Recovery Kinetics Following Change of Direction Training

Recovery Kinetics Following Change of Direction (COD) Training in Soccer: Implications for Different COD Angles

This study aims at investigating the recovery kinetics of skeletal muscle damage, neuromuscular fatigue and performance following a single change of direction (COD) training session in competitive soccer players. The impact of COD degrees will be also examined by comparing a 45o vs. 90o COD training session. Ten male soccer players will perform a COD45 [A single training session including 2x(10x ~27.6m) sprints with two 45o COD in each sprint], a COD90 [A single training session including 2x(10x ~21.2m) sprints with two 90o COD in each sprint] and a Control trial (No intervention included, only daily measurements) in randomized, repeated measures, crossover design. Assessments related to skeletal muscle damage, neuromuscular fatigue and performance will be performed prior to training session and daily for three consecutive days post-training, in each trial.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Skeletal Muscle Damage
• Intervention / Treatment: Other: COD45; Other: COD90

Detailed Description

Ten male soccer players will be included in this study. Participants will be initially informed about the aim of study as well as the associated risks and benefits and subsequently will provide their signed consent form. At baseline, they will undergo assessment of their anthropometrics (i.e. body mass and body height), body composition (by DXA), physical conditioning status [maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), Yo-Yo Intermittent Endurance test level 2 and Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery test level 2] and daily dietary intake. Thereafter, they will participate in two experimental trials and one control trial in a randomized, crossover, repeated measures design: i) COD45: Participants in this trial will perform a COD training session consisted of 2 sets of 10 x ~27.6m sprints with two 45o COD in each sprint and a resting period of 16 sec and 2:20 min between sprints and sets, respectively, ii) COD90: Participants in this trial will perform a COD training session consisted of 2 sets of 10 x ~21.2m sprints with two 90o COD in each sprint and a resting period of 16 sec and 2:20 min between sprints and sets, respectively, iii) Control: Participants in this trial will only participate in daily assessments to control for day to day variability in the depended variables (they will not receive any intervention). Prior to each trial, participants will provide a resting blood sample (for the determination of blood lactate, white blood cell count and creatine kinase activity) and undergo assessment of their delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS), maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC), countermovement jump [will be assessed using two force platforms at 1000 Hz and electromyography instrumentation (EMG)], isokinetic peak torque of knee extensors and flexors (will be assessed on an isokinetic dynamometer), agility (will be assessed using the Illinois test), 10m and 30m sprint time (will be assessed by using light cells) and repeated sprint ability (5x30m sprints will be performed with 25 sec rest in-between). In COD45 and COD90 experimental trials, a blood sample will be collected immediately post-training for the determination of blood lactate concentration while assessment of DOMS, MVIC and countermovement jump will be performed at 1, 2 and 3 hours post-training. In all trials assessment of DOMS, MVIC, countermovement jump (CMJ), isokinetic peak torque, agility and sprinting performance as well as determination of creatine kinase activity and white blood cell count will be performed at 24, 48 and 72 hours post-training. A 7-day wash out period will applied between trials.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 10
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

• Study Contact: Name: Panagiotis Tsimeas, PhD; Phone Number: +30 24310 47067; Email: ptsimeas@pe.uth.gr

Study Locations

• Greece
  • Trikala, Greece, 42100
    • SmArT LABORATORY, SCHOOL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION & SPORTS SCIENCES, UNIVERSITY OF THESSALY
  • Trikala, Greece, 42100
    • SMART LAB, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, University of Thessaly.

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years to 35 years (Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Soccer players participating in at least 5 training sessions per week and 1official match
• Participation at a competitive level for at least 4 years
• Free of musculoskeletal injuries
• No use of ergogenic supplements or medication
• Non-smokers

Exclusion Criteria:

• Musculoskeletal injury
• Use of alcohol, caffeine and any type of ergogenic supplements or medication during the course of the study

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Other
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Crossover Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

3

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
No Intervention: Control; Participants in this arm will receive no intervention
Experimental: COD45; Participants in this arm will participate in a COD training session consisted of 45 degrees changes of direction	Other: COD45; Participants will perform 2 sets of 10 sprints. The total distance for each sprint will be 27.6 meters and will include two changes of direction of 45 degrees. The recovery time will be 16 seconds between sprints and 2.20 minutes between sets
Experimental: COD90; Participants in this arm will participate in a COD training session consisted of 90 degrees changes of direction	Other: COD90; Participants will perform 2 sets of 10 sprints. The total distance for each sprint will be 21.2 meters and will include two changes of direction of 90 degrees. The recovery time will be 16 seconds between sprints and 2.20 minutes between sets

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Change in creatine kinase activity	Creatine kinase activity will be measured in plasma	At baseline, at 24, 48 and 72 hours after change of direction training session
Change in white blood cell count	White blood cell count will be measured by using an automatic blood analyzer	At baseline, at 24, 48 and 72 hours after change of direction training session
Change in delayed onset of muscle soreness	Muscle soreness will be assessed by palpation of the muscle belly and the distal region	At baseline, at 1, 2, 3, 24, 48 and 72 hours after change of direction training session
Change in isometric peak torque	Isometric peak torque will be assessed on an isokinetic dynamometer	At baseline, at 1, 2, 3, 24, 48 and 72 hours after change of direction training session
Change in fatigue index of maximal voluntary isometric contraction during 10 seconds	Fatigue rate will be determined by calculating the percent drop of peak torque between the first and the last three seconds of a 10-second maximal isometric contraction	At baseline, at 1, 2, 3, 24, 48 and 72 hours after change of direction training session
Change in isokinetic peak torque of knee extensors	Isokinetic peak torque will be assessed on an isokinetic dynamometer in both limbs	At baseline, at 24, 48 and 72 hours after change of direction training session
Change in isokinetic peak torque of knee flexors	Isokinetic peak torque will be assessed on an isokinetic dynamometer in both limbs	At baseline, at 24, 48 and 72 hours after change of direction training session
Change in countermovement jump height	Countermovement jump height will be assessed by using two force platforms at 1000 Hz, with each foot in parallel on the two platforms providing a separate yet time-synchronized measurement of the jump height for each leg	At baseline, at 1, 2, 3, 24, 48 and 72 hours after change of direction training session
Change in ground reaction force during countermovement jump	Ground reaction force will be assessed by using two force platforms at 1000 Hz, with each foot in parallel on the two platforms providing a separate yet time-synchronized measurement of the jump height for each leg	At baseline, at 1, 2, 3, 24, 48 and 72 hours after change of direction training session
Change in peak power during countermovement jump	Peak power will be assessed using two force platforms at 1000 Hz, with each foot in parallel on the two platforms providing a separate yet time-synchronized measurement of the jump height for each leg	At baseline, at 1, 2, 3, 24, 48 and 72 hours after change of direction training session
Change in mean power during countermovement jump	Mean power will be assessed using two force platforms at 1000 Hz, with each foot in parallel on the two platforms providing a separate yet time-synchronized measurement of the jump height for each leg	At baseline, at 1, 2, 3, 24, 48 and 72 hours after change of direction training session
Change in vertical stiffness during countermovement jump	Vertical stiffness will be assessed using two force platforms at 1000 Hz, with each foot in parallel on the two platforms providing a separate yet time-synchronized measurement of the jump height for each leg	At baseline, at 1, 2, 3, 24, 48 and 72 hours after change of direction training session
Change in peak rate of force development during countermovement jump	Peak rate of force development will be assessed using two force platforms at 1000 Hz, with each foot in parallel on the two platforms providing a separate yet time-synchronized measurement of the jump height for each leg	At baseline, at 1, 2, 3, 24, 48 and 72 hours after change of direction training session
Change in peak normalized electromyography (EMG) during the eccentric and concentric phases of the countermovement jump	EMG data will be collected wirelessly at 2000 Hz using a Myon MA-320 EMG system (Myon AG, Switzerland) for the vastus lateralis, biceps femoris, gastrocnemius and gluteus maximus muscles.	At baseline, at 1, 2, 3, 24, 48 and 72 hours after change of direction training session
Change in mean normalized electromyography (EMG) during the eccentric and concentric phases of the countermovement jump	EMG data will be collected wirelessly at 2000 Hz using a Myon MA-320 EMG system (Myon AG, Switzerland) for the vastus lateralis, biceps femoris, gastrocnemius and gluteus maximus muscles.	At baseline, at 1, 2, 3, 24, 48 and 72 hours after change of direction training session
Change in repeated sprint ability	Repeated sprint ability will be tested using 5x30 m sprints with 25 seconds rest in-between	At baseline, at 24, 48 and 72 hours after change of direction training session
Change in sprint time of 10m	10m sprint time will be assessed using light cells	At baseline, at 24, 48 and 72 hours after change of direction training session
Change in sprint time of 30m	30m sprint time will be assessed using light cells	At baseline, at 24, 48 and 72 hours after change of direction training session
Change in agility	Agility will be assessed using the illinois agility test.	At baseline, at 24, 48 and 72 hours after change of direction training session
Change in field activity during the change of direction training session	Field activity will be continuously monitored during the change of direction training session by using global positioning system (GPS)	During the change of direction training session
Change in heart rate during the change of direction training session	Heart rate will be continuously monitored during the change of direction training session by using heart rate monitors.	During the change of direction training session
Change in blood lactate concentration	Blood lactate will be measured using a lactate plus system	At baseline and immediately post change of direction training session

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Body mass	Body mass will me measured on a beam balance with stadiometer	At baseline
Body height	Body height will me measured on a beam balance with stadiometer	At baseline
Body fat	Body fat will be assessed by using Dual-emission X-ray absorptiometry	At baseline
Lean body mass	Lean body mass will be assessed by using Dual-emission X-ray absorptiometry	At baseline
Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max)	VO2max will be measured by open circuit spirometry via breath by breath method	At baseline
Yo-Yo Intermittent Endurance Test level 2 performance		At baseline
Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test level 2 performance		At baseline
Dietary intake	Dietary intake will be assessed over a 7-day period by using diet recalls	At baseline

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: University of Thessaly
• Investigators: Study Director: Ioannis G Fatouros, Prof, University of Thessaly, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): April 1, 2021
• Primary Completion (Actual): September 30, 2021
• Study Completion (Actual): June 30, 2023

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: March 9, 2021
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: March 9, 2021
• First Posted (Actual): March 12, 2021

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Estimated): October 9, 2023
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: October 6, 2023
• Last Verified: October 1, 2023

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: recovery; soccer; performance; change of direction training
• Other Study ID Numbers: Recovery-COD Training-UTH

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: NO

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No