- ICH GCP
- Amerikanska kliniska prövningsregistret
- Klinisk prövning NCT05259449
Effekten av pedagogisk kost och träning för reglering av aptit genom exosomer hos typ 2-diabetiker (APETEX)
Effektiviteten av en näringsutbildningsstrategi och fysisk tränings roll för reglering av aptit och kroppssammansättning genom profilen för exosomer hos typ 2-diabetiker (APETEX-projektet)
Vi antar att kombinationen av en näringsinriktad utbildningsintervention med ett fysiskt träningsprogram förbättrar aptitreglering medierad av exosomer hos personer med typ 2-diabetes mellitus (T2DM), vilket leder till bättre glykemi/insulineminivåer, minskning av kroppsfettmassa och livskvalitet.
Projektet är en randomiserad kontrollerad klinisk studie med 120 deltagare med T2DM och fetma, som syftar till att fastställa effektiviteten av ett näringsutbildningsprogram och vilken roll fysisk träningstyp har på hälsorelaterade variabler. Deltagarna kommer att vara av båda könen med åldern mellan 40 och 55 år, tillhörande provinsen Cádiz. Designen har två 12-veckors interventioner; huvudfaktorn har 2 nivåer: deltagare som får näringsutbildning (EDU) och kontroller (CG); den andra faktorn har 3 nivåer: högintensiv intervallträning (HIIT), måttlig intensitet kontinuerlig träning (MICT) och kontroller (INACT). Därför kommer deltagarna att randomiseras i 6 grupper (n=20), justerade efter kön (≈50 % i varje grupp): EDU+HIIT, EDU+MICT, EDU+INACT, CG+HIIT, CG+MICT, CG+INACT .
Resultatvariablerna, som kommer att mätas före och efter interventionen, kommer att omfatta: bedömning av kostintag, bedömning av fysisk aktivitet, livskvalitet, blodprover, emotionell reaktivitet på matbilder, blodtryck, aptitbedömning, kroppssammansättning och vätskor, basal ämnesomsättning, maximal fettoxidationstest och kardiorespiratorisk kondition.
Studieöversikt
Status
Betingelser
Detaljerad beskrivning
Ungefär 500 miljoner människor har typ 2-diabetes mellitus (T2DM) 2018 och den förväntas öka mellan 20 % och 50 % under de kommande 10 åren. T2DM kallas också icke-insulinberoende eller vuxen-debut, och det beror på kroppens ineffektiva användning av insulin, som är resultatet av överdriven kroppsvikt och fysisk inaktivitet. Diabetes är den 7 vanligaste dödsorsaken genom att öka riskerna för hjärt- och kärlsjukdomar och andra sjukdomar, av vilka många (43 %) inträffar i förtid och till stor del kan förebyggas genom antagande av policyer för att skapa stödjande miljöer för en hälsosam livsstil.
Att förbättra genomförandet av hälsorelaterade utbildningsprogram genom kost och fysisk träning är därför ett nyckelverktyg för beteendeförändring. Kombinationen av fysisk träning och kostrådgivning är känd för att förbättra inverkan på både kroppssammansättning och hälsa hos den allmänna befolkningen och vid T2DM; Men efterlevnaden av dessa program äventyras och även om hela ingreppet utförs av patienten kan vi hitta icke-svarare. De underliggande mekanismerna som bestämmer effekten av utbildningsprogram fokuserade på hälsosamma livsstilar kan förklaras av molekylära och fysiologiska svar på interventionerna. I denna mening kan hormoner som reglerar aptit och träning påverka matpreferenser, beslutsfattande och i träningens inverkan på aptiten, och följaktligen ändra kostintag, kroppssammansättning och hälsa.
Exosomer (EX) har betraktats som nya och potenta vehiklar för intercellulär kommunikation och utövar de anmärkningsvärda effekterna på lipidmetabolism, inklusive syntes, transport och nedbrytning av lipiden. EX har föreslagits som en mekanism för de fysiologiska effekterna av fysisk träning hos patienter med T2DM.
Enligt tidigare vetenskaplig forskning antar vi att kombinationen av en kostpedagogisk intervention med ett fysiskt träningsprogram förbättrar aptitreglering medierad av exosomer hos personer med T2DM, vilket leder till bättre glykemi/insulineminivåer, minskning av kroppsfettmassa och livskvalitet.
Projektet är en randomiserad kontrollerad klinisk studie med 120 deltagare med T2DM och fetma, som syftar till att fastställa effektiviteten av ett näringsutbildningsprogram och vilken roll fysisk träningstyp har på hälsorelaterade variabler. Deltagarna kommer att vara av båda könen med åldern mellan 40 och 55 år, tillhörande provinsen Cádiz. Designen har två 12-veckors interventioner; huvudfaktorn har 2 nivåer: deltagare som får näringsutbildning (EDU) och kontroller (CG); den andra faktorn har 3 nivåer: högintensiv intervallträning (HIIT), måttlig intensitet kontinuerlig träning (MICT) och kontroller (INACT). Därför kommer deltagarna att randomiseras i 6 grupper (n=20), justerade efter kön (≈50 % i varje grupp): EDU+HIIT, EDU+MICT, EDU+INACT, CG+HIIT, CG+MICT, CG+INACT .
Resultatvariablerna, som kommer att mätas före och efter interventionen, kommer att omfatta: bedömning av kostintag, bedömning av fysisk aktivitet, livskvalitet, blodprover, emotionell reaktivitet på matbilder, blodtryck, aptitbedömning, kroppssammansättning och vätskor, basal ämnesomsättning, maximal fettoxidationstest och kardiorespiratorisk kondition.
Studietyp
Inskrivning (Faktisk)
Fas
- Inte tillämpbar
Kontakter och platser
Studieorter
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Cadiz
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Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spanien, 11510
- Science of Education Faculty
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Deltagandekriterier
Urvalskriterier
Åldrar som är berättigade till studier
Tar emot friska volontärer
Beskrivning
Inklusionskriterier:
- Icke-rökare
- Alkoholfritt (<3 standarddrycker per dag)
- Body mass index >25 kg/m bibehåller de vanliga kostmönstren utan en kroppsmassaminskning på mer än 2 % under de senaste 6 månaderna
- Att inte vara insulinberoende
- Frånvaro av skada, sjukdom eller funktionsnedsättning eller annat känt medicinskt tillstånd som kan påverka förmågan att framgångsrikt delta i fysiska träningstester
- Frånvaro av hjärt-kärlsjukdom (kärlkramp, perifer eller cerebrovaskulär sjukdom, etc.).
- Frånvaro av neurologiska och psykiatriska sjukdomar.
- Frånvaro av luftvägssjukdomar (pulmonell hypertoni, KOL, etc.).
- Frånvaro av andra metabola sjukdomar (hyper/hypo paratyreos, hyper/hypotyreos, Cushings sjukdom, typ 1 diabetes, etc.)
- Frånvaro av aktiv inflammatorisk tarmsjukdom
- Frånvaro av njursjukdom
- Frånvaro av tumörer
- Frånvaro av koagulationsdysfunktion
- Inte under behandling med läkemedel som är kända för att påverka glukosmetabolismen, nyligen genomförd steroidbehandling (inom 6 månader) eller hormonersättningsterapi
- Kunna förstå en kommunikation på spanska eller engelska.
Exklusions kriterier:
- De deltar inte i mer än 2 eller 4 sessioner i följd av kostrådgivning respektive fysisk träning.
- De förlorar mer än 4 eller 6 sessioner totalt av kostrådgivning respektive fysisk träning.
Studieplan
Hur är studien utformad?
Designdetaljer
- Primärt syfte: Behandling
- Tilldelning: Randomiserad
- Interventionsmodell: Parallellt uppdrag
- Maskning: Dubbel
Vapen och interventioner
Deltagargrupp / Arm |
Intervention / Behandling |
|---|---|
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Aktiv komparator: Måttlig intensitet kontinuerlig träning (ND-MICT)
Deltagare som inte fick någon näringsintervention men som deltog i ett moderatintensivt kontinuerligt träningsprogram.
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Participants assigned to the MICT completed 3 weekly sessions, with 1-2 days of rest between sessions, on a cycle ergometer for 12 weeks.
The MICT program consisted of 50 minutes of continuous pedaling at an intensity approximately 10% above the lactate threshold, with cadence maintained between 60-80 rpm.
The training load (TL) was increased by 10% if these two conditions were met: 1) no increase of at least 2 beats of heart rate from minute 20 to minute 40 of the training session, and 2) lactate levels below 2 mmol/L in minute 48 of the session.
The TL for the first session was determined by an adjustment test consisting of an incremental test with five consecutive 10-minute phases at a constant cadence (60-80 RPM) from 90% to 130% of the ventilatory threshold power, calculated from the FatOx test data, with 10% increments in each step.
The TL was determined by the phase in which HR increased by ≥ 3 beats between phases and blood lactate levels increased by ≥ 1 mmol/L between phases.
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Aktiv komparator: Högintensiv intervallträning (ND-HIIT)
Deltagare som inte fick någon nutritionell intervention men som deltog i ett träningsprogram med högintensiv intervallträning.
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Participants assigned to the HIIT completed 3 weekly sessions, with 1-2 days of rest between sessions, on a cycle ergometer for 12 weeks.
The training load (TL) was determined from an incremental test until volitional exhaustion with one-minute work intervals (from 85% to 165% of maximal power output during VO2max test [Wmax] and with 10% increments) separated by 1.5-minute rest periods (at 20% Wmax).
The program consisted of a 3 minutes warm-up with the first 2 minutes at 20% and last minute at 40% of the TL, followed by 10 series of 1 min duration at 90% of TL, with 1 minute of rest between sets at 20% of TL and ending with 2 minutes of cool-down at 20% of TL (estimated total time of the session: 25 minutes).
A 5% increase in workload was applied when, for two consecutive sessions, the first three intervals failed to exceed 85% of maximal HR and at least five did not reach 90% of maximal HR.
Participants were asked to maintain a cadence above 80RPM.
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Experimentell: Nutritionell intervention Högintensiv intervallträning (D-HIIT)
Deltagare som fick näringsintervention och deltog i ett högintensivt intervallträningsprogram.
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The nutritional intervention was conducted through biweekly (± 3 days) in-person consultations with a nutritionist or dietitian.
Firstly, the patient's diet was analyzed.
Then, participants were guided to follow a mildly calorie-restricted diet (-250-500 kcal/day deficit), with the primary goal of achieving a 5 % reduction in body weight and reducing blood glucose levels.
Meal plans were created using Nutrium® software , personalized to each participant's lifestyle and food preferences, and reviewed at each biweekly consultation.
The dietary plan included at least 4 or 5 meals per day, ensuring a well-distributed intake of carbohydrates, a balanced distribution of macro- and micronutrients, and the inclusion of foods rich in prebiotics and probiotics.
Moreover, some suggestions about the combination of foods and culinary techniques were provided.
Only one session through the intervention was allowed to be attended telephonically.
Participants assigned to the HIIT completed 3 weekly sessions, with 1-2 days of rest between sessions, on a cycle ergometer for 12 weeks.
The training load (TL) was determined from an incremental test until volitional exhaustion with one-minute work intervals (from 85% to 165% of maximal power output during VO2max test [Wmax] and with 10% increments) separated by 1.5-minute rest periods (at 20% Wmax).
The program consisted of a 3 minutes warm-up with the first 2 minutes at 20% and last minute at 40% of the TL, followed by 10 series of 1 min duration at 90% of TL, with 1 minute of rest between sets at 20% of TL and ending with 2 minutes of cool-down at 20% of TL (estimated total time of the session: 25 minutes).
A 5% increase in workload was applied when, for two consecutive sessions, the first three intervals failed to exceed 85% of maximal HR and at least five did not reach 90% of maximal HR.
Participants were asked to maintain a cadence above 80RPM.
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Inget ingripande: ND-INACT
Participants who did not receive either nutritional intervention or an exercise program.
They were instructed to maintain their normal life habits with respect to physical activity and diet.
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Aktiv komparator: Nutritional Intervention (D-INACT)
Participants who received nutritional intervention but not an exercise program.
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The nutritional intervention was conducted through biweekly (± 3 days) in-person consultations with a nutritionist or dietitian.
Firstly, the patient's diet was analyzed.
Then, participants were guided to follow a mildly calorie-restricted diet (-250-500 kcal/day deficit), with the primary goal of achieving a 5 % reduction in body weight and reducing blood glucose levels.
Meal plans were created using Nutrium® software , personalized to each participant's lifestyle and food preferences, and reviewed at each biweekly consultation.
The dietary plan included at least 4 or 5 meals per day, ensuring a well-distributed intake of carbohydrates, a balanced distribution of macro- and micronutrients, and the inclusion of foods rich in prebiotics and probiotics.
Moreover, some suggestions about the combination of foods and culinary techniques were provided.
Only one session through the intervention was allowed to be attended telephonically.
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Experimentell: Nutritional Intervention Moderate-intensity continuous training (D-MICT)
Participants who received nutritional intervention and were enrolled in a moderate-intensity continuous training exercise program.
|
The nutritional intervention was conducted through biweekly (± 3 days) in-person consultations with a nutritionist or dietitian.
Firstly, the patient's diet was analyzed.
Then, participants were guided to follow a mildly calorie-restricted diet (-250-500 kcal/day deficit), with the primary goal of achieving a 5 % reduction in body weight and reducing blood glucose levels.
Meal plans were created using Nutrium® software , personalized to each participant's lifestyle and food preferences, and reviewed at each biweekly consultation.
The dietary plan included at least 4 or 5 meals per day, ensuring a well-distributed intake of carbohydrates, a balanced distribution of macro- and micronutrients, and the inclusion of foods rich in prebiotics and probiotics.
Moreover, some suggestions about the combination of foods and culinary techniques were provided.
Only one session through the intervention was allowed to be attended telephonically.
Participants assigned to the MICT completed 3 weekly sessions, with 1-2 days of rest between sessions, on a cycle ergometer for 12 weeks.
The MICT program consisted of 50 minutes of continuous pedaling at an intensity approximately 10% above the lactate threshold, with cadence maintained between 60-80 rpm.
The training load (TL) was increased by 10% if these two conditions were met: 1) no increase of at least 2 beats of heart rate from minute 20 to minute 40 of the training session, and 2) lactate levels below 2 mmol/L in minute 48 of the session.
The TL for the first session was determined by an adjustment test consisting of an incremental test with five consecutive 10-minute phases at a constant cadence (60-80 RPM) from 90% to 130% of the ventilatory threshold power, calculated from the FatOx test data, with 10% increments in each step.
The TL was determined by the phase in which HR increased by ≥ 3 beats between phases and blood lactate levels increased by ≥ 1 mmol/L between phases.
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Vad mäter studien?
Primära resultatmått
Resultatmått |
Åtgärdsbeskrivning |
Tidsram |
|---|---|---|
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Glycated hemoglobin
Tidsram: Pre and Post the 12-week Intervention
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Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c, %) was measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with the automated ADAMS™ HA-8180V analyzer (ARKRAY, Kyoto, Japan).
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Pre and Post the 12-week Intervention
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Sekundära resultatmått
Resultatmått |
Åtgärdsbeskrivning |
Tidsram |
|---|---|---|
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Utvärderade förändringar i insulinresistens: HOMA-IR
Tidsram: Före och efter 12-veckors intervention
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Insulinresistens uppskattades med hjälp av Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), beräknat som fastande insulin (µU/mL) multiplicerat med fastande glukos (mg/dL) dividerat med 405.
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Före och efter 12-veckors intervention
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Bedömda förändringar i insulinkänslighet: Matsuda-index
Tidsram: Pre och Post 12-veckors intervention
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Hela kroppens insulinkänslighet uppskattades genom Matsuda-indexet, beräknat som 10,000 / √[(fastande glukos (mg/dL) × fastande insulin (µU/mL)) × (medelglukos under oralt glukostoleranstest (mg/dL) × medelinsulin under oralt glukostoleranstest (µU/mL))].
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Pre och Post 12-veckors intervention
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Utvärderade förändringar i insulinkänslighet: Quicki
Tidsram: Före och efter 12-veckors intervention
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Insulinkänsligheten uppskattades med hjälp av det kvantitativa insulinkänslighetsindexet (QUICKI), beräknat som 1 / [log(fastande insulin (µU/mL)) + log(fastande glukos (mg/dL))].
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Före och efter 12-veckors intervention
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Utvärderade förändringar i kroppsmassaindex
Tidsram: Före och efter 12-veckors intervention
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Body Mass Index (BMI) i kilogram per kvadratmeter (kg/m²) beräknades som kroppsvikt (kg) dividerat med längd i kvadrat (m²).
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Före och efter 12-veckors intervention
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Utvärderade förändringar i antropometri: Omkretsar
Tidsram: Pre och Post 12-veckors Intervention
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Midjemått (cm) mättes vid mittpunkten mellan den nedre laterala kanten av den 10:e revbenet och iliacakammen, vinkelrätt mot kroppens längdaxel.
Bukomfång (cm) mättes på nivån med naveln, vinkelrätt mot kroppens längdaxel.
Höftomfång (cm) mättes på nivån med den största bakre utbuktningen av skinkorna, vinkelrätt mot kroppens längdaxel.
Låromfång (cm) mättes vid mittpunkten mellan trochanter major och den laterala tibiakondylen.
Alla mätningar utfördes med deltagaren stående upprätt och avslappnad.
Varje mätning utfördes två gånger, och en tredje mätning gjordes om skillnaden översteg 1 %.
Medelvärdet av de två mest lika mätningarna registrerades.
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Pre och Post 12-veckors Intervention
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Utvärderade förändringar i antropometri: Midje-höftkvot
Tidsram: Pre och Post 12-veckors Intervention
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Midja-höftkvot (WHR) beräknades som midjeomkrets (cm) dividerat med höftomkrets (cm).
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Pre och Post 12-veckors Intervention
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Bedömda förändringar i maximal fettförbränning
Tidsram: Före och efter 12-veckorsinterventionen
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Maximal fettförbränning bestämdes genom ett gradvis test på en cykelergometer (Lode Excalibur, Groningen, Nederländerna).
Gasutbyte (VO2, VCO2, RER) registrerades med indirekt kalorimetri (Jaeger MasterScreen CPX®), och hjärtfrekvens mättes kontinuerligt under testet med Polar Team 2 (Polar Electro Inc., Lake Success, NY).
Testet bestod av en startbelastning på 15W med ökningar på 15W var 3:e minut tills respiratorisk kvot nådde ett stabilt värde på 1.
Under hela testet upprätthölls en kadens på 60 varv per minut.
Fettförbränningsvärden (g/min) beräknades från syre- och kolhydratsdata som genomsnittsberäknades under den sista minuten av varje 3-minuterssteg, med hjälp av Frayns stoikiometriska ekvation, och sedan noterades det högsta fettförbränningsvärdet.
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Före och efter 12-veckorsinterventionen
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Bedömda förändringar i relativ intensitet av maximal fettoxidation under träning
Tidsram: Före och efter 12-veckorsinterventionen
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Den relativa intensiteten för maximal fettförbränning (FatMax) återspeglar träningsintensiteten (% av maximal syreupptagning (VO2max)) vid vilken fettförbränningen når sin topp.
FatMax bestämdes från det graderade maximala fettförbränningstestet (MFO) på cykelergometer (Lode Excalibur, Groningen, Nederländerna).
Testet började vid 15 W med 15-W ökningar var 3:e minut tills respiratorisk kvot nådde 1, med bibehållen 60 rpm.
Gasutbyte (VO2, VCO2, RER) mättes via indirekt kalorimetri (Jaeger MasterScreen CPX®), och hjärtfrekvens övervakades kontinuerligt (Polar Team 2, Polar Electro, NY).
Efter MFO-testet utfördes ett andra stegtest med 15W/min ökningar till utmattning från den senaste belastningen i MFO-testet för att bestämma VO2max.
Fettförbränningshastigheter (g/min) beräknades med Frayn-ekvationen och plottades mot relativ VO2 (%VO2max).
Den VO2 som motsvarade maximal fettförbränning identifierades som FatMax.
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Före och efter 12-veckorsinterventionen
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Utvärderade förändringar i kardiorespiratorisk kondition
Tidsram: Före och efter den 12-veckorsintervention
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Maximal syreförbrukning (VO2max, ml/min) bedömdes med ett inkrementellt test på en cykelergometer (Lode Excalibur) efter testet för maximal fettförbränning (MFO).
Gasukväten (VO2, VCO2 och RER) registrerades med en indirekt kalorimeter (Jaeger MasterScreen CPX®), och hjärtfrekvens mättes kontinuerligt under testet med Polar Team 2 (Polar Electro Inc).
Efter en 5-minuters vila efter MFO-testet startade VO2max-fasen vid den senast uppnådda belastningen i MFO-stadiet och ökades med 15 W varje minut, med bibehållen trampkadens på 70-90 rpm till frivillig utmattning.
Maximal ansträngning bekräftades när minst tre av följande kriterier uppfylldes: ett VO2-platå (VO2-tidslutning <0,05 L·min⁻¹ under de senaste 30 s), ≥90 % av åldersförutsedd maximal hjärtfrekvens, ett respiratoriskt utbytesförhållande (RER) ≥1,10, upplevd ansträngning på 8-10 på Borg-skalan och frivillig utmattning.
Om färre än tre kriterier uppnåddes registrerades VO2-värdet som VO2peak.
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Före och efter den 12-veckorsintervention
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Bedömd Längd
Tidsram: Pre och Post 12-veckors Intervention
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Längd (meter, m) mättes med en väggmonterad stadiometer (TANITA-LEICESTER HR-001, Tanita Corp., Tokyo, Japan) med deltagare som stod i enlighet med tillverkarens instruktioner.
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Pre och Post 12-veckors Intervention
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Assessed changes in Body Weight
Tidsram: Pre and Post the 12-week intervention
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Body weight (kilograms, kg) was measured using a multifrequency bioelectrical impedance device (TANITA-MC780MA, Tanita Corp., Tokyo, Japan) after at least 8 hours of fasting.
Participants were instructed the day before testing to maintain their usual lifestyle, refrain from alcohol or caffeine for 24 hours, and avoid vigorous physical activity for at least 48 hours.
Participants wore light clothing and were asked to urinate immediately before the measurement.
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Pre and Post the 12-week intervention
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Assessed changes in Fat Mass (kilograms of Fat Mass)
Tidsram: Pre and Post 12-week Intervention
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Fat mass (kilograms, kg) was estimated using multifrequency bioelectrical impedance with an 8-electrode device (TANITA-MC780MA, Tanita Corp., Tokyo, Japan) after at least 8 hours of fasting.
Participants were instructed the day before testing to maintain their usual lifestyle, refrain from alcohol or caffeine for 24 hours, and avoid vigorous physical activity for at least 48 hours.
Participants wore light clothing and were asked to urinate immediately before the measurement.
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Pre and Post 12-week Intervention
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Assessed changes in Fat Mass (percentage of Fat Mass)
Tidsram: Pre and Post 12-week Intervention
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Fat mass (percentage of total body weight, %) was estimated using multifrequency bioelectrical impedance with an 8-electrode device (TANITA-MC780MA, Tanita Corp., Tokyo, Japan) after at least 8 hours of fasting.
Participants were instructed the day before testing to maintain their usual lifestyle, refrain from alcohol or caffeine for 24 hours, and avoid vigorous physical activity for at least 48 hours.
Participants wore light clothing and were asked to urinate immediately before the measurement.
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Pre and Post 12-week Intervention
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Assessed changes in Fat-free Mass (kilograms of Fat-free Mass)
Tidsram: Pre and Post 12-week Intervention
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Fat-free mass (kilograms, kg) was estimated using multifrequency bioelectrical impedance with an 8-electrode device (TANITA-MC780MA, Tanita Corp., Tokyo, Japan) after at least 8 hours of fasting.
Participants were instructed the day before testing to maintain their usual lifestyle, refrain from alcohol or caffeine for 24 hours, and avoid vigorous physical activity for at least 48 hours.
Participants wore light clothing and were asked to urinate immediately before the measurement.
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Pre and Post 12-week Intervention
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Assessed changes in Fat-free Mass (percentage of Fat-free Mass)
Tidsram: Pre and Post 12-week Intervention
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Fat-free mass (percentage of total body weight, %) was estimated using multifrequency bioelectrical impedance with an 8-electrode device (TANITA-MC780MA, Tanita Corp., Tokyo, Japan) after at least 8 hours of fasting.
Participants were instructed the day before testing to maintain their usual lifestyle, refrain from alcohol or caffeine for 24 hours, and avoid vigorous physical activity for at least 48 hours.
Participants wore light clothing and were asked to urinate immediately before the measurement.
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Pre and Post 12-week Intervention
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Assessed changes in Anthropometry: Skinfold thickness
Tidsram: Pre and Post 12-week Intervention
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Thigh skinfold thickness was measured at two-thirds of the distance from the iliospinale point (the lowest part of the anterior superior iliac spine) to the superolateral border of the patella, over the belly of the vastus lateralis muscle.
Measurements were taken on the dominant leg.
Two measurements were obtained, and a third was taken if the difference between the first two exceeded 1mm.
The mean of the two most similar records was recorded.
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Pre and Post 12-week Intervention
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Assessed changes in Glucose concentration
Tidsram: Pre and Post the 12-week intervention
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Glucose concentration (mg/dL) was measured from blood samples collected from the antecubital vein after at least 8 hours of fasting and at 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 minutes after the ingestion of 75 grams of glucose (Nuter-tec, 75 g/200 mL, orange flavor).
Participants were instructed the day before testing to maintain their usual lifestyle, refrain from alcohol or caffeine consumption for 24 hours, and avoid vigorous physical activity for at least 48 hours.
Blood samples were centrifuged and plasma was analysed using the colorimetric method performed on the Alinity CI system (Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL, USA).
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Pre and Post the 12-week intervention
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Assessed changes in Insulin concentration
Tidsram: Pre and Post the 12-week intervention
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Insulin concentration (µU/mL) was measured from blood samples collected from the antecubital vein into serum separator tubes after at least 8 hours of fasting and at 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 minutes after the ingestion of 75 grams of glucose (Nuter-tec, 75 g/200 mL, orange flavor).
Participants were instructed the day before testing to maintain their usual lifestyle, refrain from alcohol or caffeine consumption for 24 hours, and avoid vigorous physical activity for at least 48 hours.
Blood samples were centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 7 minutes, and serum was analyzed.
Insulin concentrations were determined by chemiluminescent immunoassays performed on the Alinity CI system (Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL, USA).
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Pre and Post the 12-week intervention
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Assessed changes in Appetite assessment.
Tidsram: Pre and Post the 12-week intervention
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Since appetite feelings modulate nutritional behavior, evaluating appetite among the intervention groups can improve the study's quality from a comprehensive perspective.
After an 8-10 hour fasting period, a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was completed to measure the participant's morning appetite.
Likewise, they were evaluated 90 minutes into the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) and at the end of it.
The VAS is a valid measurement instrument for assessing the feeling of appetite.
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Pre and Post the 12-week intervention
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Assessed changes in task of emotional reactivity to food images
Tidsram: Pre and Post the 12-week intervention
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Emotional reactivity to food images was measured using a high-density 128-channel EEG system (HydroCel Sensor Net, EGI, Inc.) during both resting state and a visual-attentional cognitive task.
EEG caps were fitted according to standardized landmarks (GND at the forehead, REF at the vertex, lateral electrodes at the eyebrows and top of ears, posterior electrode at the occipital bone), with impedance checked and adjusted by pipetting or gentle repositioning.
Participants were seated 60-70 cm from a 15'' monitor in dim lighting, with eyes aligned to the center of the screen.
A 4-minute eyes-open resting-state recording was conducted to assess baseline alpha activity (8-14 Hz).
The experimental task presented images in blocks with breaks, including high- and low-calorie foods, non-food controls, and, in a separate task, images categorized as beneficial or harmful for gut microbiota based on fiber, prebiotic/probiotic content, caloric density, fat, and meat content.
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Pre and Post the 12-week intervention
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Assessed changes in Appetite hormones
Tidsram: Pre and Post the 12-week intervention
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Appetite-regulating hormones were assessed from blood samples collected after an 8-10-hour overnight fast, with participants seated at rest for 15 minutes.
Fasting samples were drawn from the antecubital vein using EDTA tubes for appetite hormones and CAT tubes for serum cortisol.
EDTA tubes were inverted, centrifuged at 1500 × g for 15 minutes at 4 °C, and plasma aliquoted into 500 µL tubes with 5 µL protease inhibitors, then stored at -80 °C.
Ghrelin, leptin, GLP-1, and GIP were measured fasting and 90 minutes post-75 g glucose using the MILLIPLEX® Metabolic Hormone Panel V3 with a Luminex® xMap system; intra- and inter-assay CVs <10% and <20%.
Cortisol from CAT tubes allowed to clot 30 minutes, centrifuged at 2000 × g for 10 minutes at 4 °C, aliquoted into 200 µL tubes, stored at -80 °C, and quantified using one-step CMIA on Alinity CI; emitted light inversely reflects cortisol, range 1-59.8 µg/dL, intra- and inter-assay variation <10%.
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Pre and Post the 12-week intervention
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Assessed changes in Plasma Exosomal miRNA expression
Tidsram: Pre and Post the 12-week intervention
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Fasting blood samples (fast 8-10 hours) were centrifuged (1500×g, 15 min, 4 °C) and the resulting plasma was divided into aliquots (500 µL) and stored at -80°C.
Exosomes were isolated from 600 µL of plasma using the miRCURY Exosome Kits (Qiagen, Netherlands).
Total RNA was extracted from 200 μL of exosome samples using the miRNeasy Serum/Plasma Advanced Kit (Qiagen).
Reverse transcription was performed with the miRCURY LNA RT Kit, incubated at 42°C for 60 min, 95°C for 5 min, and stored at -20°C.
Quantitative PCR was carried out using the miRCURY LNA SYBR Green PCR Kit and miRNA-specific assays on a CFX Connect System (Bio-Rad).
MiRNA expression was normalized to validated endogenous reference miRNAs, and relative expression and pre-to-post fold-changes were calculated to ensure accurate quantification of exosomal miRNA expression.
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Pre and Post the 12-week intervention
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Assessed changes in dietary intake: Frequency of consumption
Tidsram: Pre and post the 12-week intervention
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One week before laboratory measurements, participants completed a 5-day weighed food record, including one weekend days, to capture habitual dietary intake.
Additionally, dietary habits were assessed through a 137-item semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ), previously validated in a Mediterranean Spanish population.
The FFQ was administered in face-to-face interviews by trained nutritionists and included information on vitamin/mineral supplements and alcohol consumption.
Participants reported their habitual intake over the previous year using a 9-level frequency scale (ranging from "never or almost never" to ">6 times/day").
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Pre and post the 12-week intervention
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Assessed changes in dietary intakes: 24 hours dietary recalls
Tidsram: Pre and post the 12-week intervention
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Nutrient intakes were estimated using the DIAL software (version 3.15; Alce Ingeniería, Madrid, Spain), a validated tool for quantitative and qualitative assessment of dietary intake in the Spanish population.
The software converted food consumption into daily energy and nutrient values, expressed absolute intake (g/day), percentage of Recommended Intake (RI) coverage, and the energy distribution profile (percentage of total energy from proteins, fats, carbohydrates, and alcohol).
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Pre and post the 12-week intervention
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Assessed changes in dietary intakes: Mediterranean Diet Adherence
Tidsram: Pre and post the 12-week intervention
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Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet was evaluated using a validated 14-item questionnaire for the Spanish population, with scores ranging from 0 (lowest adherence) to 14 (highest adherence).
The resulting score was classified into three categories: low adherence (range: 0-5), moderate adherence (range: 6-9), and high adherence to MedDiet (range: 10-14).
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Pre and post the 12-week intervention
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Assessed changes in accelerometry: Physical activity time
Tidsram: Pre and post the 12-week intervention
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Physical activity and inactivity were assessed using triaxial accelerometers (GENEActiv; ActivInsights Ltd., Kimbolton, UK) placed on the non-dominant wrist from 5 to 7 consecutive days (direct method).
Participants were instructed to wear the device at all times, including during sleep and water-based activities, to ensure comprehensive data capture.
Valid data were defined as a minimum wear of 16 hours per day for at least four days (three weekdays and one weekend day) following established protocols (10.1177/07334648231218095).
Accelerometers were set to 60 Hz (10.1111/sms.12795,
10.1249/MSS.0000000000000289).
Raw data were downloaded using GENEActiv software version 3.3 and processed using the GGIR package (version 3.0.9) in R (v4.1.1,
R Core Team, Vienna, Austria), which auto-calibrates the data based on local gravity and calculates the Euclidean Norm Minus One (ENMO) to minimize sensor calibration error (https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00421.2014).
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Pre and post the 12-week intervention
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Assessed changes in physical activity and sedentary time
Tidsram: Pre and post the 12-week intervention
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Physical activity, sedentary time, and sleep were also estimated through self-reported questionnaires, using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Version (IPAQ-SF), previously validated in Spain.
The IPAQ-SF provides estimates of sedentary time, moderate and vigorous activity in minutes per week.
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Pre and post the 12-week intervention
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Assessed changes in Resting Energy Expenditure
Tidsram: Pre and post the 12-week intervention
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After at least 8 hours of fasting, resting energy expenditure was estimated by indirect calorimetry.
Participants were instructed the day before testing to maintain their usual lifestyle, refrain from alcohol or caffeine for 24 hours, and avoid vigorous physical activity for at least 48 hours.
Participants lay supine for 30 minutes wearing a mask connected to a gas analyzer (open circuit, Jaeger MasterScreen CPX® (CareFusion, San Diego, USA)).
The resting rates of fat and carbohydrate oxidation were used to determine the resting energy expenditure in kcal per minute (kcal/min).
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Pre and post the 12-week intervention
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Assessed changes in self-reported quality of life
Tidsram: Pre and post the 12-week intervention
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Self-reported quality of life was registered by applying the Short Form 36-health survey (SF-36) questionnaire previously validated in Spain.
The SF-36 is a generic measure of quality of life and has been evaluated for a wide variety of medical conditions, including diabetes.
The SF-36 includes 36 questions that evaluate 8 subscales, scores for each scale range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating higher level of function or wellbeing.
The physical component summary is derived from the 4 subscales of physical functioning, role physical, bodily pain, and general health; while the mental component summary is derived from the subscales of vitality, social functioning, role emotional, and mental health.
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Pre and post the 12-week intervention
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Assessed changes in blood pressure
Tidsram: Pre and post the 12-week intervention
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Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were recorded three times by using the validated Omron HEM 742 blood pressure monitoring device with the participant seated, back supported in chair and feet flat on floor without legs crossed, after they rested 5 minutes.
The guidelines of the Hypertension and Cardiology European Societies and the Spanish ones were used to classify blood pressure stages of participants.
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Pre and post the 12-week intervention
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Samarbetspartners och utredare
Sponsor
Samarbetspartners
Utredare
- Huvudutredare: Cristina Casals, PhD, University of Cadiz
- Huvudutredare: Jesús Ponce González, PhD, University of Cadiz
Studieavstämningsdatum
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Avslutad studie (Faktisk)
Studieregistreringsdatum
Först inskickad
Först inskickad som uppfyllde QC-kriterierna
Första postat (Faktisk)
Uppdateringar av studier
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Mer information
Termer relaterade till denna studie
Ytterligare relevanta MeSH-villkor
- Sjukdomar i det endokrina systemet
- Metaboliska sjukdomar
- Störningar i glukosmetabolism
- Diabetes mellitus
- Hyperinsulinism
- Närings- och metabola sjukdomar
- Diabetes mellitus, typ 2
- Insulinresistens
- Motorisk aktivitet
- Rörelse
- Muskuloskeletala fysiologiska fenomen
- Muskuloskeletala och neurala fysiologiska fenomen
- Fysisk konditionering, mänsklig
- Utöva
- Högintensiv intervallträning
Andra studie-ID-nummer
- The APETEX project
- PID2020-120034RA-I00/AEI/10.13 (Annat bidrag/finansieringsnummer: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación)
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