Den smertestillende effekten av ultralydstyrt sakral erektor spinae, perikapsulær nerveblokk og trelast plexus blokk for smertelindring for hofteoperasjoner: randomisert kontrollert studie

The hip joint connects the femur and pelvis and is responsible for multidimensional motion and mechanical stability [ 1 ]. Most hip pain is caused by the joint capsule [ 2 ]. Furthermore, the joint is largely controlled by the femoral, sciatic, and obturator nerves [ 3 ]. Patients may experience incomplete analgesia with techniques such as femoral nerve (FN) block alone due to the proximal locations of these nerves. Blocking the proximal innervation of all terminal branches innervating the hip joint (femoral, sciatic, obturator, etc.) causes significant weakness in the leg [ 1 ]. With the growth of the elderly population, more patients are undergoing hip surgeries. However, although methods are improving, no gold standard has been established for anesthesia or, more specifically, for analgesia in operations with high morbidity and high mortality [4]. Hip surgeries include hip arthroplasty (HA) (partial hip replacement, total hip replacement) and proximal femur operations (proximal femoral nailing) [5]. In fact, HA is one of the most successful orthopedic procedures in terms of improving patients' functional status and quality of life [ 6 ]. Appropriate pain management for surgical patients contributes to early mobilization, shorter hospital stays, reduced costs, and increased patient satisfaction.

Therefore, minimizing postoperative pain has become increasingly important for healthcare providers in recent years [ 7 ]. For this purpose, various analgesia techniques have been used. Although opioids typically provide effective pain relief, their use is limited due to serious side effects [ 8 ]. In recent years, peripheral nerve blocks (PNBs) have been used in the management of postoperative pain following hip surgery. The 2021 procedure-specific postoperative pain management (PROSPECT) guideline for total HA recommends several perioperative interventions to alleviate postoperative pain [9].

Erector spinae plane (ESP) block and pericapsular nerve group (PENG) block are the main safe and proven blocks used in hip operations [ 10 , 11 ]. PENG block is a novel regional analgesia technique that preserves motor function while reducing pain after HA. This technique involves injecting local anesthetic (LA) into the fascial plane between the psoas muscle and the superior pubic ramus [ 11 , 12 ].

Erector spinae plane block (ESPB) was first described as an interfascial plane block performed at the upper thoracic levels to alleviate neuropathic pain [13]. Later, its use has been reported in many thoracic procedures including mastectomy, video-assisted thoracoscopy (VATS), heart surgery, at lumbar levels for abdominal surgery, prostatectomy, lumbar spine surgery, total hip arthroplasty, and proximal femur surgery [14].

Sacral ESPB has been recently described. Case reports are showing that it is useful in various types of surgery. In case presentations, it has been reported as effective in providing analgesia in the posterior branches of the sacral nerves in pilonidal sinus surgery, in the treatment of radicular pain at the L5 - S1 level, after a sex reassignment operation hypospadias surgery, and its use in combination with lumbar ESPB for analgesia was reported after hip prosthesis surgery [15-20].

As a frequently used regional anesthesia technique for low limb surgery, lumbar plexus block (LPB) can provide effective analgesia and reduce opioid consumption for the patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty (THA) [20-22]. The lumbar plexus occasionally originates from T12 to L4. The three main branches of lumbar plexus that innervate the hip region, including the femoral, obturator, and lateral femoral cutaneous nerve, can be blocked with a single-level LPB at L3 [21] observed the spread of local anesthetic with MRI in the volunteers underwent LPB at L4. The injectate was mainly confined between L2 and L4 and barely diffused to T12-L1. Thus, insufficient of analgesia of the incision area may occur due to the failure block of the branches derive from T12 and L1, such as iliohypogastric and subcostal nerve [23]. As we know, the effect of regional block depends on the coverage of related nerve branches at the surgical area. Therefore, to provide a more comprehensive coverage on the wide range of lumbar plexus, multiple-level block techniques, e.g., LPB at L2 and L3, at L3 and L4, or even combined with T12 L1 paravertebral block (PVB), were applied in some studies [24-27]. However, it is conceivable that these expert techniques may require more operator expertise, consume more performance time, increase the discomfort of the patients, and have a greater risk of complications [ 28-32]. Thus, a both effective and convenient method should be investigated.