Pain Control After Trauma (VRHTrauma)

Inclusion Criteria:

• Age greater than or equal to 12 years
• Compliant and able to complete questionnaires
• Hospitalization for internal injuries requiring a laparotomy or for orthopedic injuries (closed long bone or calcaneus fractures).
• A minimum of 3 days hospitalization
• No history of psychiatric (DSM-IV-R Axis I) disorder
• Not demonstrating delirium, psychosis or any form of Organic Brain Disorder
• Able to communicate verbally
• Able to take oral medications
• Baseline pain level of >=5/10
• English-speaking

Exclusion Criteria:

• Age less than 12 years
• Not capable of indicating pain intensity
• Not capable of filling out study measures
• Hospitalization of less than 3 days
• Evidence of traumatic brain injury
• History of psychiatric (DSM-IV-R Axis I) disorder as evidenced in the admitting RN and MD admission notes.
• Demonstrating delirium, psychosis or any form of Organic Brain Disorder and associated memory problems.
• Unable to communicate orally.
• Unable to take oral medications
• History of sig. cardiac, endocrine, neurologic, metabolic, respiratory, gastrointestinal or genitourinary impairment
• Receiving prophylaxis for alcohol or drug withdrawal
• Developmental disability
• Mini-mental status score of greater than 20 in patients older than 80 years or suspected of cognitive deficits
• Non-English Speaking
• Extreme susceptibility to motion sickness
• Seizure history