The Anchor Study: Digitally Delivered Intervention for Reducing Problematic Substance Use

Woebot for Substance Use Disorders Phase 2 RCT: Digitally Delivered Intervention for Reducing Problematic Substance Use

This study aims to validate W-SUDs as a digitally-delivered substance use disorder program through a fully-powered randomized control trial that will test the comparative efficacy of the mobile-app based substance use disorder program (W-SUDs) to reduce substance use relative to a psychoeducation control condition, which has no cognitive behavioral therapy and the content is not delivered through a conversational user interface.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Substance Use Disorders; Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD)
• Intervention / Treatment: Device: W-SUDs; Other: Digitally-delivered Psychoeducation

Detailed Description

Phase II will evaluate the efficacy of W-SUDs in a large scale RCT relative to a psychoeducation control condition. Primary outcomes will be measures of the quantity and frequency of substance use including number of substance use occasions, heavy drinking days (if applicable) and percent reduction in substance use occasions. Additionally, Phase II will evaluate whether W-SUDs results in a greater reduction in substance-related problems compared to a psychoeducation control group and explore if engagement with W-SUDs, relative to psychoeducation control,

1. improves symptoms of depression and anxiety;
2. improves work productivity (i.e. reduce presenteeism/absenteeism);
3. reduces cravings;
4. improves situational confidence to resist substance use.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 258
• Phase: Phase 2

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• United States
  • California
    • Palo Alto, California, United States, 94304
      • Stanford University

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years to 65 years (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Have a smartphone
2. Endorse a substance use concern
3. Be between 18 and 65 years of age
4. Be available and committed to engage with the Woebot app
5. Be literate in English. (This is required for inclusion because all materials will be in English).

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Pregnancy (as W-SUDs will not be specifically developed to address the unique needs of this population)
2. Suicide attempt within the past year (12 months)
3. Symptoms of severe drug/alcohol history: History of delirium tremens; Experiencing hypertension, drenching sweats, seizures or confusion after stopping alcohol or drugs; Liver trouble (cirrhosis or hepatitis); Convulsions or GI bleeding due to drug/alcohol use
4. Opioid overdose within the past year (12 months)
5. Opioid misuse without medication-assisted treatment
6. Not residing in the U.S.
7. Previous Woebot use

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: Single

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: W-SUDs; Woebot (W-SUDs), a Conversational Agent (CA) instantaneously available 24 hours per day, 7 days per week, 'checks in' with users. Using conversational tones, it encourages mood tracking and delivers general psychoeducation as well as tailored empathy, cognitive behavior therapy (CBT)-based behavior change tools, and behavioral pattern insight. Woebot's app-based platform and user-centered design philosophy makes it an optimal modality for Substance Use Disorders (SUD) treatment delivery. It offers immediate, evidence-based tailored support in the patient's peak moment of craving.	Device: W-SUDs; Woebot (W-SUDs) is an automated conversational agent, available through a smartphone application, that delivers evidence-based psychotherapeutics, empathy, and emotional health psychoeducation.
Other: Digitally-delivered Psychoeducation; Psychoeducation delivers weekly fact sheets that include information on: Alcohol-specific topics;; Drug-specific topics;; General addiction topics;; Statistics relating to alcohol and substance use.	Other: Digitally-delivered Psychoeducation; A form of psychoeducation for those seeking treatment for their alcohol and/or substance use concern. Psychoeducation is commonly provided for those with substance use. Psychoeducation in substance use is intended to increase the users' knowledge of their substances of use, and effects on the body, behaviors, and consequences. The recipient of psychoeducation is expected to increase their own awareness of their substance use and ideally incorporate this newfound knowledge when making changes to their substance use. The information provided in this group are from factsheets found on NIAAA, NIDA, and CDC web pages.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Change in Number of Substance Use Occasions	Change in number of substance use occasions in the past 30 days	Change from Baseline to Mid-treatment at 4 weeks; Change from Baseline to Post-treatment at 8 weeks; Change from Baseline to Follow-up at 12 weeks

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST-10)	Measure of drug abuse related consequences. The DAST-10 is a brief, 10-item self-report measure that assesses consequences related to drug abuse, excluding alcohol and tobacco. The range is 0-10, where higher scores indicate greater severity. Adapted from past 12 months to past 30 days.	Change from Baseline to Post-treatment at 8 weeks
Brief Situational Confidence Questionnaire (BSCQ)	Measure of self-confidence. The 8-item BSCQ is a state dependent measure that assesses self-confidence to resist the urge to drink heavily or use drugs in a variety of situations. Each of the 8 scale situations consists of a 100-mm line, anchored by 0% ("not at all confident") and 100% ("totally confident") where clients are asked to indicate confidence on a scale from 0% to 100%. Higher scores are associated with greater confidence.	Change from Baseline to Mid-treatment at 4 weeks; Change from Baseline to Post-treatment at 8 weeks; Change from Baseline to Follow-up at 12 weeks
Stanford Presenteeism Scale (SPS-6)	Measure of the effects of substance use on productivity. The SPS-6 is a 6-item self-report measure used to assess perceptions of the effects of substance use on past 2-week work productivity. Response options range from strongly disagree (1) to strongly agree (5). Total scores range from 6 to 30, where higher scores indicate higher presenteeism.	Change from Baseline to Post-treatment at 8 weeks
Working Alliance Inventory (WAI-SR)	Measure of working alliance. A measure of therapeutic alliance that assesses three key aspects of the therapeutic alliance: (a) agreement on the tasks of therapy, (b) agreement on the goals of therapy and (c) development of an affective bond. Task, goal, and bond subscales scores range from 5-20, with higher scores indicating greater alliance. The present study utilized the validated 12-item Short-Revised version (WAI-SR) with minor changes to language, replacing "therapist" with "Woebot".	Post-treatment at 8 weeks
Thoughts About Abstinence (TAA): Desire to Quit, Expected Success at Quitting, Expected Difficulty of Quitting Items	Modified for alcohol and substances. 4-item questionnaire assessing desire to quit, expected success at quitting, expected difficulty of quitting, and goal. Each of the first three items is rated on a scale of 1 to 10 where 1 is the lowest (desire, expectation, confidence) and 10 is the highest (desire, expectation, confidence). The scores are not combined. Goal for use is a single response selection item, with the option to provide a text explanation if none of the goals align. Goal data are reported as a separate outcome measure.	Change from Baseline to Post-treatment at 8 weeks
Thoughts About Abstinence (TAA): Goal Item	Modified for alcohol and substances. 4-item questionnaire assessing desire to quit, expected success at quitting, expected difficulty of quitting, confidence in ability to quit, and goal. Each of the first three items is rated on a scale of 1 to 10 where 1 is the lowest (desire, expectation, confidence) and 10 is the highest (desire, expectation, confidence). The scores are not combined. Goal for use is a single response selection item, with the option to provide a text explanation if none of the goals align. Desire to Quit, Expected Success at Quitting, Expected Difficulty of Quitting item data are reported as a separate outcome measure.	Baseline and Post-treatment at 8 weeks
Usage Rating Profile - Intervention (URPI)-Acceptability	Measure of acceptability. A 9-item subscale that inquires about intervention acceptability. For the purposes of this study, an adapted 6-item version of the subscale was utilized. Items are rated on a 6-point Likert scale (1 = "strongly disagree" to 6 = "strongly agree"). Total acceptability scores range from 6-36, with higher scores indicating greater intervention acceptability.	Post-treatment at 8 weeks
Usage Rating Profile - Intervention (URPI)-Feasibility	Measure of feasibility. A 6-item subscale that inquires about factors that impact treatment usage (i.e., intervention quality). Items are rated on a 6-point Likert scale (1 = "slightly disagree" to 6 = "strongly agree"). Total feasibility scores range from 6-36, with higher scores indicating greater intervention feasibility.	Post-treatment at 8 weeks
Client Satisfaction Questionnaire (CSQ-8)	Measure of satisfaction. An 8-item measure used to assess client's satisfaction with treatment on a 4-point scale. Example questions include, "How would you rate the quality of service you received"? and "Did you get the kind of service you wanted?" Total sums range from 8-32, with high scores indicating greater satisfaction with the W-SUDs mobile application.	Post-treatment at 8 weeks
Short Inventory of Problems- Alcohol and Drugs (SIP-AD)	The SIP-AD assesses substance use problems in the past 30 days. The scored variables, total scores and 15-item mean, summarize consequences of alcohol and drug use. Scores range from 0-45, where greater scores indicate greater substance use problems.	Change from Baseline to Mid-Treatment at 4 weeks; Change from Baseline to Post-treatment at 8 weeks; Change from Baseline to Follow-up at 12 weeks
Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8)	Measure of depression severity. An 8-item abbreviated version of the PHQ-9 used to assess mood symptoms. The PHQ-8 excludes an item assessing suicidality. Items are rated on a 4-point Likert scale (0 = "not at all" to 3 = "nearly every day"). Total score between 0-24, with higher scores indicating greater severity of depression symptoms.	Change from Baseline to Mid-treatment at 4 weeks; Change from Baseline to Post-treatment at 8 weeks; Change from Baseline to Follow-up at 12 weeks
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7)	Measure of anxiety severity. A 7-item self-report measure used to assess the frequency and severity of anxious thoughts and behaviors over the past 2 weeks. Items are rated on a 4-point Likert scale (0 = "not at all" to 3 = "nearly every day").Total scores range from 0-21, where higher scores indicate greater severity of anxiety symptoms.	Change from Baseline to Mid-treatment at 4 weeks; Change from Baseline to Post-treatment at 8 weeks; Change from Baseline to Follow-up at 12 weeks
Craving Ratings	Self-reported ratings of craving intensity. Craving is assessed with a single question, "In the past 7 days, how much were you bothered by cravings or urges to drink alcohol or use drugs?". The question is rated on a scale of 0 to 4 where 0 = not at all, 1 = a little bit, 2 = moderately, 3 = quite a bit, and 4 = extremely. Greater scores indicate a more intense urge to use.	Change from Baseline to Mid-treatment at 4 weeks; Change from Baseline to Post-treatment at 8 weeks; Change from Baseline to Follow-up at 12 weeks
Past Month Number of Binge Days	Assessed with the Quick Drinking Screen (QDS), a measure of alcohol consumption. The QDS is a brief self-report measure used to assess average alcohol consumption over a specified time period (in the present study it was the past 30 days). The QDS collects drinking data for three variables including number of days drinking, number of standard drinks per drinking day, and number of binge/risky drinking days. Binge/risky drinking days is defined as days when they have had 5 or more standard drinks (for men) or 4 or more standard drinks (for women).	Change from Baseline to Mid-treatment at 4 weeks; Change from Baseline to Post-treatment at 8 weeks; Change from Baseline to Follow-up at 12 weeks
Past Month Average Standard Drinks in a Week	Assessed with the Quick Drinking Screen (QDS), a measure of alcohol consumption. The QDS is a brief self-report measure used to assess average alcohol consumption over a specified time period (in the present study it was the past 30 days). The QDS collects drinking data for three variables including number of days drinking, number of standard drinks per drinking day, and number of binge/risky drinking days. Binge/risky drinking days is defined as days when they have had 5 or more standard drinks (for men) or 4 or more standard drinks (for women). Number of standard drinks per week is calculated by multiplying number of standard drinks per day in the past month and number of binge days per month.	Change from Baseline to Mid-treatment at 4 weeks; Change from Baseline to Post-treatment at 8 weeks; Change from Baseline to Follow-up at 12 weeks

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Woebot Health
• Collaborators: Stanford University
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Judith Prochaska, PhD, Stanford University

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): November 14, 2022
• Primary Completion (Actual): August 17, 2023
• Study Completion (Actual): August 17, 2023

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: May 25, 2021
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: June 11, 2021
• First Posted (Actual): June 14, 2021

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): October 24, 2024
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: October 21, 2024
• Last Verified: October 1, 2024

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Substance Use Disorder; Alcohol Use Disorder; Digital Therapeutic; Smartphone Application; SUD; AUD; Alcohol Use Disorder Treatment; AUD Treatment; SUD Treatment; Substance Use Disorder Treatment
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Mental Disorders; Chemically-Induced Disorders; Drinking Behavior; Alcohol-Related Disorders; Alcoholism; Alcohol Drinking; Substance-Related Disorders
• Other Study ID Numbers: 58725

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No