아킬레스건 파열 환자의 12개월 후 결과 (ATR-12)

Peak plantarflexion torque will be measured using isokinetic dynamometry. Peak torque (Newton metres [Nm]) represents the maximum force generated by the plantarflexor muscles during a maximal voluntary contraction.

Unit of Measure: Newton metres (Nm)

Minimum value: 0 Nm

Maximum value: No fixed maximum value

Higher values indicate: Greater plantarflexor muscle strength (better outcome)

Peak plantarflexion torque normalised to body weight, measured using isokinetic dynamometry. Results are expressed as Newton metres per kilogram (Nm/kg) to facilitate comparison of plantarflexor muscle strength between individuals of different body sizes.

Unit of Measure: Newton metres per kilogram (Nm/kg)

Minimum Value: 0 Nm/kg

Maximum Value: No fixed maximum value

Higher values indicate: Greater plantarflexor muscle strength relative to body weight (better outcome)

Limb Symmetry Index (LSI) for isokinetic plantarflexion strength. LSI is calculated as the peak torque of the injured limb divided by the peak torque of the uninjured limb and expressed as a percentage. An LSI of 100% indicates equal strength between limbs, while values below 100% indicate a strength deficit in the injured limb.

Unit of Measure: Percent (%)

Minimum Value: 0%

Maximum Value: No fixed maximum value

Higher values indicate: Greater symmetry between injured and uninjured limbs and therefore a better outcome.

The Achilles Tendon Total Rupture Score (ATRS) is a validated patient-reported outcome measure assessing symptoms, physical activity, and functional limitations following Achilles tendon rupture. Scores range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better perceived recovery and fewer symptoms.

Time Frame: 12-15 months post-injury (single study visit)

Unit of Measure: Points

Minimum Value: 0

Maximum Value: 100

Higher scores indicate: Better outcome (fewer symptoms and greater function)

Lower scores indicate: Worse outcome (more symptoms and greater functional limitation)

Correlation between subjective recovery measured by the Achilles Tendon Total Rupture Score (ATRS) and objective plantarflexor muscle strength measured as peak plantarflexion torque during isokinetic dynamometry.

Unit of Measure: Correlation coefficient (r)

Minimum Value: -1

Maximum Value: 1

Interpretation: Values closer to ±1 indicate a stronger relationship between ATRS and peak plantarflexion torque. Values closer to 0 indicate a weaker relationship.

Correlation between subjective recovery measured by the Achilles Tendon Total Rupture Score (ATRS) and objective plantarflexion strength symmetry measured using the Limb Symmetry Index (LSI).

Time Frame: 12-15 months post-injury (single study visit)

Unit of Measure: Correlation coefficient (r)

Minimum Value: -1

Maximum Value: 1

Interpretation: Values closer to ±1 indicate a stronger relationship between ATRS and Limb Symmetry Index. Values closer to 0 indicate a weaker relationship.

Health-related quality of life will be assessed using the EuroQol 5-Dimension, 5-Level (EQ-5D-5L) Questionnaire.

The EuroQol Five-Dimension Five-Level Questionnaire (EQ-5D-5L) is a patient-reported measure of health-related quality of life consisting of five dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression. Each dimension is rated on a five-level scale from no problems to extreme problems.

Minimum value: 5 Maximum value: 25 Direction of scale: Lower scores indicate a better outcome (fewer health problems); higher scores indicate a worse outcome (more severe health problems).

The EuroQol Visual Analogue Scale (EQ VAS) is a self-reported measure of overall health status. Participants rate their current health on a vertical visual analogue scale ranging from 0 ("the worst health you can imagine") to 100 ("the best health you can imagine").

Minimum value: 0 Maximum value: 100 Higher scores indicate: Better self-rated health status Lower scores indicate: Worse self-rated health status

The Achilles Tendon Resting Angle (ATRA) is a goniometric measure used as an indirect assessment of Achilles tendon elongation. Side-to-side difference in ATRA between the injured and uninjured limbs will be measured in degrees. ATRA does not have fixed minimum or maximum possible values. Higher values indicate less tendon elongation (better outcome), while lower values indicate greater tendon elongation (worse outcome).

Time Frame: 12-15 months post-injury (single study visit)

Unit of Measure: Degrees (°)

Minimum Value: No fixed minimum value

Maximum Value: No fixed maximum value

Higher values indicate: Less tendon elongation (better outcome)

Lower values indicate: Greater tendon elongation (worse outcome)

Return to sport/activity status assessed at follow-up. Participants will be categorised according to their highest level of return to pre-injury sport or physical activity:

Return to same level and frequency Return to same level at reduced frequency Return to a lower level No return to sport/activity

Time Frame: 12-15 months post-injury (single study visit)

Unit of Measure: Category

Minimum Value: No return to sport/activity

Maximum Value: Return to same level and frequency

Higher categories indicate: Greater return to pre-injury sport/activity participation (better outcome)

Description: Presence of Achilles tendon pain or symptoms prior to tendon rupture, assessed by participant self-report. Participants will be classified according to whether Achilles tendon symptoms were present before the rupture.

Time Frame: Assessed at 12-15 months post-injury (single study visit; recall of pre-injury symptoms)

Unit of Measure: Category

Categories:

No pre-injury Achilles symptoms Pre-injury Achilles symptoms present

Interpretation: Presence of pre-injury symptoms may indicate preceding Achilles tendon pathology.