Effect of Exercise and MBI on Female Students' Emotion Regulation and Inhibitory Control of Smartphone Addiction

Effects of Exercise and Mindfulness-Based Intervention on Emotion Regulation and Inhibitory Control of Smartphone Addiction Among Female University Students

Mobile-based technology is advancing at an unprecedented rate, and in the past decade, smartphone use has become common among today's university students, who have mental health. A lot of attention has been paid in the media to the existence of "smartphone addiction" or problematic smartphone use(Sohn et al., 2019).Overuse of smartphones can cause health problems(Adams & Kisler, 2013; Demirci et al., 2015).

As an interdisciplinary subject, this study aimed at university students' smartphone addiction behavior research, understand the information era of college students' way of behavior patterns, exercise and psychological intervention strategy is put forward, to evaluate exercise and MBI intervention,and reduction of university students' smartphone addiction.

Study Overview

• Status: Recruiting
• Conditions: Mental Health Issue; Smartphone Addiction
• Intervention / Treatment: Behavioral: Exercise and Mindfulness-Based Intervention; Behavioral: Control Group

Detailed Description

This study was divided into two groups, the exercise and mindfulness-based intervention group, and the control group. This study evaluates the effect of 8-week exercise and MBI intervention on the capacity of emotional regulation measured by physiological and psychological state and inhibitory control of smartphone addiction in female university students. The sample was Chinese female university students aged 18-23 years with infrequent exercise for smartphone addiction.

According to the literature review, the frequency of brisk walking training in this experiment was scheduled for two times/week, with a total training duration of 8 weeks. Each training session was changed within two weeks. It ranged from 60 minutes in the first and second week to 90 minutes in the eighth week of the seventh week. Brisk walking was trained using maximum heart rate to control the intensity and measured using the Borg CR10 scale after training. All exercise techniques were taught before intervention.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Anticipated): 66
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

• Study Contact: Name: Liu Huange; Phone Number: +8615619908568; Email: liuhuange568@gmail.com
• Study Contact Backup: Name: Soh kim geok; Phone Number: 03-97698153; Email: kims@upm.edu.my

Study Locations

• China
  • Shaanxi
    • Yulin, Shaanxi, China, 719000
      • Recruiting
      • Yulin University
      • Contact: Huange Liu; Phone Number: +8615619908568; Email: liuhuange568@gmail.com
      • Contact: Fengmeng Qi; Phone Number: +8617603915127; Email: 583135958@qq.com

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 16 years to 21 years (Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: Female

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Female.
2. Aged 18 to 23.
3. Good health, no apparent speech disorder.
4. According to Leung's assessment scale, MAPI scores had to be more than 40 (out of 85) (Leung, 2008) .
5. .Without cardiovascular, metabolic, renal, or pulmonary diseases, symptoms, psychological disorders, or a history of alcohol abuse.And no participation in similar research projects before (using medication for psychiatric problems and undergoing other psychotherapeutic remedies)
6. Have time to ensure that you can attend every counseling on time.
7. They did no longer take part in any structured exercise in the past three months (e.g., walking, Tai Chi, basketball, badminton, running, yoga, weight training, etc.), and without experience of mindfulness training.
8. Subjects were able to participate and complete exercise training independently without any assistive devices.
9. Capable to be engaged, participate or respond to the research question,and willing to give informed consent.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Those who satisfy any of the following conditions shall be excluded:

  1. Mobile Phone Addiction Index (MPAI) scores below 40 They had major disease (respiratory illness, musculoskeletal disorder, dementia and metabolic, cardiovascular disease, and renal, or pulmonary diseases) and any psychosis or other severe psychiatric disorders. Records of extreme physical or psychological problems, which includes different addictive disorders, psychotic disorders, primary depression, borderline personality disorder, or antisocial character disease primarily based on the clinical psychologist's view or observations and oral questioning.
  2. Who are unable to move due to injury or illness and drop out of school .
  3. Those who were undergoing other psychotherapeutic treatments were also excluded from the study.
  4. Excluded students with sports contraindications and time conflicts.
  5. They have participated with exercise in the past three months (e.g., walking, running, weight training, etc.)

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Basic Science
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: Triple

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Exercise and Mindfulness-Based Intervention; Patients in the intervention group will be provided exercise and mindfulness-based intervention was shown for the 1-8 weeks.	Behavioral: Exercise and Mindfulness-Based Intervention; 1.Exercise Intervention 1st-2nd week: 15 min for Brisk walking. Intensity: HRmax (60%-65%); CR10 (5-6). 3rd-4th week: 20 min for Brisk walking. Intensity:HRmax (65%-70%); CR10 (6-7). 5th-6th week: 25 min for Brisk walking. BW: Intensity: HRmax(70%-75%); CR10 (6-7). 7th -8th week:30 min for Brisk walking. Exercise Intervention basic content: (1) Gradually increase the walking speed; (2) Slowly reduce the speed; (3) Rest for 5 min. 2. Mindfulness-Based Intervention 1st-2nd week: 30 min for mindfulness training. 3rd-4th week: 35 min for mindfulness training. 5th-6th week: 40 min for mindfulness training. 7th-8th week: 45 min for mindfulness training. Mindfulness-Based Intervention basic content: (1) Yoga; (2) Mindful breathing; (3) Mindfulness meditation; (4) Body scan; (5) Mindfulness awareness; (6) RAIN technique; (7) Mindful Stretching; (8) Mindful walking; (9) Mindful running; Behavioral: Control Group; The control group maintained their classes as usual, usual physical education sessions, and usual daily life.
Active Comparator: Control Group; Control group will not receive exercise and mindfulness-based intervention however, primary care service providers and mental health professionals will provide any required routine care according to their clinical judgment and available resources.	Behavioral: Exercise and Mindfulness-Based Intervention; 1.Exercise Intervention 1st-2nd week: 15 min for Brisk walking. Intensity: HRmax (60%-65%); CR10 (5-6). 3rd-4th week: 20 min for Brisk walking. Intensity:HRmax (65%-70%); CR10 (6-7). 5th-6th week: 25 min for Brisk walking. BW: Intensity: HRmax(70%-75%); CR10 (6-7). 7th -8th week:30 min for Brisk walking. Exercise Intervention basic content: (1) Gradually increase the walking speed; (2) Slowly reduce the speed; (3) Rest for 5 min. 2. Mindfulness-Based Intervention 1st-2nd week: 30 min for mindfulness training. 3rd-4th week: 35 min for mindfulness training. 5th-6th week: 40 min for mindfulness training. 7th-8th week: 45 min for mindfulness training. Mindfulness-Based Intervention basic content: (1) Yoga; (2) Mindful breathing; (3) Mindfulness meditation; (4) Body scan; (5) Mindfulness awareness; (6) RAIN technique; (7) Mindful Stretching; (8) Mindful walking; (9) Mindful running; Behavioral: Control Group; The control group maintained their classes as usual, usual physical education sessions, and usual daily life.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Mobile Phone Addiction Index (MPAI; Assessing Change)	Smartphone addiction was assessed using the Mobile Phone Addiction Index (MPAI) (Leung, L. ,2008), which was translated into Chinese (Huang H,et,al.,2014) and is used widely in Chinese contexts (Zhao Y, 2019 & Chen Y,et,al.,2019). The MPAI contains 17 items assessing four domains: inability to control craving, feeling anxious and lost, withdrawal/escape, and productivity loss. Each item is responded to from 1 ("not at all") to 5 ("always"). Final scores were summed and higher total scores reflect higher levels of smartphone addiction. The Cronbach's alpha of the MPAI was 0.86 in the present study.	Assessments will be conducted at baseline (after the screening), 4th week (1month) after the baseline, 8th week (2rd month)
Smartphone behavior (Time spent on smartphone use; Assessing Change)	Subjects (respondents) will answer through six relevant time categories. "Less than 10 minutes", "11-60 minutes", "1-2 hours", "3-4 hours", "5-6 hours", or "more than 6 hours". For the type of functionality of the smartphone software used, the subjects (respondents) used a 5-point Likert scale (0 = never, 1 = rarely, 2 = sometimes, 3 = usually, 4 = always).	Assessments will be conducted at baseline (after the screening), 4th week (1month) after the baseline, 8th week (2rd month)
Heart rate (HR; Assessing Change from physiological state)	Heart rate is used to measure exercise intensity, and Emotion regulation involves emotional responses (physiological components) such as heart rate (HR).	Assessments will be conducted at baseline (after the screening), 4th week (1month) after the baseline, 8th week (2rd month)
Galvanic skin response (GSR; Assessing Change of physiological state)	Emotion regulation involves emotional responses (physiological components) such as galvanic skin response (GSR)(Bosse, 2017).	Assessments will be conducted at baseline (after the screening), 4th week (1month) after the baseline, 8th week (2rd month)
Electroencephalography (EEG; Assessing Change of physiological state)	Emotion regulation involves emotional responses (physiological components) such as electroencephalography (EEG).	Assessments will be conducted at baseline (after the screening), 4th week (1month) after the baseline, 8th week (2rd month)
Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ; Assessing Change)	The Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ; Gross & John, 2003)	Assessments will be conducted at baseline (after the screening), 4th week (1month) after the baseline, 8th week (2rd month)
Positive and negative emotion scores (Assessing Change)	Positive and negative emotion scores measured at different time points	Assessments will be conducted at baseline (after the screening), 4th week (1month) after the baseline, 8th week (2rd month)
Response Inhibition (Assessing Change of Inhibitory control)	The measured variables were reaction time (RT) and accuracy.	Assessments will be conducted at baseline (after the screening), 4th week (1month) after the baseline, 8th week (2rd month)
Craving (Assessing Change)	Craving for smartphones (modified desire for drinking questionnaire: Love, James, & Willner, 1998)	Assessments will be conducted at baseline (after the screening), 4th week (1month) after the baseline, 8th week (2rd month)

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Psychological Symptoms (Assessing Change)	Psychological symptom using the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21). to measure the emotional states (Oei et al., 2013) . This questionnaire is a short version of a self-report instrument (21 items) which measures depression, anxiety and tension/stress (negative emotional states).	Assessments will be conducted at baseline (after the screening), 4th week (1month) after the baseline, 8th week (2rd month)
Loneliness (Assessing Change)	used the Chinese version of the ULS-8 loneliness scale, which was translated by Zhou et al. for participation in China.	Assessments will be conducted at baseline (after the screening), 4th week (1month) after the baseline, 8th week (2rd month)

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Universiti Putra Malaysia
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Liu Huange, University Putra Malaysia

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Billones R, Saligan L. What Works in Mindfulness Interventions for Medically Unexplained Symptoms? A Systematic Review. Asian Pac Isl Nurs J. 2020;5(1):1-11. doi: 10.31372/20200501.1082.
• Chang YK, Labban JD, Gapin JI, Etnier JL. The effects of acute exercise on cognitive performance: a meta-analysis. Brain Res. 2012 May 9;1453:87-101. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.02.068. Epub 2012 Mar 4. Erratum In: Brain Res. 2012 Aug 27;1470:159.
• Fan H, Qi S, Huang G, Xu Z. Effect of Acute Aerobic Exercise on Inhibitory Control of College Students with Smartphone Addiction. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2021 Aug 5;2021:5530126. doi: 10.1155/2021/5530126. eCollection 2021.
• Garland EL, Howard MO. Mindfulness-based treatment of addiction: current state of the field and envisioning the next wave of research. Addict Sci Clin Pract. 2018 Apr 18;13(1):14. doi: 10.1186/s13722-018-0115-3.
• Liu S, Xiao T, Yang L, Loprinzi PD. Exercise as an Alternative Approach for Treating Smartphone Addiction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Random Controlled Trials. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019 Oct 15;16(20):3912. doi: 10.3390/ijerph16203912.
• Stanton MV, Matsuura J, Fairchild JK, Lohnberg JA, Bayley PJ. Mindfulness as a Weight Loss Treatment for Veterans. Front Nutr. 2016 Aug 15;3:30. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2016.00030. eCollection 2016.
• Zhou J, Wang L. Differences in the Effects of Reading and Aerobic Exercise Interventions on Inhibitory Control of College Students With Mobile Phone Addiction. Front Psychiatry. 2022 Mar 1;13:797780. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.797780. eCollection 2022.

Helpful Links

• The Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) scale

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): September 12, 2022
• Primary Completion (Anticipated): December 25, 2022
• Study Completion (Anticipated): January 20, 2023

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: September 25, 2022
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: September 28, 2022
• First Posted (Actual): October 3, 2022

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): October 4, 2022
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: October 1, 2022
• Last Verified: October 1, 2022

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Exercise; Emotion Regulation; Smartphone Addiction; Mindfulness-Based Intervention; Inhibitory Control; Female University Students
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Compulsive Behavior; Impulsive Behavior; Behavior, Addictive; Internet Addiction Disorder
• Other Study ID Numbers: Huange Liu

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: No
• IPD Plan Description: Since this is my doctoral thesis experiment, I won't share it until I graduate.

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No