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Meal Frequency and Timing on Metabolic Health in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes

29 de junho de 2026 atualizado por: Hülya Kamarlı Altun, Akdeniz University

The Effects of Meal Frequency and Timing on Lipid Profile, Glycemic Control, and Body Composition in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A 12-Week Randomized Controlled Trial

The goal of this clinical trial is to learn if changing when and how often people eat works to improve health in adults with Type 2 diabetes. The main questions it aims to answer are:

How do these eating patterns change body weight and body fat?

Does changing meal timing and frequency lower blood sugar levels (HbA1c) over 12 weeks?

Does it lower blood fat levels, such as cholesterol and triglycerides?

Researchers will compare three groups to see which eating pattern works best:

Standard Group: Participants eat 3 main meals and 3 snacks (6 times total) each day with a calorie limit.

3-Meal Group: Participants eat only 3 main meals each day with a calorie limit.

Time-Restricted Group: Participants eat all their daily food within an 8-hour window (from 12:00 to 20:00) without a calorie limit.

Participants will:

Follow their assigned eating plan for 12 weeks.

Visit the clinic once every month for checkups and body measurements.

Give blood samples at the start and end of the study for laboratory tests.

Record the food they eat and their physical activity levels.

Visão geral do estudo

Status

Concluído

Condições

Intervenção / Tratamento

Descrição detalhada

This randomized controlled trial investigates the impact of meal frequency and timing on the body composition and metabolic profile of individuals diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). While medical management is a cornerstone of T2DM treatment, dietary patterns, specifically the distribution of meals and fasting windows, may significantly modulate glycemic variability and lipid metabolism.

Methodology and Rationale:

The study follows a three-arm parallel design for 12 weeks. Participants are randomized into Control (6 meals), 3-Meal, or Time-Restricted Eating (TRE) groups using Random Allocation Software.

Energy Expenditure Calculation: For the Control and 3-Meal groups, daily energy requirements are calculated using the Mifflin-St Jeor equation. A 500 kcal/day deficit is applied, ensuring that total energy intake does not fall below the Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR).

Time-Restricted Eating (TRE) Protocol: The TRE group follows an 8-hour eating window (12:00-20:00) consisting of 2 main meals and 2 snacks. Unlike the other groups, no explicit calorie restriction is mandated for the TRE arm, allowing the researchers to observe the spontaneous effects of a restricted feeding window on metabolic parameters.

Dietary Composition: All groups are instructed to follow standard medical nutrition therapy for T2DM, emphasizing high fiber, low saturated fat, and high-quality protein sources.

Sample Size and Statistical Power:

Sample size was estimated based on body weight changes reported in a 12-week time-restricted feeding RCT in overweight adults with type 2 diabetes (Che et al., 2021), which yielded a Cohen's f of 0.40 for between-group differences in body weight. Using one-way ANOVA with α = 0.05 and 80% power (G*Power 3.1), a minimum of 22 participants per group was required for the primary outcome. To also achieve adequate power for the secondary outcome of HbA1c (Cohen's f = 0.35, derived from the same reference), a minimum of 29 participants per group was indicated. Accounting for an anticipated 20% dropout rate, 48 participants per group (144 total) were enrolled

Data Collection and Follow-up:

Anthropometry: Body composition is analyzed monthly using Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA - Tanita MC 580).

Biochemistry: HbA1c, Fasting Plasma Glucose, Lipid Profile (Total-C, LDL-C, HDL-C, Triglycerides), and Albumin/Creatinine Ratio (UACR) are recorded at baseline and at the end of the 12th week.

Dietary Compliance: Weekly phone calls are conducted to monitor adherence, meal skipping, and protocol deviations. 24-hour dietary recalls are collected at baseline and at the 12th week to verify nutrient intake using professional nutrition software (BeBİS 9.0).

Tipo de estudo

Intervencional

Inscrição (Real)

144

Estágio

  • Não aplicável

Contactos e Locais

Esta seção fornece os detalhes de contato para aqueles que conduzem o estudo e informações sobre onde este estudo está sendo realizado.

Locais de estudo

  • Turquia (Türkiye)
    • Konyaalti
      • Antalya, Konyaalti, Turquia (Türkiye), 07070
        • Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine

Critérios de participação

Os pesquisadores procuram pessoas que se encaixem em uma determinada descrição, chamada de critérios de elegibilidade. Alguns exemplos desses critérios são a condição geral de saúde de uma pessoa ou tratamentos anteriores.

Critérios de elegibilidade

Idades elegíveis para estudo

  • Adulto

Aceita Voluntários Saudáveis

Não

Descrição

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) for at least 6 months.
  • Aged between 18 and 65 years.
  • Residing in Antalya, Turkey (to ensure regular follow-up visits).
  • Able and willing to provide informed consent.
  • Willing to comply with the assigned dietary protocol and follow-up measurements for 12 weeks.

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Diagnosis of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus or other specific types of diabetes.
  • Current pregnancy or breastfeeding.
  • Working in night shifts or irregular schedules (due to interference with Time-Restricted Eating protocols).
  • Having a history of major cardiovascular events (e.g., myocardial infarction, stroke) within the last 6 months.
  • Severe renal or hepatic impairment (e.g., Stage 4 or 5 Chronic Kidney Disease).
  • Active malignancy or other chronic diseases that may significantly affect nutritional status.
  • Significant weight change (more than 5% of body weight) within the last 3 months prior to the study.
  • Use of medications that may significantly affect body weight or metabolism other than standard diabetes medications (e.g., systemic corticosteroids).
  • History of major gastrointestinal surgery that affects nutrient absorption.
  • Severe psychiatric disorders that may limit the ability to follow the study instructions.

Plano de estudo

Esta seção fornece detalhes do plano de estudo, incluindo como o estudo é projetado e o que o estudo está medindo.

Como o estudo é projetado?

Detalhes do projeto

  • Finalidade Principal: Tratamento
  • Alocação: Randomizado
  • Modelo Intervencional: Atribuição Paralela
  • Mascaramento: Nenhum (rótulo aberto)

Armas e Intervenções

Grupo de Participantes / Braço
Intervenção / Tratamento
Comparador Ativo: Control
3 main meals and 3 snacks with a 500 kcal/day deficit based on Mifflin-St Jeor equation.
Outro: Control Arm - standard of care
Control Group: 3 main meals and 3 snacks approach routinely applied in the treatment of T2DM (500 kcal restricted from daily energy requirement)
Comparador Ativo: 3-meal group
3 main meals only with a 500 kcal/day deficit based on Mifflin-St Jeor equation.
Outro: Three Meal Group
3M: Diet with 3 main meals restricted by 500 kcal from the daily energy requirement
Comparador Ativo: TRF
Ad-libitum feeding within an 8-hour window (12:00-20:00) with 2 main meals and 2 snacks.
Outro: Time-restricted eating
Ad-libitum feeding within an 8-hour window (12:00-20:00) with 2 main meals and 2 snacks.

O que o estudo está medindo?

Medidas de resultados primários

Medida de resultado
Descrição da medida
Prazo
Change in Body Weight
Prazo: From enrollment to the end of treatment at 12 weeks
The primary goal is to evaluate the effect of meal frequency and timing on total body weight. This parameter was used to determine the study's sample size, based on a target of a 5% weight reduction. Measurement is performed in kilograms (kg).
From enrollment to the end of treatment at 12 weeks

Medidas de resultados secundários

Medida de resultado
Descrição da medida
Prazo
Glycated Hemoglobin
Prazo: Change from baseline to Week 12.
Evaluation of long-term glycemic control, measured as the percentage (%) of glycated hemoglobin in the blood.
Change from baseline to Week 12.
Fasting Plasma Glucose
Prazo: Change from baseline to Week 12.
Concentration of glucose in the blood after an overnight fast, measured in mg/dL.
Change from baseline to Week 12.
Waist Circumference
Prazo: Change from baseline to Week 12.
Measurement of abdominal obesity in centimeters (cm).
Change from baseline to Week 12.
Urinary Albumin/Creatinine Ratio
Prazo: Change from baseline to Week 12.
Screening for renal health, measured in mg/g creatinine.
Change from baseline to Week 12.
Triglyceride
Prazo: Week 0 and Week 12
Concentration of triglycerides in the blood after an overnight fast, measured in mg/dL.
Week 0 and Week 12
LDL-C
Prazo: Week 0 and Week 12
Concentration of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in the blood after an overnight fast, measured in mg/dL.
Week 0 and Week 12
HDL-C
Prazo: Week 0 and Week 12
Concentration of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol in the blood after an overnight fast, measured in mg/dL.
Week 0 and Week 12
Total Cholesterol
Prazo: Week 0 and week 12
Concentration of total cholesterol in the blood after an overnight fast, measured in mg/dL.
Week 0 and week 12
Body Mass Index
Prazo: Week 0 and Week 12
Body mass index calculated from height and weight, measured in kg/m²
Week 0 and Week 12
Body Fat Percentage
Prazo: Week 0 and week 12
Percentage of total body fat mass assessed via bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), measured in %.
Week 0 and week 12
Skeletal Muscle Mass
Prazo: Week 0 and week 12
Total skeletal muscle mass assessed via bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), measured in kg.
Week 0 and week 12
Fat Mass Index
Prazo: Week 0 and week 12
Fat mass indexed to height squared, assessed via bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), measured in kg/m².
Week 0 and week 12
Fat Free Mass Index
Prazo: Week 0 and week 12
Fat-free mass indexed to height squared, assessed via bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), measured in kg/m²
Week 0 and week 12

Colaboradores e Investigadores

É aqui que você encontrará pessoas e organizações envolvidas com este estudo.

Patrocinador

Akdeniz University

Investigadores

  • Investigador principal: Hülya KAMARLI ALTUN, PhD, Associate Professor, Akdeniz University

Datas de registro do estudo

Essas datas acompanham o progresso do registro do estudo e os envios de resumo dos resultados para ClinicalTrials.gov. Os registros do estudo e os resultados relatados são revisados ​​pela National Library of Medicine (NLM) para garantir que atendam aos padrões específicos de controle de qualidade antes de serem publicados no site público.

Datas Principais do Estudo

Início do estudo (Real)

1 de março de 2024

Conclusão Primária (Real)

15 de novembro de 2024

Conclusão do estudo (Real)

30 de novembro de 2024

Datas de inscrição no estudo

Enviado pela primeira vez

17 de junho de 2026

Enviado pela primeira vez que atendeu aos critérios de CQ

29 de junho de 2026

Primeira postagem (Real)

30 de junho de 2026

Atualizações de registro de estudo

Última Atualização Postada (Real)

30 de junho de 2026

Última atualização enviada que atendeu aos critérios de controle de qualidade

29 de junho de 2026

Última verificação

1 de junho de 2026

Mais Informações

Termos relacionados a este estudo

Palavras-chave

Termos MeSH relevantes adicionais

Outros números de identificação do estudo

  • TBAEK-121 (Akdeniz University)

Plano para dados de participantes individuais (IPD)

Planeja compartilhar dados de participantes individuais (IPD)?

NÃO

Descrição do plano IPD

Individual participant data collected during the trial, including biochemical and anthropometric measurements, will not be shared publicly to maintain participant confidentiality and adhere to the Personal Data Protection Law. The data are strictly confidential and belong to the primary research institution. Results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications and conference presentations in aggregate form.

Informações sobre medicamentos e dispositivos, documentos de estudo

Estuda um medicamento regulamentado pela FDA dos EUA

Não

Estuda um produto de dispositivo regulamentado pela FDA dos EUA

Não

Essas informações foram obtidas diretamente do site clinicaltrials.gov sem nenhuma alteração. Se você tiver alguma solicitação para alterar, remover ou atualizar os detalhes do seu estudo, entre em contato com register@clinicaltrials.gov. Assim que uma alteração for implementada em clinicaltrials.gov, ela também será atualizada automaticamente em nosso site .

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