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Meal Frequency and Timing on Metabolic Health in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes

2026年6月29日 更新者：Hülya Kamarlı Altun、Akdeniz University

The Effects of Meal Frequency and Timing on Lipid Profile, Glycemic Control, and Body Composition in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A 12-Week Randomized Controlled Trial

The goal of this clinical trial is to learn if changing when and how often people eat works to improve health in adults with Type 2 diabetes. The main questions it aims to answer are:

How do these eating patterns change body weight and body fat?

Does changing meal timing and frequency lower blood sugar levels (HbA1c) over 12 weeks?

Does it lower blood fat levels, such as cholesterol and triglycerides?

Researchers will compare three groups to see which eating pattern works best:

Standard Group: Participants eat 3 main meals and 3 snacks (6 times total) each day with a calorie limit.

3-Meal Group: Participants eat only 3 main meals each day with a calorie limit.

Time-Restricted Group: Participants eat all their daily food within an 8-hour window (from 12:00 to 20:00) without a calorie limit.

Participants will:

Follow their assigned eating plan for 12 weeks.

Visit the clinic once every month for checkups and body measurements.

Give blood samples at the start and end of the study for laboratory tests.

Record the food they eat and their physical activity levels.

調査の概要

状態

完了

条件

介入・治療

詳細な説明

This randomized controlled trial investigates the impact of meal frequency and timing on the body composition and metabolic profile of individuals diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). While medical management is a cornerstone of T2DM treatment, dietary patterns, specifically the distribution of meals and fasting windows, may significantly modulate glycemic variability and lipid metabolism.

Methodology and Rationale:

The study follows a three-arm parallel design for 12 weeks. Participants are randomized into Control (6 meals), 3-Meal, or Time-Restricted Eating (TRE) groups using Random Allocation Software.

Energy Expenditure Calculation: For the Control and 3-Meal groups, daily energy requirements are calculated using the Mifflin-St Jeor equation. A 500 kcal/day deficit is applied, ensuring that total energy intake does not fall below the Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR).

Time-Restricted Eating (TRE) Protocol: The TRE group follows an 8-hour eating window (12:00-20:00) consisting of 2 main meals and 2 snacks. Unlike the other groups, no explicit calorie restriction is mandated for the TRE arm, allowing the researchers to observe the spontaneous effects of a restricted feeding window on metabolic parameters.

Dietary Composition: All groups are instructed to follow standard medical nutrition therapy for T2DM, emphasizing high fiber, low saturated fat, and high-quality protein sources.

Sample Size and Statistical Power:

Sample size was estimated based on body weight changes reported in a 12-week time-restricted feeding RCT in overweight adults with type 2 diabetes (Che et al., 2021), which yielded a Cohen's f of 0.40 for between-group differences in body weight. Using one-way ANOVA with α = 0.05 and 80% power (G*Power 3.1), a minimum of 22 participants per group was required for the primary outcome. To also achieve adequate power for the secondary outcome of HbA1c (Cohen's f = 0.35, derived from the same reference), a minimum of 29 participants per group was indicated. Accounting for an anticipated 20% dropout rate, 48 participants per group (144 total) were enrolled

Data Collection and Follow-up:

Anthropometry: Body composition is analyzed monthly using Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA - Tanita MC 580).

Biochemistry: HbA1c, Fasting Plasma Glucose, Lipid Profile (Total-C, LDL-C, HDL-C, Triglycerides), and Albumin/Creatinine Ratio (UACR) are recorded at baseline and at the end of the 12th week.

Dietary Compliance: Weekly phone calls are conducted to monitor adherence, meal skipping, and protocol deviations. 24-hour dietary recalls are collected at baseline and at the 12th week to verify nutrient intake using professional nutrition software (BeBİS 9.0).

研究の種類

介入

入学 (実際)

144

段階

  • 適用できない

連絡先と場所

このセクションには、調査を実施する担当者の連絡先の詳細と、この調査が実施されている場所に関する情報が記載されています。

研究場所

  • トルコ（Türkiye）
    • Konyaalti
      • Antalya、Konyaalti、トルコ（Türkiye）、07070
        • Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine

参加基準

研究者は、適格基準と呼ばれる特定の説明に適合する人を探します。これらの基準のいくつかの例は、人の一般的な健康状態または以前の治療です。

適格基準

就学可能な年齢

  • 大人

健康ボランティアの受け入れ

いいえ

説明

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) for at least 6 months.
  • Aged between 18 and 65 years.
  • Residing in Antalya, Turkey (to ensure regular follow-up visits).
  • Able and willing to provide informed consent.
  • Willing to comply with the assigned dietary protocol and follow-up measurements for 12 weeks.

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Diagnosis of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus or other specific types of diabetes.
  • Current pregnancy or breastfeeding.
  • Working in night shifts or irregular schedules (due to interference with Time-Restricted Eating protocols).
  • Having a history of major cardiovascular events (e.g., myocardial infarction, stroke) within the last 6 months.
  • Severe renal or hepatic impairment (e.g., Stage 4 or 5 Chronic Kidney Disease).
  • Active malignancy or other chronic diseases that may significantly affect nutritional status.
  • Significant weight change (more than 5% of body weight) within the last 3 months prior to the study.
  • Use of medications that may significantly affect body weight or metabolism other than standard diabetes medications (e.g., systemic corticosteroids).
  • History of major gastrointestinal surgery that affects nutrient absorption.
  • Severe psychiatric disorders that may limit the ability to follow the study instructions.

研究計画

このセクションでは、研究がどのように設計され、研究が何を測定しているかなど、研究計画の詳細を提供します。

研究はどのように設計されていますか？

デザインの詳細

  • 主な目的：処理
  • 割り当て：ランダム化
  • 介入モデル：並列代入
  • マスキング：なし（オープンラベル）

武器と介入

参加者グループ / アーム
介入・治療
アクティブコンパレータ：Control
3 main meals and 3 snacks with a 500 kcal/day deficit based on Mifflin-St Jeor equation.
他の：Control Arm - standard of care
Control Group: 3 main meals and 3 snacks approach routinely applied in the treatment of T2DM (500 kcal restricted from daily energy requirement)
アクティブコンパレータ：3-meal group
3 main meals only with a 500 kcal/day deficit based on Mifflin-St Jeor equation.
他の：Three Meal Group
3M: Diet with 3 main meals restricted by 500 kcal from the daily energy requirement
アクティブコンパレータ：TRF
Ad-libitum feeding within an 8-hour window (12:00-20:00) with 2 main meals and 2 snacks.
他の：Time-restricted eating
Ad-libitum feeding within an 8-hour window (12:00-20:00) with 2 main meals and 2 snacks.

この研究は何を測定していますか？

主要な結果の測定

結果測定
メジャーの説明
時間枠
Change in Body Weight
時間枠：From enrollment to the end of treatment at 12 weeks
The primary goal is to evaluate the effect of meal frequency and timing on total body weight. This parameter was used to determine the study's sample size, based on a target of a 5% weight reduction. Measurement is performed in kilograms (kg).
From enrollment to the end of treatment at 12 weeks

二次結果の測定

結果測定
メジャーの説明
時間枠
Glycated Hemoglobin
時間枠：Change from baseline to Week 12.
Evaluation of long-term glycemic control, measured as the percentage (%) of glycated hemoglobin in the blood.
Change from baseline to Week 12.
Fasting Plasma Glucose
時間枠：Change from baseline to Week 12.
Concentration of glucose in the blood after an overnight fast, measured in mg/dL.
Change from baseline to Week 12.
Waist Circumference
時間枠：Change from baseline to Week 12.
Measurement of abdominal obesity in centimeters (cm).
Change from baseline to Week 12.
Urinary Albumin/Creatinine Ratio
時間枠：Change from baseline to Week 12.
Screening for renal health, measured in mg/g creatinine.
Change from baseline to Week 12.
Triglyceride
時間枠：Week 0 and Week 12
Concentration of triglycerides in the blood after an overnight fast, measured in mg/dL.
Week 0 and Week 12
LDL-C
時間枠：Week 0 and Week 12
Concentration of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in the blood after an overnight fast, measured in mg/dL.
Week 0 and Week 12
HDL-C
時間枠：Week 0 and Week 12
Concentration of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol in the blood after an overnight fast, measured in mg/dL.
Week 0 and Week 12
Total Cholesterol
時間枠：Week 0 and week 12
Concentration of total cholesterol in the blood after an overnight fast, measured in mg/dL.
Week 0 and week 12
Body Mass Index
時間枠：Week 0 and Week 12
Body mass index calculated from height and weight, measured in kg/m²
Week 0 and Week 12
Body Fat Percentage
時間枠：Week 0 and week 12
Percentage of total body fat mass assessed via bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), measured in %.
Week 0 and week 12
Skeletal Muscle Mass
時間枠：Week 0 and week 12
Total skeletal muscle mass assessed via bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), measured in kg.
Week 0 and week 12
Fat Mass Index
時間枠：Week 0 and week 12
Fat mass indexed to height squared, assessed via bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), measured in kg/m².
Week 0 and week 12
Fat Free Mass Index
時間枠：Week 0 and week 12
Fat-free mass indexed to height squared, assessed via bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), measured in kg/m²
Week 0 and week 12

協力者と研究者

ここでは、この調査に関係する人々や組織を見つけることができます。

スポンサー

Akdeniz University

捜査官

  • 主任研究者：Hülya KAMARLI ALTUN, PhD, Associate Professor、Akdeniz University

研究記録日

これらの日付は、ClinicalTrials.gov への研究記録と要約結果の提出の進捗状況を追跡します。研究記録と報告された結果は、国立医学図書館 (NLM) によって審査され、公開 Web サイトに掲載される前に、特定の品質管理基準を満たしていることが確認されます。

主要日程の研究

研究開始 (実際)

2024年3月1日

一次修了 (実際)

2024年11月15日

研究の完了 (実際)

2024年11月30日

試験登録日

最初に提出

2026年6月17日

QC基準を満たした最初の提出物

2026年6月29日

最初の投稿 (実際)

2026年6月30日

学習記録の更新

投稿された最後の更新 (実際)

2026年6月30日

QC基準を満たした最後の更新が送信されました

2026年6月29日

最終確認日

2026年6月1日

詳しくは

本研究に関する用語

キーワード

追加の関連 MeSH 用語

その他の研究ID番号

  • TBAEK-121 (Akdeniz University)

個々の参加者データ (IPD) の計画

個々の参加者データ (IPD) を共有する予定はありますか?

いいえ

IPD プランの説明

Individual participant data collected during the trial, including biochemical and anthropometric measurements, will not be shared publicly to maintain participant confidentiality and adhere to the Personal Data Protection Law. The data are strictly confidential and belong to the primary research institution. Results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications and conference presentations in aggregate form.

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米国FDA規制医薬品の研究

いいえ

米国FDA規制機器製品の研究

いいえ

この情報は、Web サイト clinicaltrials.gov から変更なしで直接取得したものです。研究の詳細を変更、削除、または更新するリクエストがある場合は、register@clinicaltrials.gov。 までご連絡ください。 clinicaltrials.gov に変更が加えられるとすぐに、ウェブサイトでも自動的に更新されます。

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