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Diabetes Distress, Medication Adherence Barriers, Self-Management, and Glycemic Control in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes

5. oktober 2026 opdateret af: Bilecik Seyh Edebali Universitesi

The Mediating Role of Diabetes Self-Management in the Relationship Between Diabetes Distress, Medication Adherence Barriers, and Glycemic Control Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes

This observational study will examine the relationships among diabetes distress, practical barriers to medication use, diabetes self-management, and glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes. Participants who meet the study criteria and agree to take part will complete questionnaires about their personal and clinical characteristics, diabetes distress, medication-taking barriers, and diabetes self-management. With their permission, the most recent HbA1c result measured within the previous three months will be obtained from their medical record. No treatment or medication changes will be made for this study. The researchers plan to include at least 137 participants.

Studieoversigt

Status

Ikke rekrutterer endnu

Betingelser

Intervention / Behandling

Detaljeret beskrivelse

This single-center, cross-sectional observational study will be conducted at the Diabetes Nursing Unit of Bozüyük State Hospital in Bilecik, Türkiye. The study will examine whether diabetes self-management statistically mediates the relationships between diabetes distress and glycemic control, and between practical medication adherence barriers and glycemic control, as measured by HbA1c.

Adults aged 18 years or older with a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes for at least six months, receiving oral antidiabetic medication and/or insulin, and with an HbA1c result measured within the previous three months will be eligible. Participants must be able to communicate in Turkish and provide informed consent. Individuals with type 1 or gestational diabetes, those unable to complete the questionnaires because of cognitive or other serious communication difficulties, and those without a recent HbA1c result will be excluded.

Data will be collected once through a personal information form, the Diabetes Distress Scale, the Medication Practical Barriers to Adherence Questionnaire, and the Type 2 Diabetes Self-Management Scale. The most recent HbA1c result will be obtained from the participant's medical record or hospital information system with permission. Completing the study forms is expected to take approximately 15-20 minutes. No intervention will be provided, and participants' usual care will not be changed. The planned sample size is at least 137 participants.

Undersøgelsestype

Observationel

Tilmelding (Anslået)

137

Kontakter og lokationer

Dette afsnit indeholder kontaktoplysninger for dem, der udfører undersøgelsen, og oplysninger om, hvor denne undersøgelse udføres.

Studiekontakt

Deltagelseskriterier

Forskere leder efter personer, der passer til en bestemt beskrivelse, kaldet berettigelseskriterier. Nogle eksempler på disse kriterier er en persons generelle helbredstilstand eller tidligere behandlinger.

Berettigelseskriterier

Aldre berettiget til at studere

18 år og ældre (Voksen, Ældre voksen)

Tager imod sunde frivillige

Ingen

Køn, der er berettiget til at studere

Alle

Prøveudtagningsmetode

Ikke-sandsynlighedsprøve

Studiebefolkning

Adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus who attend the Diabetes Nursing Unit of Bozüyük State Hospital in Bilecik, Türkiye, have had type 2 diabetes for at least six months, and meet the study eligibility criteria.

Beskrivelse

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Age 18 years or older.
  • Diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus for at least six months.
  • Attending the Diabetes Nursing Unit.
  • Using oral antidiabetic medication and/or insulin.
  • Having an HbA1c result measured within the previous three months.
  • Able to communicate in Turkish.
  • Voluntarily agrees to participate in the study.

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Diagnosis of type 1 diabetes mellitus or gestational diabetes.
  • No HbA1c result measured within the previous three months, or the result is unavailable.
  • Withdraws from the study.
  • Study forms are substantially incomplete.

Studieplan

Dette afsnit indeholder detaljer om studieplanen, herunder hvordan undersøgelsen er designet, og hvad undersøgelsen måler.

Hvordan er undersøgelsen tilrettelagt?

Design detaljer

  • Observationsmodeller: OTHER
  • Tidsperspektiver: CROSS_SECTIONAL

Kohorter og interventioner

Gruppe / kohorte
Intervention / Behandling
Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Adults aged 18 years or older with type 2 diabetes for at least 6 months who meet the study eligibility criteria. All participants will be assessed in a single group.

Diabetes distress will be assessed once using the 17-item Diabetes Distress Scale (DDS). No intervention will be assigned, and participants' usual diabetes care will not be changed.

Practical barriers to medication adherence will be assessed once using the 15-item Medication Practical Barriers to Adherence Questionnaire. No intervention will be assigned, and participants' usual diabetes care will not be changed.

Diabetes self-management will be assessed once using the 19-item Type 2 Diabetes Self-Management Scale. No intervention will be assigned, and participants' usual diabetes care will not be changed.

Hvad måler undersøgelsen?

Primære resultatmål

Resultatmål
Foranstaltningsbeskrivelse
Tidsramme
Glycemic control measured by glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c)
Tidsramme: At study enrollment; the most recent HbA1c result measured within the previous 3 months.

The primary outcome is glycemic control, assessed by the most recent HbA1c result recorded within 3 months before enrollment. With permission, HbA1c will be obtained from the participant's medical record or hospital information system. Cross-sectional associations of HbA1c with diabetes distress and medication adherence barriers, and the statistical mediating role of diabetes self-management in these relationships, will be examined.

At study enrollment; the most recent HbA1c result measured within the previous 3 months.

Sekundære resultatmål

Resultatmål
Foranstaltningsbeskrivelse
Tidsramme
Mean score on the 17-item Diabetes Distress Scale
Tidsramme: Once at study enrollment.

Diabetes distress will be measured using the 17-item Diabetes Distress Scale (DDS). Each item is rated from 1 to 6, and the overall score is calculated as the mean of the 17 item scores, resulting in a score range of 1 to 6. Higher scores indicate greater diabetes distress (a worse outcome). The score will be analyzed in relation to HbA1c and diabetes self-management.

Once at study enrollment.
Total score on the Medication Practical Barriers to Adherence Questionnaire
Tidsramme: Once at study enrollment

Practical barriers to medication adherence will be assessed using the 15-item Medication Practical Barriers to Adherence Questionnaire (MPRAQ). Each item is rated on a 5-point Likert scale. The total score ranges from 15 (minimum) to 75 (maximum). Higher scores indicate greater practical barriers to medication adherence (a worse outcome). The score will be analyzed in relation to HbA1c and diabetes self-management.

Once at study enrollment
Diabetes self-management score
Tidsramme: Once at study enrollment

Diabetes self-management will be assessed using the 19-item Type 2 Diabetes Self-Management Scale. Its statistical mediating role in the relationships of diabetes distress and medication adherence barriers with HbA1c will be examined.

Once at study enrollment

Samarbejdspartnere og efterforskere

Det er her, du vil finde personer og organisationer, der er involveret i denne undersøgelse.

Sponsor

Datoer for undersøgelser

Disse datoer sporer fremskridtene for indsendelser af undersøgelsesrekord og resumeresultater til ClinicalTrials.gov. Studieregistreringer og rapporterede resultater gennemgås af National Library of Medicine (NLM) for at sikre, at de opfylder specifikke kvalitetskontrolstandarder, før de offentliggøres på den offentlige hjemmeside.

Studer store datoer

Studiestart (Anslået)

15. december 2026

Primær færdiggørelse (Anslået)

15. august 2027

Studieafslutning (Anslået)

15. december 2027

Datoer for studieregistrering

Først indsendt

30. september 2026

Først indsendt, der opfyldte QC-kriterier

5. oktober 2026

Først opslået (Faktiske)

6. oktober 2026

Opdateringer af undersøgelsesjournaler

Sidste opdatering sendt (Faktiske)

6. oktober 2026

Sidste opdatering indsendt, der opfyldte kvalitetskontrolkriterier

5. oktober 2026

Sidst verificeret

1. september 2026

Mere information

Begreber relateret til denne undersøgelse

Andre undersøgelses-id-numre

  • T2DM-DSM-2026

Plan for individuelle deltagerdata (IPD)

Planlægger du at dele individuelle deltagerdata (IPD)?

INGEN

IPD-planbeskrivelse

No individual participant data (IPD) will be shared with other researchers. The study protocol does not include an IPD-sharing plan. Participant confidentiality will be protected, and only aggregate study findings may be reported in publications.

Lægemiddel- og udstyrsoplysninger, undersøgelsesdokumenter

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