Follow-up a lungo termine di Omega Tots

Sperimentale: Acido docosaesaenoico + acido arachidonico

Acido docosaesaenoico + acido arachidonico (DHA+AA)

Droga: Acido docosaesaenoico + acido arachidonico (DHA+AA)

200 mg DHA+ 200 mg AA al giorno per 6 mesi

Comparatore placebo: Placebo

Integratore di olio di mais

Integratore alimentare: Placebo

400 mg di olio di mais al giorno per 6 mesi

Punteggio di abilità cognitiva generale (scale di abilità differenziali, seconda edizione-DAS-II)

Differential Ability Scales-II La valutazione dell'abilità concettuale generale è una misura dell'abilità cognitiva generale e viene utilizzata per valutare e identificare i punti di forza e di debolezza cognitivi dei bambini. Il punteggio di abilità cognitiva generale ha un range da 30 a 170 (media=100; DS=15). Un punteggio basso indica prestazioni scarse e un punteggio alto indica prestazioni migliori.

Funzione esecutiva (cassetta degli strumenti NIH)

La NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery è un insieme multidimensionale di brevi misure che valutano la funzione cognitiva. I subtest Flanker, Dimensional Card Sort e Pattern Comparison misurano la funzione esecutiva, la velocità di elaborazione e l'attenzione. I punteggi standard hanno un range da 30 a 170 (media=100; SD=15). Un punteggio basso indica prestazioni scadenti, mentre un punteggio alto indica prestazioni migliori.

Core Language Score (Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals, Fifth Edition-CELF-5)

Clinical evaluation of Language Fundamentals, 5th edition core tests is a comprehensive measure of language and can assess children's written and oral language skills, as well as their reading comprehension. The core language score has a range from 30 to 170 (mean=100; SD=15). A low score indicates poor performance, and a high score indicates best performance.

Compito Pegboard scanalato

Il compito Grooved Pegboard misura la coordinazione occhio-mano e la velocità motoria richiedendo ai bambini di inserire dei pioli in una tavola. Il punteggio è il momento di posizionare i pioli. Se il bambino raggiunge il limite di tempo di 3 minuti, il punteggio è il numero di pioli posizionati. Un tempo più veloce e un numero inferiore di pioli caduti sono indicativi di prestazioni migliori.

Antropometrici-Adiposità

Per valutare l'adiposità dei bambini, viene utilizzata un'impedenza bioelettrica per misurare la percentuale di grasso corporeo. L'altezza e il peso del bambino saranno combinati per riportare il BMI (kg/m^2). Queste misurazioni vengono convertite in un punteggio z per età e sesso in base agli standard di crescita infantile dell'Organizzazione mondiale della sanità. Il punteggio z indica il numero di deviazioni standard dalla media. Un punteggio z pari a 0 è uguale alla media di una popolazione di riferimento (bambini della stessa età e sesso). Valori inferiori a 0 indicano valori inferiori alla popolazione di riferimento, mentre valori superiori a 0 indicano valori superiori alla popolazione di riferimento.

NIH Toolbox Friendship Modulo fisso

Il modulo fisso NIH Toolbox Friendship (Età 8-17) è un questionario di 5 voci che misura le relazioni tra pari e valuta la qualità delle relazioni con amici e altri conoscenti nell'ultimo mese. I punteggi saranno espressi come t-score (range= [16-68]; media=50; DS=10), dove un punteggio più alto indica relazioni tra pari più forti.

NIH Toolbox Interazione tra pari positiva Rapporto genitore Modulo fisso

Il modulo di interazione positiva tra pari di NIH Toolbox (età 3-12) è un questionario di 4 voci che misura le relazioni tra pari dei bambini tramite il rapporto dei genitori. I punteggi saranno espressi come punteggio t (intervallo= [-8-63] ; media=50; SD=10), dove un punteggio più alto indica relazioni tra pari più forti.

Select Subtest From the Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children, Fifth Edition (WISC-V)

The Weschler Intelligence Scales for Children-V Digit Span and Picture Span subtests assess working memory. The working memory index composite score has a range from 30-170 (mean=100; SD=15). A low score indicates poor performance, and a high score indicates best performance.

Select Subtests From the Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement, Third Edition (KTEA-3)

The Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement-3 is an assessment of key academic skills. The Letter and Word Recognition, Math Computation, Object Naming Facility, and Associative Fluency Subtests measure children's reading, math, and written language skills. The standard score has a range from 30-170 (mean=100; SD=15). A low score indicates poor performance, and a high score indicates best performance.

Anthropometrics-Body Composition (Height)

To assess children's body composition, height (in centimeters) is measured. This is converted to a z score for age and sex based on Child Growth Standards from the World Health Organization. The z score indicates the number of standard deviations away from the mean. A z score of 0 is equal to the mean of a reference population (children the same age and sex). Values less than 0 indicate values lower than the reference population, while values greater than 0 indicate values higher than the reference population.

Anthropometrics-Body Composition (Weight)

To assess children's body composition, weight (in kilograms) is measured. This is converted to a z score for age and sex based on Child Growth Standards from the World Health Organization. The z score indicates the number of standard deviations away from the mean. A z score of 0 is equal to the mean of a reference population (children the same age and sex). Values less than 0 indicate values lower than the reference population, while values greater than 0 indicate values higher than the reference population.

Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function, 2nd Edition (BRIEF-2)

The Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function, 2nd ed., is completed by the child's caregiver and teacher to measure a range of executive functioning capabilities in children. The BRIEF-2 yields nine clinical scales that measure various aspects of executive function plus three broad indices: behavioral regulation, emotion regulation, and cognitive regulation. Scores are summed to obtain a Global Executive Composite Score that will be expressed as a t score (range= [35-90]; (mean=50; SD=10), where a higher score indicates greater dysregulation .

Select Subscales From the Teacher Report Form 6-18

The Teacher Report Form (syndrome and DSM-Oriented subscales) is completed by the child's teacher to reflect on the child's behavior in the previous six months. Scores are summed to provide a total problems score. Scores are also computed to measure the following subscales: internalizing problems, externalizing problems, anxious/depressed, withdrawn/depressed, somatic complaints, social problems, thought problems, attention problems, rule-breaking behavior, aggression behavior, affective problems, anxiety problems, somatic problems, attention deficit/hyperactivity problems, oppositional defiant problems, conduct problems. Scores will be expressed as a t-score (range= [33-100]; mean=50; SD=10), where a lower score indicates a more optimal outcome.

Child Behavior Checklist 6-18 (CBCL) - Competence

The Child Behavior Checklist is completed by the child' caregiver to reflect their child's behavior in the previous six months. Scores were summed to provide total competence score. Total competence scores will be expressed as a t-score (range= [20-100]; mean=50; SD=10), where a higher score reflects a more optimal outcome.

National Survey of Children's Health Module - Learning Disability

The National Survey of Children's Health module captures child developmental and behavioral diagnoses and other major diagnoses via parent report . A binary variable will be formed to indicate if a child has been diagnosed with each condition or not (yes, no).

Emotion Regulation Checklist - Emotion Regulation

The Emotion Regulation Checklist is completed by the child's caregiver to measure child's ability to manage their emotions. Scores are grouped and summed to yield Emotion Regulation scale (range=10-40). Higher scores on the Emotion Regulation scale indicates more ability to regulate

Child Sleep Habits Questionnaire-abbreviated Measure

The Child Sleep Habits Questionnaire-abbreviated measures child sleep pattern and behaviors via parent report. Parents are asked to report on the child's bedtime behavior, sleep duration, and behavior during sleep. Scores are summed to give the total sleep disturbance score (range 33-99). Scores are also grouped and summed to yield eight subscales that measure different aspects of sleep. A higher score is indicative of more sleep problems .

Child Behavior Checklist 6-18 (CBCL) - Problems

The Child Behavior Checklist is completed by the child' caregiver to reflect their child's behavior in the previous six months. Scores were summed to provide problem scores. T Problem scores will be expressed as a t-score (range= [25,100]; mean=50; SD=10), where a lower score reflects a more optimal outcome.

National Survey of Children's Health Module - Developmental Delay

The National Survey of Children's Health module captures child developmental and behavioral diagnoses and other major diagnoses via parent report . A binary variable will be formed to indicate if a child has been diagnosed with each condition or not (yes, no).

National Survey of Children's Health Module - INtellectual Disability

The National Survey of Children's Health module captures child developmental and behavioral diagnoses and other major diagnoses via parent report . A binary variable will be formed to indicate if a child has been diagnosed with each condition or not (yes, no).

National Survey of Children's Health Module - Speech or Other Language Disorder

The National Survey of Children's Health module captures child developmental and behavioral diagnoses and other major diagnoses via parent report . A binary variable will be formed to indicate if a child has been diagnosed with each condition or not (yes, no).

National Survey of Children's Health Module - Behavioral or Conduct Problems

The National Survey of Children's Health module captures child developmental and behavioral diagnoses and other major diagnoses via parent report . A binary variable will be formed to indicate if a child has been diagnosed with each condition or not (yes, no).

Emotion Regulation Checklist - Lability/Negativity

The Emotion Regulation Checklist is completed by the child's caregiver to measure child's ability to manage their emotions. Scores are grouped and summed to yield a Lability/Negativity (range=14-56) scale. Higher scores on the Lability/Negativity scale reflect greater dysregulation .