Otago Exercises, Square Stepping Exercises, Elderly, Fear of Falling

Comparison of Square Stepping Exercise Training and Otago Exercise Training in Geriatric Individuals in Terms of Balance and Fear of Falling:Randomized Controlled Studie

The study was conducted to investigate the effects of Otago Exercise Training and Square Stepping Exercise Training on balance and fear of falling in geriarthric individuals and the superiority of the two exercise training for these parameters. The volunteer individuals participating in the study were randomly divided into 3 groups as otago exercise group, square stepping exercise group and control group with equal number of men and women.

The individuals who participated in study had a homogeneous distribution in terms of age, gender, BMI, height, weight and occupational status in all three groups. However, the number of female individuals was higher in all three groups. In the study, individuals in the exercise training groups received square stepping and otago exercise training 3 days a week for 6 weeks, while individuals in the control group did not receive any training. All three groups were evaluated before and six weeks after the training.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Fall; Balance Disorders
• Intervention / Treatment: Behavioral: Square Stepping Exercise Training; Behavioral: Otago Exercise Training

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 105
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Turkey
  • Denizli, Turkey
    • Pamukkale University

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: Older Adult
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• 65-75 years old
• Education level at least literate
• Able to walk independently
• Standardized Mini Mental Test Score ≥ 24
• No neurological or lower extremity disease
• Healthy geriatric individuals who agreed to participate in the study

Exclusion Criteria:

• Taking 3 or more medications that may affect cognitive status
• Individuals continuing any exercise/rehabilitation program
• Underwent any surgery for the lower extremities
• Having any neurological-orthopedic problem that may affect gait and balance

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Square Stepping Exercise; It is performed on a thin exercise mat divided into 40 small squares of 250 cm x 100 cm. Individuals are basically required to step in the direction of the length without stepping on the lines forming the squares. Before the CAE training, there will be a 5 minutes warm-up and then a minute cool down period. A total of 18 stepping patterns are planned to be used (6 beginner, 6 intermediate, 6 advanced). Basically, a pattern will be repeated 3-5 times and then the mirror image pattern will be repeated the same number of times. However, if the participant has difficulty in practicing the pattern, it will be repeated until he/she learns it, and after practicing the pattern 3 times without any errors, the next pattern will be used.	Behavioral: Square Stepping Exercise Training; A total of 18 sessions of SSE were performed 3 days a week for 6 weeks, each session lasting 40 minutes.
Experimental: Otago Exercise Training; The exercises were performed 3 days a week for 6 weeks and 18 sessions of 60 minutes in total, including warm-up and cool-down periods of 5 minutes each session. It consists of a total of 22 exercises, including 5 warm-up movements, 5 strengthening exercises and 12 balance exercises.	Behavioral: Otago Exercise Training; A total of 18 sessions of Otago Training were conducted 3 days a week for 6 weeks, each session lasting 60 minutes in total, including 5 minutes of warm-up and cool-down periods.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Tinetti's International Fall Efficacy Scale	Asseses perception of balance and stability during activities of daily living. Assesses fear of falling in the elderly population. On a scale from 1 to 10, with 1 being very confident and 10 being not confident at all, how confident are you that you do the following activities without falling? Score: 1 = very confident 10 = not confident at all A total score of greater than 70 indicates that the person has a fear of falling.	6 weeks

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Pamukkale University

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): January 11, 2022
• Primary Completion (Actual): October 30, 2023
• Study Completion (Actual): November 18, 2023

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: December 29, 2023
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: April 25, 2024
• First Posted (Actual): April 30, 2024

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): April 30, 2024
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: April 25, 2024
• Last Verified: April 1, 2024

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Elderly; Balance Disorders; Otago Exercises; Square Stepping Exercise; Fear of Fall
• Other Study ID Numbers: 10.185.1.79

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: NO

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No