Predictors and Moderators of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Panic Disorder

July 15, 2022 updated by: Leticia León-Quismondo, University of Alcala

Predictors and Moderators of Effectiveness of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy in Group Format for Patients With Panic Disorder

Objective: Panic disorder is one of the most prevalent anxiety disorders and with the greatest impact on the functionality of patients. Knowing variables that influence the therapies outcome can improve the results of the interventions and reduce the socio-health cost. The current study examined possible predictors and moderators of outcome in cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT). Method: Eighty patients with diagnostic of panic disorder received 12 group sessions of CBT or ACT and were assessed with several measures at baseline, 12 weeks post-treatment and 24 weeks post-treatment.

Study Overview

Status

Completed

Conditions

Intervention / Treatment

Detailed Description

Panic disorder is characterized by the presence of recurrent and unexpected panic attacks, that is, the person suddenly suffers attacks of intense fear. Panic disorder has a significant prevalence and presents frequent comorbidity with other disorders (anxiety, depression or substance abuse, among others). In addition, its course is usually chronic, leading to a significant functional deterioration for the person, with a deterioration in their quality of life. In addition, it generates high direct and indirect costs (loss of working days, visits to emergency services, medical visits, health expenses, etc.).

The psychological therapy of choice for the treatment of panic disorder is cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). However, around 25% of patients do not respond successfully to CBT treatment, relapse at the end of therapy or need other additional treatments (Brown & Barlow, 1995; Hofmann et al., 2012). In this context, the study of predictors and moderators of efficacy in psychotherapy is especially relevant, with acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) being an alternative with growing empirical support. In addition, the group therapy format provides unique qualities and advantages, both at a psychotherapeutic level and in terms of saving resources.

The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of different potentially predictive and moderating variables on the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy in a group format for patients with panic disorder. To this end, a randomized, single-centre, prospective, controlled clinical trial with a 24-week follow-up was carried out.

The sample consisted of 80 patients with panic disorder, randomized into two treatment groups: the experimental group, which received acceptance and commitment therapy, and the active comparator control group, which received cognitive-behavioral therapy. Panic disorder severity was assessed using the Panic Disorder Severity Scale-Self Report (PDSS-SR), fear of physical symptoms using the Body Sensations Questionnaire, BSQ) and the frequency of catastrophic thoughts using the Agoraphobic Cognitions Questionnaire (ACQ). These three measurements were taken before and at the end of treatment, as well as at three months of follow-up.

The potential predictors and moderators analyzed were age, gender, duration of the disorder, motivation to change using the University of Rhode Island Change Assessment Scale (URICA), responsibility through the Five Factor Personality Inventory (Neo Five Factor Inventory, NEO-FFI) and experiential avoidance with the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II).

Participants were randomized to the two treatment groups (CBT or ACT). In both groups, the patients received 12 therapy sessions of 1 hour and 30 minutes duration, with a weekly frequency.

Data analysis was performed using the statistical computing software R version 3.5 and its random forest and Ime4 packages. Statistical analysis was performed by intention to treat (ITT). For the comparison of the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics between the two groups, the Student's t-test was used for the quantitative variables and the Chi-square test for the qualitative variables. To test the hypotheses, a model was designed to perform the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) type III, which incorporates interactions, considering the time factor of the treatments as a covariate. Post-hoc analyzes were performed with the multcomp package built into the R statistical computing software, which allows performing Tukey-type simultaneous comparison tests for generalized models and generalized mixed models.

Study Type

Interventional

Enrollment (Actual)

80

Phase

  • Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Locations

  • Spain
    • Madrid
      • Alcalá De Henares, Madrid, Spain, 28805
        • Príncipe de Asturias University Hospital

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Ages Eligible for Study

18 years to 65 years (Adult, Older Adult)

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No

Genders Eligible for Study

All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Panic Disorder diagnostic DSM-5.
  • Between 18 and 65 years of age.
  • Medication-free or no change in the last month.
  • Not undergoing other psychotherapy.

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Primary diagnosis of a disorder other than panic disorder.
  • Active suicidal ideation.
  • Substance abuse or dependence.
  • Cognitive impairment, neurological disorders or intellectual disability.

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: Treatment
  • Allocation: Randomized
  • Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
  • Masking: Double

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm
Intervention / Treatment
Active Comparator: Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
CBT followed Craske & Barlow´s (2007) manual, which contains a session-by-session description treatment of panic disorder with CBT. The treatment included the following components: (a) psychoeducation about the nature of anxiety and panic, (b) diaphragmatic breathing training, (c) identification and correction of maladaptive thoughts about anxiety and its consequences, (d) exposure to interoceptive sensations, and (e) exposure to feared situations.
Behavioral: Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
Experimental: Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)
ACT was conducted following Eifert & Forsyth´s (2005) manual, which contains a session-by-session description of the application of ACT to anxiety disorders. In the current study, exercises were adapted to the panic disorder treatment. The treatment included the following components: (a) acceptance of internal experiences, (b) cognitive defusion, (c) work with the "self as context", (d) contact with the present moment, (e) work with life values, and values, and (f) commitment to action.
Behavioral: Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Change from Baseline level of Severity of Panic Disorder at 12 weeks and 24 weeks post-treatment.
Time Frame: Baseline, 12 weeks post-treatment and 24 weeks post-treatment.
It is evaluated through the Panic Disorder Severity Scale-Self Report. It is a self-administered scale whose objective is to determine the level of severity of panic disorder in the last month. It is composed of 7 items, which explore: (1) frequency of panic attacks, (2) distress provoked by panic attacks, (3) anticipatory anxiety, (4) agoraphobic fear and avoidance, (5) fear and/or avoidance of situations, (6) impairment and/or interference in work activity, and (7) impairment and/or interference in social activity. The patient answers using a Likert-type scale from 0 to 4, with 0 being the minimum and 4 the maximum severity of symptoms. It provides a profile of the intensity and presence of symptoms in the last month.
Baseline, 12 weeks post-treatment and 24 weeks post-treatment.
Change from Baseline degree of Fear of Physical Symptoms at 12 weeks and 24 weeks post-treatment.
Time Frame: Baseline, 12 weeks post-treatment and 24 weeks post-treatment.
It is evaluated through the Body Sensations Questionnaire. It is a self-administered questionnaire composed of 17 items plus 1 final open-ended item. The subject responds to each item according to a 5-point Likert-type scale. This questionnaire evaluates the degree of fear or concern generated by each of the physical symptoms that occur during panic attacks. The final score is obtained by calculating the mean of the 17 items. A high score is indicative of a great fear of the physical symptoms.
Baseline, 12 weeks post-treatment and 24 weeks post-treatment.
Change from Baseline frequency of Agoraphobic Cognitions at 12 weeks and 24 weeks post-treatment.
Time Frame: Baseline, 12 weeks post-treatment and 24 weeks post-treatment.
It is evaluated through the Agoraphobic Cognitions Questionnaire. It is a self-administered questionnaire composed of 14 items (plus a final open-ended item) on a 5-point Likert-type scale. It evaluates the frequency with which the patient has catastrophic thoughts about the negative consequences of experiencing anxiety when anxious. It is composed of two subscales: catastrophic thoughts about physical consequences of anxiety (heart attack, tumor, etc.) and catastrophic thoughts about social and behavioral consequences (making a fool of oneself, going crazy, etc.). An overall score is obtained by calculating the mean of the total items and the scores on the two subscales: physical level and social-behavioral level.
Baseline, 12 weeks post-treatment and 24 weeks post-treatment.

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

University of Alcala

Collaborators

Hospital Universitario Principe de Asturias

Investigators

  • Principal Investigator: Leticia León-Quismondo, University of Alcalá

Publications and helpful links

The person responsible for entering information about the study voluntarily provides these publications. These may be about anything related to the study.

General Publications

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Actual)

March 1, 2014

Primary Completion (Actual)

July 31, 2016

Study Completion (Actual)

July 31, 2016

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

June 23, 2022

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

July 15, 2022

First Posted (Actual)

July 18, 2022

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

July 18, 2022

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

July 15, 2022

Last Verified

July 1, 2022

More Information

Terms related to this study

Additional Relevant MeSH Terms

Other Study ID Numbers

  • PAN-MOD

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?

No

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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