- ICH GCP
- 미국 임상 시험 레지스트리
- 임상시험 NCT01558921
직장암과 수술 전 유도 요법 후 전담 수술. RAPIDO 시험 (RAPIDO)
표준 화학 방사선 요법 및 수술 및 선택적 보조 화학 요법과 비교하여 원발성 고위험 직장암에서 장기 수술 전 화학 요법 및 수술 후 단기 코스 방사선 요법의 무작위 다기관 제 III상 연구.
연구 개요
상세 설명
연구 유형
등록 (실제)
단계
- 3단계
연락처 및 위치
연구 장소
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Alkmaar, 네덜란드
- Noordwest Ziekenhuisgroep
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Amsterdam, 네덜란드
- Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis
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Amsterdam, 네덜란드
- Amsterdam UMC, location AMC
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Amsterdam, 네덜란드
- Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc
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Amsterdam, 네덜란드
- Nki / Avl
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Assen, 네덜란드
- Wilhelmina ziekenhuis
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Breda, 네덜란드
- Amphia Ziekenhuis
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Delft, 네덜란드
- Reinier de Graaf Groep
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Deventer, 네덜란드
- Deventer Hospital
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Eindhoven, 네덜란드
- Catharina Ziekenhuis
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Gouda, 네덜란드
- Het Groene Hart Ziekenhuis
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Groningen, 네덜란드
- Martini Ziekenhuis
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Groningen, 네덜란드
- Universitair Medisch Centrum Groningen
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Heerenveen, 네덜란드
- de Tjongerschans
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Hengelo, 네덜란드
- Ziekenhuisgroep Twente
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Hoofddorp, 네덜란드
- Spaarne Ziekenhuis
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Leeuwarden, 네덜란드
- Medisch Centrum Leeuwarden
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Leeuwarden, 네덜란드
- Radiotherapeutisch Instituut Friesland
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Leiden, 네덜란드
- Leiden University Medical Center
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Leiderdorp, 네덜란드
- Alrijne Ziekenhuis
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Nijmegen, 네덜란드
- UMC Nijmegen St Radboud
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Sneek, 네덜란드
- Antonius ziekenhuis
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The Hague, 네덜란드
- HagaZiekenhuis
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The Hague, 네덜란드
- Bronovo Ziekenhuis
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The Hague, 네덜란드
- Medisch Centrum Haaglanden
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Utrecht, 네덜란드
- Diakonessenhuis
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Zwolle, 네덜란드
- Isala Klinieken
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PO BOX 30001
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Groningen, PO BOX 30001, 네덜란드, 9700 RB
- University Medical Center Groningen
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Kristiansand, 노르웨이
- Sørlandet Sykehus Kristiansand
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Oslo, 노르웨이
- Oslo Universitetssykehus
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Aalborg, 덴마크
- Aalborg Universitetshospital
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Odense, 덴마크
- Odense Universitetshospital
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Missouri
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St Louis, Missouri, 미국, 63110
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University Medical School
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Borås, 스웨덴
- Södra Älvsborgs Sjukhus
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Eskilstuna, 스웨덴
- Mälarsjukhuset
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Falun, 스웨덴
- Falu Lasarett
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Gothenburg, 스웨덴
- Sahlgrenska Universitetssjukhuset
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Gävle, 스웨덴
- Gävle Sjukhus
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Kalmar, 스웨덴
- Kalmar Hospital
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Karlstad, 스웨덴
- Centralsjukhuset i Karlstad
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Linköping, 스웨덴
- Linköpings Universitet
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Lund, 스웨덴
- Universitetssjukhuset i Lund
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Skövde, 스웨덴
- Skaraborgs Sjukhus
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Stockholm, 스웨덴
- Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset
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Sundsvall, 스웨덴
- Sundsvalls sjukhus
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Umeå, 스웨덴
- Norrlands universitetssjukhus
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Uppsala, 스웨덴
- Akademiska Sjukhuset
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Vaxjo, 스웨덴
- Centrallasarettet Växjö
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Västerås, 스웨덴
- Centrallasarett
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Örebro, 스웨덴
- Universitetssjukhuset Orebro
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Barcelona, 스페인
- Hospital Vall d'hebrón
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L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 스페인
- ICO Hospital Duran i Reynals
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Valencia, 스페인
- Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia
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Valencia, 스페인
- Hospital Universitari i Politecnic La Fe
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Valencia, 스페인
- Consorcio Hospital General Universitario Valencia
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Ljubljana, 슬로베니아
- Institute of Oncology
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참여기준
자격 기준
공부할 수 있는 나이
건강한 자원 봉사자를 받아들입니다
설명
포함 기준:
원발성 종양 특성:
- 새로 진단된 직장의 원발성 선암종의 조직학적 증거
- 국소적으로 및/또는 전신적으로 실패할 위험이 높은 것을 나타내는 골반 MRI에서 다음 기준 중 적어도 하나를 충족하는 국소적으로 진행된 종양(T4a, 즉 전립선, 방광, 자궁, 천골, 골반저 또는 옆구리와 같은 인접한 기관 또는 구조로의 과성장) 벽(TNM 버전 5에 따름), cT4b, 즉 복막 침범, 벽외 혈관 침범(EMVI+). N2, 즉 전이성 질환을 나타내는 MRI에서 형태학적 징후를 보이는 mesorectum의 4개 이상의 림프절. 양성 MRF, 즉 종양 또는 림프절이 장간막 근막에서 1mm 미만인 경우. 확대된 측면 림프절, > 1cm(lat LN+)
제외 기준:
- 천골의 두개골 부분(S3 이상) 또는 요천추 신경근으로의 광범위한 성장은 상당한 종양 축소가 보여도 수술이 불가능함을 나타냅니다.
- 전이성 질환 또는 재발성 직장 종양의 존재
- 가족성 선종증 대장 용종증(FAP), 유전성 비용종증 대장암(HNPCC), 활동성 크론병 또는 활동성 궤양성 대장염
- 적절하게 치료된 피부의 기저세포 암종 또는 자궁경부 자궁의 제자리 암종을 제외한 수반되는 악성 종양. 이전에 악성 종양이 있는 피험자는 최소 5년 동안 질병이 없어야 합니다.
- 알려진 DPD 결핍
- MRI에 대한 모든 금기 사항(예: 맥박 조정기를 사용하는 환자)
- 정보에 입각한 동의를 제공할 수 있는 환자의 능력을 손상시키는 의학적 또는 정신과적 상태
- 동시 통제되지 않는 의학적 상태
- 지난 한 달 이내에 직장암에 대한 모든 시험적 치료
- 임신 또는 모유 수유
- 알려진 흡수 장애 증후군이 있거나 상부 위장관의 물리적 무결성이 부족한 환자
- 임상적으로 유의미한(즉, 활성) 심장 질환(예: 울혈성 심부전, 증상이 있는 관상 동맥 질환 및 심장 부정맥, 예를 들어 심방세동(약물로 조절되더라도) 또는 지난 12개월 이내의 심근경색
- 말초신경병증의 증상 또는 병력이 있는 환자
공부 계획
연구는 어떻게 설계됩니까?
디자인 세부사항
- 주 목적: 치료
- 할당: 무작위
- 중재 모델: 병렬 할당
- 마스킹: 없음(오픈 라벨)
무기와 개입
참가자 그룹 / 팔 |
개입 / 치료 |
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실험적: B: 5x5Gy -> CAPOX -> surgery
experimental group (arm B) M1 scheme: 5 fractions of 5 Gy external beam radiation (5x5Gy) followed by CAPOX followed by TME surgery
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short course 5x5Gy radiation scheme is followed by six cycles of combination chemotherapy (capecitabine and oxaliplatin (CAPOX)) and surgery.
FOLFOX4 may be given as alternative for CAPOX
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활성 비교기: A: 5 weeks chemoradiation -> surgery
control group (arm A) standard long course chemoradiotherapy followed by TME surgery
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장기간의 화학 방사선 요법과 수술.
선택적 보조 화학요법(CAPOX 또는 FOLFOX)은 대조군에서 허용됩니다.
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연구는 무엇을 측정합니까?
주요 결과 측정
결과 측정 |
측정값 설명 |
기간 |
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Number of Patients With Disease Related Treatment Failure (DrTF)
기간: 3 years follow-up after surgery
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DrTF = Either local or distant relapse or death caused by the rectal carcinoma whichever comes first.
In case of nonrectal cancer related death patients will be censored at date of death.
In case of a second primary tumour patients will be censored at the date of diagnosis of the second primary tumour.
In case of local regrowth after wait & watch strategy, followed by no resection or R2 resection, diagnosis local regrowth is taken.
Patients lost to follow-up will be censored the last date of patient visit.
Survival curves for Disease related Treatment Failure after 3 years of follow-up will be constructed using the method of Kaplan and Meier.
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3 years follow-up after surgery
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2차 결과 측정
결과 측정 |
측정값 설명 |
기간 |
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Number of Patients Completing the Prescribe Neo-adjuvant Treatment Dose
기간: 30 days after neoadjuvant treatment
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Number of patients in the experimental arm receiving 5 fractions of x 5 Gy (5x5Gy) radiotherapy followed by at least 75% of the prescribed chemotherapy. In the standard arm receiving the prescribed chemoradiotherapy. |
30 days after neoadjuvant treatment
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Number of Patients With Negative CRM Negative
기간: 30 days after surgery
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Number of patients with a Circumferential Resection Margin (CRM) > 1 mm
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30 days after surgery
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Number of Patients With a Pathological Complete Response (pCR)
기간: 30 days after surgery
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Number of patients with a Pathological Complete Response (pCR) after neo-adjuvant treatment
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30 days after surgery
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Number of Patients With Surgical Complications
기간: 30 days after surgery
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Number of patients with surgical complications: wound rupture, bleeding, infection, rectal anastomotic leak
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30 days after surgery
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Quality of Life QLQ-C30 Scores
기간: 3 year after surgery
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Quality of life QLQ-C30 core questionnaire EORTC quality-of-life instrument for use in international clinical trials in oncology A total Quality of Life Questionnaire (QLQ) score can range from 0 to 88, higher score means worse outcome.
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3 year after surgery
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Quality of Life Questionnaire Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy (EORTC-QLQ-CIPN20)
기간: 3 year after surgery
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Quality of life EORTC-QLQ-CIPN20. International EORTC questionnaire to assess Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy (CIPN). A total QLQ-CIPN20 score can range from 0 to 100, higher score means worse outcome. Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a common phenomenon, often resulting in serious limitations in daily functioning and compromised quality of life. |
3 year after surgery
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Quality of Life LARS Scores
기간: 3 year after surgery
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Low Anterior Resection Syndrome (LARS) scores in patients without a stoma three years after curative surgery Patient reported score (5 questions). 0-12 no LARS, 21-29 Minor LARS, 30-42 Major LARS. Higher scores mean a worse outcome. |
3 year after surgery
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Number of Patients With a Locoregional Recurrence
기간: 5 years after surgery
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Number of patients with a locoregional recurrence (LRR) after an R0/R1 resection
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5 years after surgery
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Overall Survival
기간: 10 year
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Overall survival will be computed as the time between randomization and colorectal cancer or treatment related death. Patients lost to follow-up will be censored the last date of patient visit. In case of a second primary tumour patients will be censored at the date of diagnosis of the second primary tumour. |
10 year
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공동 작업자 및 조사자
협력자
수사관
- 수석 연구원: B. van Etten, MD, PhD, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Surgery, Groningen, The Netherlands
- 수석 연구원: B. Glimelius, MD, PhD, Akademiska Sjukhuset, Department of Oncology, Uppsala, Sweden
- 수석 연구원: G. A. Hospers, MD, PhD, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Medical Oncology, Groningen, The Netherlands
- 수석 연구원: P. Nilsson, MD, PhD, Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden
- 수석 연구원: C. J. van de Velde, MD, PhD, Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Leiden, The Netherlands
- 수석 연구원: C.A.M. Marijnen, MD, PhD, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
간행물 및 유용한 링크
일반 간행물
- Nilsson PJ, van Etten B, Hospers GA, Pahlman L, van de Velde CJ, Beets-Tan RG, Blomqvist L, Beukema JC, Kapiteijn E, Marijnen CA, Nagtegaal ID, Wiggers T, Glimelius B. Short-course radiotherapy followed by neo-adjuvant chemotherapy in locally advanced rectal cancer--the RAPIDO trial. BMC Cancer. 2013 Jun 7;13:279. doi: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-279.
- Jimenez-Fonseca P, Salazar R, Valenti V, Msaouel P, Carmona-Bayonas A. Is short-course radiotherapy and total neoadjuvant therapy the new standard of care in locally advanced rectal cancer? A sensitivity analysis of the RAPIDO clinical trial. Ann Oncol. 2022 Aug;33(8):786-793. doi: 10.1016/j.annonc.2022.04.010. Epub 2022 Apr 22.
- Glynne-Jones R, Harrison M. Should the RAPIDO schedule represent standard of care in locally advanced rectal cancer? Ann Oncol. 2022 Aug;33(8):745-746. doi: 10.1016/j.annonc.2022.05.002. Epub 2022 May 12. No abstract available.
- Patel A, Spychalski P, Corrao G, Jereczek-Fossa BA, Glynne-Jones R, Garcia-Aguilar J, Kobiela J. Neoadjuvant short-course radiotherapy with consolidation chemotherapy for locally advanced rectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Oncol. 2021 Oct;60(10):1308-1316. doi: 10.1080/0284186X.2021.1953137. Epub 2021 Jul 24.
- Papaccio F, Rosello S, Huerta M, Gambardella V, Tarazona N, Fleitas T, Roda D, Cervantes A. Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel). 2020 Dec 3;12(12):3611. doi: 10.3390/cancers12123611.
- Giunta EF, Bregni G, Pretta A, Deleporte A, Liberale G, Bali AM, Moretti L, Troiani T, Ciardiello F, Hendlisz A, Sclafani F. Total neoadjuvant therapy for rectal cancer: Making sense of the results from the RAPIDO and PRODIGE 23 trials. Cancer Treat Rev. 2021 May;96:102177. doi: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2021.102177. Epub 2021 Mar 16.
- Bahadoer RR, Dijkstra EA, van Etten B, Marijnen CAM, Putter H, Kranenbarg EM, Roodvoets AGH, Nagtegaal ID, Beets-Tan RGH, Blomqvist LK, Fokstuen T, Ten Tije AJ, Capdevila J, Hendriks MP, Edhemovic I, Cervantes A, Nilsson PJ, Glimelius B, van de Velde CJH, Hospers GAP; RAPIDO collaborative investigators. Short-course radiotherapy followed by chemotherapy before total mesorectal excision (TME) versus preoperative chemoradiotherapy, TME, and optional adjuvant chemotherapy in locally advanced rectal cancer (RAPIDO): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2021 Jan;22(1):29-42. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(20)30555-6. Epub 2020 Dec 7.
- Ozturk SK, Martinez CG, Mens D, Verhoef C, Tosetto M, Sheahan K, de Wilt JHW, Hospers GAP, van de Velde CJH, Marijnen CAM, van der Post RS, Nagtegaal ID. Lymph node regression after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in rectal cancer. Histopathology. 2024 May;84(6):935-946. doi: 10.1111/his.15134. Epub 2024 Jan 8.
- Nilsson PJ, van Etten B, Hospers GAP, Marijnen CAM, Meershoek-Klein Kranenberg E, Roodvoets AGH, van de Velde CJH, Glimelius B. Comment on the RAPIDO Trial Point-Counterpoint Debate. Dis Colon Rectum. 2024 Feb 1;67(2):e126. doi: 10.1097/DCR.0000000000003138. Epub 2023 Oct 26. No abstract available.
- Polack M, van Pelt GW, van den Heuvel DH, Klein-Kranenbarg EM, Roodvoets AGH, Putter H, Crobach ASLP, Nagtegaal ID, Peeters KCMJ, Tollenaar RAEM, van Krieken JHJM, Mesker WE. The tumour-stroma ratio as predictive aid towards a biopsy-based treatment strategy in rectal carcinoma. Histopathology. 2025 Jul;87(1):44-57. doi: 10.1111/his.15423. Epub 2025 Apr 4.
- van der Valk MJM, Marijnen CAM, van Etten B, Dijkstra EA, Hilling DE, Kranenbarg EM, Putter H, Roodvoets AGH, Bahadoer RR, Fokstuen T, Ten Tije AJ, Capdevila J, Hendriks MP, Edhemovic I, Cervantes AMR, de Groot DJA, Nilsson PJ, Glimelius B, van de Velde CJH, Hospers GAP; Collaborative investigators. Compliance and tolerability of short-course radiotherapy followed by preoperative chemotherapy and surgery for high-risk rectal cancer - Results of the international randomized RAPIDO-trial. Radiother Oncol. 2020 Jun;147:75-83. doi: 10.1016/j.radonc.2020.03.011. Epub 2020 Mar 30.
- Dijkstra EA, Hospers GAP, Kranenbarg EM, Fleer J, Roodvoets AGH, Bahadoer RR, Guren MG, Tjalma JJJ, Putter H, Crolla RMPH, Hendriks MP, Capdevila J, Radu C, van de Velde CJH, Nilsson PJ, Glimelius B, van Etten B, Marijnen CAM. Quality of life and late toxicity after short-course radiotherapy followed by chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced rectal cancer - The RAPIDO trial. Radiother Oncol. 2022 Jun;171:69-76. doi: 10.1016/j.radonc.2022.04.013. Epub 2022 Apr 18.
- Dijkstra EA, Zwart WH, Putter H, Marijnen CAM, Nilsson PJ, van de Velde CJH, van Etten B, Hospers GAP, Glimelius B. Authors' reply-A sensitivity analysis of the RAPIDO clinical trial. Ann Oncol. 2023 Apr;34(4):446-447. doi: 10.1016/j.annonc.2022.12.012. Epub 2022 Dec 26. No abstract available.
- Dijkstra EA, Nilsson PJ, Hospers GAP, Bahadoer RR, Meershoek-Klein Kranenbarg E, Roodvoets AGH, Putter H, Berglund A, Cervantes A, Crolla RMPH, Hendriks MP, Capdevila J, Edhemovic I, Marijnen CAM, van de Velde CJH, Glimelius B, van Etten B; Collaborative Investigators. Locoregional Failure During and After Short-course Radiotherapy Followed by Chemotherapy and Surgery Compared With Long-course Chemoradiotherapy and Surgery: A 5-Year Follow-up of the RAPIDO Trial. Ann Surg. 2023 Oct 1;278(4):e766-e772. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000005799. Epub 2023 Jan 20.
- Bahadoer RR, Hospers GAP, Marijnen CAM, Peeters KCMJ, Putter H, Dijkstra EA, Kranenbarg EM, Roodvoets AGH, van Etten B, Nilsson PJ, Glimelius B, van de Velde CJH; collaborative investigators. Risk and location of distant metastases in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer after total neoadjuvant treatment or chemoradiotherapy in the RAPIDO trial. Eur J Cancer. 2023 May;185:139-149. doi: 10.1016/j.ejca.2023.02.027. Epub 2023 Mar 7.
- Kus Ozturk S, Graham Martinez C, Sheahan K, Winter DC, Aherne S, Ryan EJ, van de Velde CJ, Marijnen CA, Hospers GA, Roodvoets AG, Doukas M, Mens D, Verhoef C, van der Post RS, Nagtegaal ID. Relevance of shrinkage versus fragmented response patterns in rectal cancer. Histopathology. 2023 Dec;83(6):870-879. doi: 10.1111/his.15027. Epub 2023 Aug 23.
- Zwart WH, Temmink SJD, Hospers GAP, Marijnen CAM, Putter H, Nagtegaal ID, Blomqvist L, Kranenbarg EM, Roodvoets AGH, Martling A, van de Velde CJH, Glimelius B, Peeters KCMJ, van Etten B, Nilsson PJ; Collaborative investigators. Oncological outcomes after a pathological complete response following total neoadjuvant therapy or chemoradiotherapy for high-risk locally advanced rectal cancer in the RAPIDO trial. Eur J Cancer. 2024 Jun;204:114044. doi: 10.1016/j.ejca.2024.114044. Epub 2024 Apr 7.
- Zwart WH, Dijkstra EA, Putter H, Marijnen CAM, Nilsson PJ, van de Velde CJH, van Etten B, Hospers GAP, Glimelius B. Authors' reply-Does the RAPIDO trial suggest a benefit of post-operative chemotherapy after preoperative chemoradiation in rectal cancer? No, it does not. ESMO Open. 2023 Oct;8(5):101645. doi: 10.1016/j.esmoop.2023.101645. Epub 2023 Sep 14. No abstract available.
- Zwart WH, Dijkstra EA, Putter H, Marijnen CAM, Nilsson PJ, van de Velde CJH, van Etten B, Hospers GAP, Glimelius B. Corrigendum to "Authors' reply-Does the RAPIDO trial suggest a benefit of post-operative chemotherapy after preoperative chemoradiation in rectal cancer? No, it does not": [ESMO Open 8 (2023) 101645]. ESMO Open. 2023 Dec;8(6):102042. doi: 10.1016/j.esmoop.2023.102042. Epub 2023 Oct 20. No abstract available.
- Bahadoer RR, Dijkstra EA, van Etten B, Marijnen CAM, Putter H, Kranenbarg EM, Nilsson PJ, Glimelius B, van de Velde CJH, Hospers GAP. Interpreting the RAPIDO trial: factors to consider - Authors' reply. Lancet Oncol. 2021 Mar;22(3):e90-e91. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(21)00087-5. No abstract available.
- Dijkstra EA, Zwart WH, Nilsson PJ, Putter H, Roodvoets AGH, Meershoek-Klein Kranenbarg E, Frodin JE, Nygren P, Ostergaard L, Kersten C, Verbiene I, Cervantes A, Hendriks MP, Capdevila J, Edhemovic I, van de Velde CJH, Marijnen CAM, van Etten B, Hospers GAP, Glimelius B; collaborative investigators. The value of post-operative chemotherapy after chemoradiotherapy in patients with high-risk locally advanced rectal cancer-results from the RAPIDO trial. ESMO Open. 2023 Apr;8(2):101158. doi: 10.1016/j.esmoop.2023.101158. Epub 2023 Mar 3.
- Prata I, Eriksson M, Krdzalic J, Kranenbarg EM, Roodvoets AGH, Beets-Tan R, van de Velde CJH, van Etten B, Hospers GAP, Glimelius B, Nilsson PJ, Marijnen CAM, Peeters KCMJ, Blomqvist LK. Results of a diagnostic imaging audit in a randomised clinical trial in rectal cancer highlight the importance of careful planning and quality control. Insights Imaging. 2023 Nov 24;14(1):206. doi: 10.1186/s13244-023-01552-0.
- Ozturk SK, Bokhorst JM, Baumann E, Sheahan K, van de Velde CJH, Marijnen CAM, Hospers GAP, Doukas M, Vieth M, Lugli A, Nagtegaal ID. Exploring Intratumoral Budding in Colorectal Cancer Using Computational Pathology: A Biopsy-Based Evaluation. Mod Pathol. 2025 Feb;38(2):100655. doi: 10.1016/j.modpat.2024.100655. Epub 2024 Nov 9.
- Zwart WH, Dijkstra EA, Hospers GAP, Marijnen CAM, Putter H, Folkesson J, Van de Velde CJH, Roodvoets AGH, Meershoek-Klein Kranenbarg E, Glimelius B, Van Etten B, Nilsson PJ. Perineal wound complications after total neoadjuvant therapy or chemoradiotherapy followed by abdominoperineal excision in patients with high-risk locally advanced rectal cancer in the RAPIDO trial. BJS Open. 2025 Mar 4;9(2):zraf043. doi: 10.1093/bjsopen/zraf043.
- Tanaka MD, Glimelius B, Hospers GAP, Kranenbarg EM, Marijnen CAM, Putter H, Roodvoets AGH, van de Velde CJH, van Etten B, Nilsson PJ, Couwenberg AM. Acute and Late Radiation-Related Toxicity After Treatment of Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer With Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy Compared With 3-Dimensional Conformal Radiation Therapy in the RAPIDO Trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2025 Oct 1;123(2):470-482. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2025.04.035. Epub 2025 May 10.
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