Comparison of Pulse Chips and Commercial Snacks on Food Intake, Appetite and Blood Glucose in Healthy Young Adults

March 24, 2025 updated by: G. Harvey Anderson, University of Toronto

Comparison of Roasted Pulse Snacks, Pulse Chips and Commercial Snacks on Post-prandial Food Intake, Appetite and Glycemic Response in Healthy Young Adults

Consumers are often forced to eat fast, convenient foods and snacks ("eat on the go") in order to match the pace of their lifestyles. However, these snack options more often than not offer little health benefit to the consumer. In fact, 55% of calories consumed by Canadians are ultra processed foods, which are limited in their nutrient profile and only offer empty calories. Subsequently, these foods lead the consumer to eat more and provides little to no feelings of satiety or satiation. the proposed objectives of the current project are to examine the physiological benefit(s) of consuming readily available pulse snacks and compare them to other commonly consumed snack varieties. This work aims to incentivize consumers to seek out pulses as valuable snacking options and highlight the benefit of including these as alternatives to other energy-dense snacks that lack the nutritional composition of pulses.

Study Overview

Status

Status

Indicates the current recruitment status or the expanded access status.
Completed

Conditions

Conditions

The disease, disorder, syndrome, illness, or injury that is being studied. On ClinicalTrials.gov, conditions may also include other health-related issues, such as lifespan, quality of life, and health risks.

Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.

Detailed Description

Hypothesis of the study: Inclusion of pulses as part of a snack will lower appetite and post-prandial glycemia (PPG) in comparison to commercial, commonly consumed non-pulse snacks.

Overall Objective of the study: To investigate and compare the effects of pulse and non-pulse snacks served as chips and dip on appetite and PPG in healthy adults.

Specific objectives of the study: To test the acute effects of different pulse snacks on: 1) PPG and appetite for three hours, and 2) food intake 1 hour following consumption of snacks.

Study Type

Study Type

Describes the nature of a clinical study. Study types include interventional studies (also called clinical trials), observational studies (including patient registries), and expanded access.
Interventional

Enrollment (Actual)

Enrollment

The number of participants in a clinical study. The "anticipated" enrollment is the target number of participants that the researchers need for the study.
26

Phase

Phase

The stage of a clinical trial studying a drug or biological product, based on definitions developed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The phase is based on the study's objective, the number of participants, and other characteristics. There are five phases: Early Phase 1 (formerly listed as Phase 0), Phase 1, Phase 2, Phase 3, and Phase 4. Not Applicable is used to describe trials without FDA-defined phases, including trials of devices or behavioral interventions.
  • Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Locations

  • Canada
    • Ontario
      • Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3E2
        • University of Toronto

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

The key requirements that people who want to participate in a clinical study must meet or the characteristics they must have. Eligibility criteria consist of both inclusion criteria (which are required for a person to participate in the study) and exclusion criteria (which prevent a person from participating). Types of eligibility criteria include whether a study accepts healthy volunteers, has age or age group requirements, or is limited by sex.

Ages Eligible for Study

18 years to 45 years (Adult)

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Age: ≥18 and ≤45 years
  • BMI: ≥ 18.5 and ≤ 29.9 kg/m2
  • Fasting serum glucose: ≤ 5.6 mmol/L
  • Willing to maintain habitual diet, physical activity pattern, and body weight throughout the trial.
  • Willing to maintain current dietary supplement use throughout the trial. On test days, subject agrees not to take any dietary supplements until dismissal from the Department of Nutritional Sciences. Failure to comply will result in a rescheduled test visit.
  • Willing to abstain from alcohol consumption for 24 h prior to all test visits.
  • Willing to avoid vigorous physical activity for 24 h prior to all test visits.
  • Understanding the study procedures and willing to provide informed consent to participate in the study and authorization to release relevant protected health information to the study investigator.

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Fasting blood glucose > 5.6 mmol/L
  • Smoking
  • Thyroid problems
  • Previous history of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, liver or kidney disease, inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, short bowel syndrome, any malabsorptive syndrome, pancreatitis, gallbladder or biliary disease.
  • Presence of gastrointestinal disorder or surgeries within the past year.
  • Consuming prescription or non-prescription drug, herbal or nutritional supplements known to affect blood glucose or that could affect the outcome of the study as per investigator's judgement.
  • Patients who have undergone bariatric surgery at any point.
  • Known to be pregnant or lactating.
  • Unwillingness or inability to comply with the experimental procedures
  • Known intolerance, sensitivity or allergy to pulses or dairy.
  • Extreme dietary habits (ie. Atkins diet, very high protein diets, etc.).
  • Uncontrolled hypertension (systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mm Hg) as defined by the average blood pressure measured at screening.
  • Weight gain or loss of at least 10 lbs in previous three months.
  • Excessive alcohol intake (more than 2 drinks per day or more than 9 drinks per week)
  • Restrained Eaters

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: Basic Science
  • Allocation: Randomized
  • Interventional Model: Crossover Assignment
  • Masking: Single

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm

Participant Group / Arm

A group or subgroup of participants in a clinical trial that receives a specific intervention/treatment, or no intervention, according to the trial's protocol.
Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.
Active Comparator: Commercial corn chips + Onion dip
Corn chips + onion dip
Dietary supplement: Corn Chips + Onion Dip
Non-pulse chip + non-pulse dip
Experimental: Commercial pulse chip + pulse spread
Pinto bean chip + hummus
Dietary supplement: Pinto bean chip + hummus
Commercial pulse chip + pulse spread
Experimental: Novel pulse chip + pulse spread
Yellow pea chip + hummus
Dietary supplement: Yellow pea chip + hummus
Novel pulse chip + pulse spread
Experimental: Commercial pulse chip + non-pulse spread
Pinto bean chip + onion dip
Dietary supplement: Pinto bean chip + onion dip
Commercial pulse chip + non-pulse spread
Experimental: Novel pulse chip + non-pulse spread
Yellow pea chip + onion dip
Dietary supplement: Yellow pea chip + onion dip
Novel pulse chip + non-pulse spread
Experimental: Non-pulse chip + pulse spread
Corn chips + hummus
Dietary supplement: Corn chips + hummus
Non-pulse chip + pulse spread

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, the planned outcome measure that is the most important for evaluating the effect of an intervention/treatment. Most clinical studies have one primary outcome measure, but some have more than one.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Change in blood glucose levels
Time Frame: Starting at the beginning of each session (0 minutes, before consumption of treatment) and every 15 - 30 minutes up to 190 minutes (time of completion of each session)
Each participant will attend 6 sessions in total (randomized 6-arm cross-over design)
Starting at the beginning of each session (0 minutes, before consumption of treatment) and every 15 - 30 minutes up to 190 minutes (time of completion of each session)
Subjective appetite
Time Frame: Measured every 15-30 minutes up to 190 minutes
Measured using Visual Analog Scales (VAS)
Measured every 15-30 minutes up to 190 minutes
Food intake
Time Frame: 65 minutes after completion of treatment, 20 minutes is allocated to allow for pizza consumption
Food intake is measured by the amount of pizza (in grams) consumed during the 20 minute period (pizza is served ad libitum)
65 minutes after completion of treatment, 20 minutes is allocated to allow for pizza consumption

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Sponsor

The organization or person who initiates the study and who has authority and control over the study.
University of Toronto

Investigators

Investigators

A researcher involved in a clinical study. Related terms include site principal investigator, site sub-investigator, study chair, study director, and study principal investigator.
  • Principal Investigator: Harvey G Anderson, PhD, University of Toronto

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Actual)

Study Start

The actual date on which the first participant was enrolled in a clinical study. The "anticipated" study start date is the date that the researchers think will be the study start date.
July 19, 2017

Primary Completion (Actual)

Primary Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention to collect final data for the primary outcome measure. Whether the clinical study ended according to the protocol or was terminated does not affect this date. For clinical studies with more than one primary outcome measure with different completion dates, this term refers to the date on which data collection is completed for all the primary outcome measures. The "anticipated" primary completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the primary completion date for the study.
December 31, 2023

Study Completion (Actual)

Study Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention/treatment to collect final data for the primary outcome measures, secondary outcome measures, and adverse events (that is, the last participant's last visit). The "anticipated" study completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the study completion date.
May 31, 2024

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

First Submitted

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submitted a study record to ClinicalTrials.gov. There is typically a delay of a few days between the first submitted date and the record's availability on ClinicalTrials.gov (the first posted date).
September 25, 2017

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submits a study record that is consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. The sponsor or investigator may need to revise and submit a study record one or more times before NLM's QC review criteria are met. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
September 25, 2017

First Posted (Actual)

First Posted

The date on which the study record was first available on ClinicalTrials.gov after National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review has concluded. There is typically a delay of a few days between the date the study sponsor or investigator submitted the study record and the first posted date.
September 29, 2017

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

Last Update Posted

The most recent date on which changes to a study record were made available on ClinicalTrials.gov. There may be a delay between when the changes were submitted to ClinicalTrials.gov by the study's sponsor or investigator (the last update submitted date) and the last update posted date.
March 28, 2025

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator submitted changes to a study record that are consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
March 24, 2025

Last Verified

Last Verified

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator confirmed the information about a clinical study on ClinicalTrials.gov as accurate and current. If a study with a recruitment status of recruiting; not yet recruiting; or active, not recruiting has not been confirmed within the past 2 years, the study's recruitment status is shown as unknown.
March 1, 2025

More Information

Terms related to this study

Keywords

Additional Relevant MeSH Terms

Other Study ID Numbers

Other Study ID Numbers

Identifiers or ID numbers other than the NCT number that are assigned to a clinical study by the study's sponsor, funders, or others. These numbers may include unique identifiers from other trial registries and National Institutes of Health grant numbers.
  • SPG_Snack Study

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?

NO

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

product manufactured in and exported from the U.S.

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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Sponsors and Collaborators

Medical Conditions

Drug Interventions

Conditions

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Drug Interventions

Dietary Supplements

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