左心室功能障碍 (SOLVD) 的研究
研究概览
详细说明
背景:
大约有 200 万美国人患有心力衰竭。 由于已知充血性心力衰竭的患病率会随着年龄的增长而增加,因此预计平均预期寿命的提高将在未来几十年内增加该问题的严重性。 虽然高血压、冠状动脉疾病的治疗以及先天性和瓣膜性心脏病的手术治疗的进展延长了生存期,但这些患者中的许多人最终在晚年发展为心力衰竭。
充血性心力衰竭的治疗经历了迅速的变化。 直到 20 世纪 70 年代初,急性和慢性充血性心力衰竭患者的主要治疗方法是洋地黄和利尿剂。 然而,在继发于缺血性心脏病的心力衰竭患者和非缺血性或缺血性起源的严重左心室衰竭患者中使用洋地黄存在争议。
关于洋地黄的急性和长期影响的争论导致为心力衰竭患者引入了多种替代和补充治疗方法。 在 20 世纪 80 年代中期,可以使用范围广泛的血管扩张剂。 当时,新的正性肌力药也发现了作为洋地黄给药的替代或补充的应用。 尽管所有这些药物已被证明对慢性心力衰竭患者的治疗有一定益处,但关于其中一些药物的长期血流动力学影响的信息不足,而且几乎没有关于它们对生存影响的信息。
由于认识到充血性心力衰竭患者的外周血管阻力通常升高,因此引入了血管扩张剂疗法。 在血管扩张剂中,血管紧张素转换酶 (ACE) 抑制剂似乎是最有前途的,因为它们已被证明可以抵消一些主要的不良激素和血管收缩机制,缓解症状,减少心肌梗死后的心脏扩张,并提高运动能力和射血分数。
SOLVD 于 1986 年启动,主要是为了评估血管紧张素转换酶 (ACE) 抑制剂依那普利的作用。 两个考虑因素影响了 SOLVD 的设计:对已经有明显充血性心力衰竭的患者进行药物治疗可能不如对无症状左心室功能障碍患者开始治疗有益;此类无症状患者的早期治疗可能获益较少,因为患者可能没有可测量的肾素-血管紧张素轴激活。
征求建议书于 1984 年 8 月发布,第一批奖项于 1985 年 7 月颁发。 1985 年 3 月发布了关于增加临床中心的第二份征求建议书。
设计叙述:
这两项试验都是随机和双盲的。 在随机化之前,所有患者都接受了为期两周的依那普利和安慰剂治疗,以便及早发现不依从的患者、不能耐受药物的患者以及出现早期副作用的患者。 在预随机化期结束后,参与者被分配到依那普利或安慰剂组,在每个临床中心内使用置换块随机化。 随访安排在随机化后的两周和六周,然后是四、八和十二个月。 此后,每隔四个月就诊一次。 患者被随访至少两年,最长五年。 每项试验的主要结果是全因死亡率。 次要终点包括心血管死亡率、充血性心力衰竭恶化导致的猝死、充血性心力衰竭住院、心肌梗死、中风、心脏移植需求和生活质量。 充血性心力衰竭的发作是预防试验中的另一个结果。 在参与者子集中进行了七项子研究,包括:舒张功能;超声心动图;锻炼;神经体液;生活质量;放射性核素;猝死。 患者招募于 1986 年 7 月开始。 治疗试验的招募于 1989 年 2 月提前六个月结束,随访于 1991 年 2 月结束。 预防试验于 1990 年 4 月结束招募,并于 1991 年 7 月完成随访。 数据分析一直持续到 1994 年 11 月。
该试验还包括一个登记处,该登记处招募了 6,300 名患者,以研究许多患者特征对死亡率的影响。 十八个临床中心参与。 从射血分数低于 0.45 的连续患者中收集数据 或在 12 个月内有充血性心力衰竭的放射学证据。 一年后,通过邮件确定患者的生命状况,必要时通过电话随访。 到 1990 年 5 月,对所有登记患者完成了一年的随访。 长期随访是通过国家死亡指数进行的。
研究类型
阶段
- 第三阶段
参与标准
资格标准
适合学习的年龄
接受健康志愿者
有资格学习的性别
描述
学习计划
研究是如何设计的?
设计细节
- 主要用途:预防
- 分配:随机化
- 屏蔽:双倍的
合作者和调查者
调查人员
- Clarence Davis、University of North Carolina
出版物和有用的链接
一般刊物
- Konstam V, Salem D, Pouleur H, Kostis J, Gorkin L, Shumaker S, Mottard I, Woods P, Konstam MA, Yusuf S. Baseline quality of life as a predictor of mortality and hospitalization in 5,025 patients with congestive heart failure. SOLVD Investigations. Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction Investigators. Am J Cardiol. 1996 Oct 15;78(8):890-5. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9149(96)00463-8.
- Gorkin L, Norvell NK, Rosen RC, Charles E, Shumaker SA, McIntyre KM, Capone RJ, Kostis J, Niaura R, Woods P, et al. Assessment of quality of life as observed from the baseline data of the Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD) trial quality-of-life substudy. Am J Cardiol. 1993 May 1;71(12):1069-73. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(93)90575-w.
- Francis GS, Benedict C, Johnstone DE, Kirlin PC, Nicklas J, Liang CS, Kubo SH, Rudin-Toretsky E, Yusuf S. Comparison of neuroendocrine activation in patients with left ventricular dysfunction with and without congestive heart failure. A substudy of the Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD). Circulation. 1990 Nov;82(5):1724-9. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.82.5.1724.
- Konstam MA, Kronenberg MW, Rousseau MF, Udelson JE, Melin J, Stewart D, Dolan N, Edens TR, Ahn S, Kinan D, et al. Effects of the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor enalapril on the long-term progression of left ventricular dilatation in patients with asymptomatic systolic dysfunction. SOLVD (Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction) Investigators. Circulation. 1993 Nov;88(5 Pt 1):2277-83. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.88.5.2277.
- Bittner V, Weiner DH, Yusuf S, Rogers WJ, McIntyre KM, Bangdiwala SI, Kronenberg MW, Kostis JB, Kohn RM, Guillotte M, et al. Prediction of mortality and morbidity with a 6-minute walk test in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. SOLVD Investigators. JAMA. 1993 Oct 13;270(14):1702-7.
- Konstam MA, Rousseau MF, Kronenberg MW, Udelson JE, Melin J, Stewart D, Dolan N, Edens TR, Ahn S, Kinan D, et al. Effects of the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor enalapril on the long-term progression of left ventricular dysfunction in patients with heart failure. SOLVD Investigators. Circulation. 1992 Aug;86(2):431-8. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.86.2.431.
- SOLVD Investigators; Yusuf S, Pitt B, Davis CE, Hood WB Jr, Cohn JN. Effect of enalapril on mortality and the development of heart failure in asymptomatic patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions. N Engl J Med. 1992 Sep 3;327(10):685-91. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199209033271003. Erratum In: N Engl J Med 1992 Dec 10;327(24):1768.
- Dries DL, Exner DV, Gersh BJ, Domanski MJ, Waclawiw MA, Stevenson LW. Atrial fibrillation is associated with an increased risk for mortality and heart failure progression in patients with asymptomatic and symptomatic left ventricular systolic dysfunction: a retrospective analysis of the SOLVD trials. Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998 Sep;32(3):695-703. doi: 10.1016/s0735-1097(98)00297-6.
- Konstam MA, Kronenberg MW, Udelson JE, Metherall J, Dolan N, Edens TR, Howe DM, Yusuf S, Youngblood M, Toltsis H. Effect of acute angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition on left ventricular filling in patients with congestive heart failure. Relation to right ventricular volumes. Circulation. 1990 Feb;81(2 Suppl):III115-22.
- Studies of left ventricular dysfunction (SOLVD)--rationale, design and methods: two trials that evaluate the effect of enalapril in patients with reduced ejection fraction. Am J Cardiol. 1990 Aug 1;66(3):315-22. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(90)90842-o. Erratum In: Am J Cardiol 1990 Oct 15;66(12):1026.
- SOLVD Investigators; Yusuf S, Pitt B, Davis CE, Hood WB, Cohn JN. Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions and congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med. 1991 Aug 1;325(5):293-302. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199108013250501.
- Hood WB Jr, Youngblood M, Ghali JK, Reid M, Rogers WJ, Howe D, Teo KK, LeJemtel TH. Initial blood pressure response to enalapril in hospitalized patients (Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction [SOLVD]). Am J Cardiol. 1991 Dec 1;68(15):1465-8. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(91)90280-x.
- Liang CS, Stewart DK, LeJemtel TH, Kirlin PC, McIntyre KM, Robertson HT, Brown R, Moore AW, Wellington KL, Cahill L, et al. Characteristics of peak aerobic capacity in symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects with left ventricular dysfunction. The Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD) Investigators. Am J Cardiol. 1992 May 1;69(14):1207-11. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(92)90937-t.
- Konstam MA, Kronenberg MW, Udelson JE, Kinan D, Metherall J, Dolan N, Edens T, Howe D, Kilcoyne L, Benedict C, et al. Effectiveness of preload reserve as a determinant of clinical status in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction. The SOLVD Investigators. Am J Cardiol. 1992 Jun 15;69(19):1591-5. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(92)90709-8.
- Carew BD, Ahn SA, Boichot HD, Dierenfeldt BJ, Dolan NA, Edens TR, Weiner DH, Probstfield JL. Recruitment strategies in the studies of left ventricular dysfunction (SOLVD): strategies for screening and enrollment in two concurrent but separate trials. The SOLVD Investigators. Control Clin Trials. 1992 Oct;13(5):325-38. doi: 10.1016/0197-2456(92)90035-x.
- Johnstone D, Limacher M, Rousseau M, Liang CS, Ekelund L, Herman M, Stewart D, Guillotte M, Bjerken G, Gaasch W, et al. Clinical characteristics of patients in studies of left ventricular dysfunction (SOLVD). Am J Cardiol. 1992 Oct 1;70(9):894-900. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(92)90734-g.
- Pouleur H. Results of the treatment trial of the studies of left ventricular dysfunction (SOLVD). The SOLVD Investigators. Am J Cardiol. 1992 Oct 8;70(10):135C-136C. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(92)91372-b. No abstract available.
- Bangdiwala SI, Weiner DH, Bourassa MG, Friesinger GC 2nd, Ghali JK, Yusuf S. Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD) Registry: rationale, design, methods and description of baseline characteristics. Am J Cardiol. 1992 Aug 1;70(3):347-53. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(92)90617-8.
- Pouleur H, Rousseau MF, van Eyll C, Stoleru L, Hayashida W, Udelson JA, Dolan N, Kinan D, Gallagher P, Ahn S, et al. Effects of long-term enalapril therapy on left ventricular diastolic properties in patients with depressed ejection fraction. SOLVD Investigators. Circulation. 1993 Aug;88(2):481-91. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.88.2.481.
- Bourassa MG, Gurne O, Bangdiwala SI, Ghali JK, Young JB, Rousseau M, Johnstone DE, Yusuf S. Natural history and patterns of current practice in heart failure. The Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD) Investigators. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993 Oct;22(4 Suppl A):14A-19A. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(93)90456-b.
- Pouleur HG, Konstam MA, Udelson JE, Rousseau MF. Changes in ventricular volume, wall thickness and wall stress during progression of left ventricular dysfunction. The SOLVD Investigators. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993 Oct;22(4 Suppl A):43A-48A. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(93)90462-a.
- Benedict CR, Weiner DH, Johnstone DE, Bourassa MG, Ghali JK, Nicklas J, Kirlin P, Greenberg B, Quinones MA, Yusuf S. Comparative neurohormonal responses in patients with preserved and impaired left ventricular ejection fraction: results of the Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD) Registry. The SOLVD Investigators. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993 Oct;22(4 Suppl A):146A-153A. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(93)90480-o.
- Pouleur H, Rousseau MF, van Eyll C, Melin J, Youngblood M, Yusuf S. Cardiac mechanics during development of heart failure. SOLVD Investigators. Circulation. 1993 May;87(5 Suppl):IV14-20.
- Yusuf S, Garg R, McConachie D. Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in left ventricular dysfunction: results of the studies of left ventricular dysfunction in the context of other similar trials. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1993;22 Suppl 9:S28-35.
- Hayashida W, Van Eyll C, Rousseau MF, Pouleur H. Regional remodeling and nonuniform changes in diastolic function in patients with left ventricular dysfunction: modification by long-term enalapril treatment. The SOLVD Investigators. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993 Nov 1;22(5):1403-10. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(93)90550-k.
- Melin JA, Konstam MA, Rousseau MF, Pouleur H. Progression of left ventricular dysfunction in patients with heart failure. SOLVD Investigators. The Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction. Ann Ital Med Int. 1993 Oct;8 Suppl:9S. No abstract available.
- Rogers WJ, Johnstone DE, Yusuf S, Weiner DH, Gallagher P, Bittner VA, Ahn S, Schron E, Shumaker SA, Sheffield LT. Quality of life among 5,025 patients with left ventricular dysfunction randomized between placebo and enalapril: the Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction. The SOLVD Investigators. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994 Feb;23(2):393-400. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(94)90426-x.
- Kostis JB, Shelton BJ, Yusuf S, Weiss MB, Capone RJ, Pepine CJ, Gosselin G, Delahaye F, Probstfield JL, Cahill L, et al. Tolerability of enalapril initiation by patients with left ventricular dysfunction: results of the medication challenge phase of the Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction. Am Heart J. 1994 Aug;128(2):358-64. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(94)90490-1.
- Henzlova MJ, Blackburn GH, Bradley EJ, Rogers WJ. Patient perception of a long-term clinical trial: experience using a close-out questionnaire in the Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD) Trial. SOLVD Close-out Working Group. Control Clin Trials. 1994 Aug;15(4):284-93. doi: 10.1016/0197-2456(94)90044-2.
- Benedict CR, Johnstone DE, Weiner DH, Bourassa MG, Bittner V, Kay R, Kirlin P, Greenberg B, Kohn RM, Nicklas JM, et al. Relation of neurohumoral activation to clinical variables and degree of ventricular dysfunction: a report from the Registry of Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction. SOLVD Investigators. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994 May;23(6):1410-20. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(94)90385-9.
- LeJemtel TH, Liang CS, Stewart DK, Kirlin PC, McIntyre KM, Robertson TH, Moore A, Cahill L, Galvao M, Wellington KL, et al. Reduced peak aerobic capacity in asymptomatic left ventricular systolic dysfunction. A substudy of the studies of left ventricular dysfunction (SOLVD). SOLVD Investigator. Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction. Circulation. 1994 Dec;90(6):2757-60. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.90.6.2757.
- Yusuf S, Pepine CJ, Garces C, Pouleur H, Salem D, Kostis J, Benedict C, Rousseau M, Bourassa M, Pitt B. Effect of enalapril on myocardial infarction and unstable angina in patients with low ejection fractions. Lancet. 1992 Nov 14;340(8829):1173-8. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(92)92889-n.
- Pratt CM, Gardner M, Pepine C, Kohn R, Young JB, Greenberg B, Capone R, Kostis J, Henzlova M, Gosselin G, et al. Lack of long-term ventricular arrhythmia reduction by enalapril in heart failure. SOLVD Investigators. Am J Cardiol. 1995 Jun 15;75(17):1244-9. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9149(99)80771-1.
- Benedict CR, Francis GS, Shelton B, Johnstone DE, Kubo SH, Kirlin P, Nicklas J, Liang CS, Konstam MA, Greenberg B, et al. Effect of long-term enalapril therapy on neurohormones in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. SOLVD Investigators. Am J Cardiol. 1995 Jun 1;75(16):1151-7. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9149(99)80748-6.
- Kostis JB, Shelton B, Gosselin G, Goulet C, Hood WB Jr, Kohn RM, Kubo SH, Schron E, Weiss MB, Willis PW 3rd, Young JB, Probstfield J. Adverse effects of enalapril in the Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD). SOLVD Investigators. Am Heart J. 1996 Feb;131(2):350-5. doi: 10.1016/s0002-8703(96)90365-8.
- Torre-Amione G, Kapadia S, Benedict C, Oral H, Young JB, Mann DL. Proinflammatory cytokine levels in patients with depressed left ventricular ejection fraction: a report from the Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD). J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996 Apr;27(5):1201-6. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(95)00589-7.
- Kirlin PC, Benedict C, Shelton BJ, Francis G, Nicklas J, Liang CS, Kubo S, Johnstone D, Probstfield J, Yusuf S. Neurohumoral variability in left ventricular dysfunction. SOLVD Investigators. Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction. Am J Cardiol. 1995 Feb 15;75(5):354-9. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9149(99)80553-0.
- Greenberg B, Quinones MA, Koilpillai C, Limacher M, Shindler D, Benedict C, Shelton B. Effects of long-term enalapril therapy on cardiac structure and function in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. Results of the SOLVD echocardiography substudy. Circulation. 1995 May 15;91(10):2573-81. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.91.10.2573.
- Young JB, Weiner DH, Yusuf S, Pratt CM, Kostis JB, Weiss MB, Schroeder E, Guillote M. Patterns of medication use in patients with heart failure: a report from the Registry of Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD). South Med J. 1995 May;88(5):514-23. doi: 10.1097/00007611-199505000-00002.
- Shindler DM, Kostis JB, Yusuf S, Quinones MA, Pitt B, Stewart D, Pinkett T, Ghali JK, Wilson AC. Diabetes mellitus, a predictor of morbidity and mortality in the Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD) Trials and Registry. Am J Cardiol. 1996 May 1;77(11):1017-20. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9149(97)89163-1.
- Dries DL, Rosenberg YD, Waclawiw MA, Domanski MJ. Ejection fraction and risk of thromboembolic events in patients with systolic dysfunction and sinus rhythm: evidence for gender differences in the studies of left ventricular dysfunction trials. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997 Apr;29(5):1074-80. doi: 10.1016/s0735-1097(97)00019-3. Erratum In: J Am Coll Cardiol 1998 Aug;32(2):555.
- Patten RD, Kronenberg MW, Benedict CR, Udelson JE, Kinan D, Stewart D, Yusuf S, Smith JJ, Kilcoyne L, Dolan N, Edens TR, Metherall J, Konstam MA. Acute and long-term effects of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, enalapril, on adrenergic activity and sensitivity during exercise in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Am Heart J. 1997 Jul;134(1):37-43. doi: 10.1016/s0002-8703(97)70104-2.
- Al-Khadra AS, Salem DN, Rand WM, Udelson JE, Smith JJ, Konstam MA. Warfarin anticoagulation and survival: a cohort analysis from the Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998 Mar 15;31(4):749-53. doi: 10.1016/s0735-1097(98)00006-0.
- Domanski MJ, Mitchell GF, Norman JE, Exner DV, Pitt B, Pfeffer MA. Independent prognostic information provided by sphygmomanometrically determined pulse pressure and mean arterial pressure in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999 Mar 15;33(4):951-8. doi: 10.1016/s0735-1097(98)00679-2.
- Exner DV, Dries DL, Waclawiw MA, Shelton B, Domanski MJ. Beta-adrenergic blocking agent use and mortality in patients with asymptomatic and symptomatic left ventricular systolic dysfunction: a post hoc analysis of the Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999 Mar 15;33(4):916-23. doi: 10.1016/s0735-1097(98)00675-5.
- Dries DL, Exner DV, Gersh BJ, Cooper HA, Carson PE, Domanski MJ. Racial differences in the outcome of left ventricular dysfunction. N Engl J Med. 1999 Feb 25;340(8):609-16. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199902253400804. Erratum In: N Engl J Med 1999 Jul 22;341(4):298.
- Kronenberg MW, Konstam MA, Edens TR, Howe DM, Dolan N, Udelson JE, Benedict C, Stewart D, Yusuf S. Factors influencing exercise performance in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. SOLVD Investigators. Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction. J Card Fail. 1998 Sep;4(3):159-67. doi: 10.1016/s1071-9164(98)80002-x.
- Rashid H, Exner DV, Mirsky I, Cooper HA, Waclawiw MA, Domanski MJ. Comparison of echocardiography and radionuclide angiography as predictors of mortality in patients with left ventricular dysfunction (studies of left ventricular dysfunction). Am J Cardiol. 1999 Aug 1;84(3):299-303. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9149(99)00280-5.
- Cooper HA, Exner DV, Waclawiw MA, Domanski MJ. White blood cell count and mortality in patients with ischemic and nonischemic left ventricular systolic dysfunction (an analysis of the Studies Of Left Ventricular Dysfunction [SOLVD]). Am J Cardiol. 1999 Aug 1;84(3):252-7. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9149(99)00272-6.
- Quinones MA, Greenberg BH, Kopelen HA, Koilpillai C, Limacher MC, Shindler DM, Shelton BJ, Weiner DH. Echocardiographic predictors of clinical outcome in patients with left ventricular dysfunction enrolled in the SOLVD registry and trials: significance of left ventricular hypertrophy. Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000 Apr;35(5):1237-44. doi: 10.1016/s0735-1097(00)00511-8.
- Riedinger MS, Dracup KA, Brecht ML. Predictors of quality of life in women with heart failure. SOLVD Investigators. Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2000 Jun;19(6):598-608. doi: 10.1016/s1053-2498(00)00117-0.
- Vermes E, Tardif JC, Bourassa MG, Racine N, Levesque S, White M, Guerra PG, Ducharme A. Enalapril decreases the incidence of atrial fibrillation in patients with left ventricular dysfunction: insight from the Studies Of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD) trials. Circulation. 2003 Jun 17;107(23):2926-31. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000072793.81076.D4. Epub 2003 May 27.
- Domanski M, Norman J, Pitt B, Haigney M, Hanlon S, Peyster E; Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction. Diuretic use, progressive heart failure, and death in patients in the Studies Of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003 Aug 20;42(4):705-8. doi: 10.1016/s0735-1097(03)00765-4.
- Hernandez AF, O'Connor CM. Sparing a little may save a lot: lessons from the Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003 Aug 20;42(4):709-11. doi: 10.1016/s0735-1097(03)00766-6. No abstract available.
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