore contraindicated for TMS.
  • Screening tools: structured psychiatric interview such as the MINI Screen Patient Questionnaire or SCID. Potential diagnoses will be further evaluated by a counsellor, Drug Use Survey (DUS), Substance Use Disorder Evaluation, Medical Assessments: urine qualitative drug screen is performed for methadone, benzodiazepines, cocaine, amphetamine/methamphetamine, opiates, barbiturates, and tetrahydrocannabinol. Participants who test positive at screening (under protocol 06-DA-N415) will be evaluated with a neuromotor exam to further assess for current intoxication. For participants who are not found to be currently intoxicated, screening staff will assess for SUD and coherence of their drug use history and toxicology, with particular attention to substances for which they are positive and may require a return screening visit to demonstrate ability to produce a negative urine before allowing them to proceed to clearance for this study.

• Have met DSM-5 criteria for any substance use disorder in the past.

  • Justification: the population of interest here is a healthy control population with no present or past substance use disorder.
  • Screening tools: structured psychiatric interview such as the MINI Screen Patient Questionnaire or SCID. Potential diagnoses will be further evaluated by a counsellor. Drug Use Survey (DUS), Substance Use Disorder Evaluation.

• Pregnant women or women with reproductive potential who are sexually active and not using an acceptable form of contraception.

  • Justification: it is unknown whether TMS or MRI poses a risk to fetuses.
  • Screening tool: Medical assessments (urine pregnancy test) at the beginning of each visit that involves TMS or MRI.

• Participation in an rTMS session less than two weeks ago.

  • Justification: in order to limit exposure to TMS, we will not enroll subjects who have received TMS less than two weeks ago.
  • Screening tool: TMS safety screening questionnaire.

• History of learning disability, current ADHD or cognitive impairment

  • Justification: Cognitive impairment and learning disabilities are associated with alterations in brain regions and may introduce significant variably into the data.
  • Screening tool: self-report of special education classes, history of specific learning disability or mental retardation, validated IQ test such as Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI) or Shipley-2, Medical history and Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale with follow up clinical interview.

• Non-English Speaking

  • Justification: There is no direct benefit to participants in this study, and some of the study procedures involve more than minimal risk. To include non-English speakers, we would have to translate the consent and other study documents and hire and train bilingual staff, which would require resources that we do not have and could not justify given the small sample size for each experiment. Most importantly, ongoing communication regarding safety procedures is necessary when participants are undergoing MRI and TMS procedures. The inability to effectively communicate MRI and TMS safety procedures could compromise the safety of non-English speaking participants.
  • Screening tool: self-report.

• Suspected or confirmed active SARS-CoV-2 infection.

  • Justification: COVID-19 can have cognitive consequences which would add unnecessary noise to the study data. Testing will continue as long as there is potential for adding noise to the data.
  • Screening tool: NIDA-IRP COVID-19screen. Viral testing looking for SARS-CoV-2 in a specimen deemed appropriate by NIH such as nasopharyngeal or mid-turbinate swab. We reserve the right to change the specimen type as NIH approves new test procedures. This test may be carried out in-house at NIDA, NIH, at a community testing site or through a commercial vendor. Anyone with a positive symptom screen without a clear alternative explanation or a positive viral test will be excluded until they recover or as determined by MAI. MAI will also retain the ability to exclude for a suspicious symptom screen without positive viral test.

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Basic Science
• Allocation: N/A
• Interventional Model: Single Group Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

1

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: TMS; All participants will receive TMS to investigate acute modulations of brain activity by TMS	Device: TMS (MagVenture MagPro 100 with MagOption); TMS will be applied using the MagVenture MagPro 100 with MagOption (MagVenture Inc, Alpharetta, GA) stimulator with a figure-of-eight TMS coil. An MRI compatible version of the figure-of-eight coil will be used inside the MRI scanner with an appropriate TMS coil holder.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
effects of TMS on fMRI blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) responses, TMS induced changes on resting state functional connectivity, and their associations with relevant structural connectivity revealed by DTI.	fMRI blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) responses, TMS induced changes on resting state functional connectivity, and their associations with relevant structural connectivity revealed by DTI	TMS visits

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Yihong Yang, Ph.D., National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Caparelli EC, Schleyer B, Zhai T, Gu H, Abulseoud OA, Yang Y. High-Frequency Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Combined With Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Reveals Distinct Activation Patterns Associated With Different Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Stimulation Sites. Neuromodulation. 2022 Jun;25(4):633-643. doi: 10.1016/j.neurom.2022.03.002. Epub 2022 Apr 10.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): September 19, 2018
• Primary Completion (Estimated): December 31, 2024
• Study Completion (Estimated): December 31, 2024

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: January 6, 2018
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: January 6, 2018
• First Posted (Actual): January 9, 2018

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): April 3, 2024
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: April 2, 2024
• Last Verified: February 1, 2024

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Repetitive TMS (rTMS); Simultaneous TMS and MRI
• Other Study ID Numbers: 999918042; 18-DA-N042

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: Yes