Impact of Chip Thickness and Size on Eating Responses

To analyze prototypes developed with the base and seasonings of products that exhibit variations in chip thickness and size. The information obtained from this analysis will serve as the basis for subsequent research to explore different prototype options with increased satiation properties.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Consumer Behavior; Consumer Satisfaction; Consumer Preference
• Intervention / Treatment: Other: Tortilla corn chips 4-5 pieces, eat one piece at time; Other: Extruded corn chips 4-5 pieces, eat one piece at time; Other: Tortilla corn chips 90 grams; Other: Extruded corn chips 90 grams

Detailed Description

There are two study components, a sensory study and an ad libitum study. Eighty-eight participants will test tortilla chips and eighty-eight will test extruded chips in the sensory study. On a first-come first-served basis, forty-four of the eighty-eight chip participants from the sensory testing phase will test tortilla chips, and forty-four of the eighty-eight extruded chip participants will test extruded chips in the ad libitum study.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 178
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• United Kingdom
  • Leicestershire
    • Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, United Kingdom, LE12 5RD
      • University of Nottingham Sensory Science Centre

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: Adult; Older Adult
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Report eating tortilla and/or extruded chips regularly, non-rejector of cheese flavor chips
• Provide informed consent
• Speak and understand English without difficulty
• Willing to eat similar food the day prior and on the day of each visit to the testing facility for ad libitum sessions
• Describe yourself as generally healthy

Exclusion Criteria:

• Those who are on restricted diet due to a weight loss or maintenance purpose
• Participants with class III occlusions for ad libitum sessions
• Have abnormal taste, chewing and smell ability
• Smoke or vape
• Being pregnant or breastfeeding
• Allergic or intolerance to any of the product ingredients (section 6), especially milk and wheat
• Participation in a sensory clinical trial within past 7 days (we do not expect carryover issue from the taste testing)
• Participation in any PepsiCo trial within past 6 months

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Basic Science
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Crossover Assignment
• Masking: Quadruple

Number of Arms

10

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Active Comparator: Standard tortilla chip for Sensory Study; Snack comparable to marketed version	Other: Tortilla corn chips 4-5 pieces, eat one piece at time; Snack
Experimental: Thicker than standard tortilla chip with same amount of seasoning per 100g for Sensory Study; Snack	Other: Tortilla corn chips 4-5 pieces, eat one piece at time; Snack
Active Comparator: Standard extruded chip for Sensory Study; Snack comparable to marketed version	Other: Extruded corn chips 4-5 pieces, eat one piece at time; Snack
Experimental: Bigger extruded chip with same seasoning per 100g for Sensory Study; Snack	Other: Extruded corn chips 4-5 pieces, eat one piece at time; Snack
Experimental: Bigger extruded chip with same concentration of seasoning on surface per 100g for Sensory Study; Snack	Other: Extruded corn chips 4-5 pieces, eat one piece at time; Snack
Active Comparator: Standard tortilla chip for Ad libitum Study; Snack comparable to marketed version	Other: Tortilla corn chips 90 grams; Snack
Experimental: Thicker than standard tortilla chip with same seasoning per 100g for Ad libitum Study; Snack	Other: Tortilla corn chips 90 grams; Snack
Active Comparator: Standard extruded chip for Ad libitum Study; Snack comparable to marketed version	Other: Extruded corn chips 90 grams; Snack
Experimental: Bigger extruded chip with same seasoning per 100g for Ad libitum Study; Snack	Other: Extruded corn chips 90 grams; Snack
Experimental: Bigger extruded chip with same concentration of seasoning on surface per 100g for Ad libitum Study; Snack	Other: Extruded corn chips 90 grams; Snack

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Satiation: Intake in grams	gram weight of consumption	Total grams consumed at each 30-minute ad libitum testing session from beginning of eating until end of eating on separate days, two test visits for tortilla chips arm and three test visits for extruded chips arm.
Satiation: Nutrition	Intake in calories	Total calories consumed at each 30-minute ad libitum testing session from beginning of eating until end of eating on separate days, two test visits for tortilla chips arm and three test visits for extruded chips arm.
Duration of eating	In minutes	Timed from beginning of eating until end of eating at each 30-minute ad libitum testing sessions on separate days, two test visits for tortilla chips arm and three test visits for extruded chips arm.
Rate of consumption	Speed of eating in minutes	Measured in grams per minute at each 30-minute ad libitum testing session from beginning of eating until end of eating, on separate days, two test visits for tortilla chips arm and three test visits for extruded chips arm.
Consumer response: Liking	9-point hedonic scale from extremely dislike to extremely like	At end of eating each product at the one 45-minute sensory session, and at end of each 30-minute ad libitum session on separate days, two visits for the tortilla chips arm and three visits for the extruded chips arm. Higher score is the better outcome.
Consumer response: Satisfaction	9-point hedonic scale from extremely dissatisfied to extremely satisfied	At end of eating each product at the one 45-minute sensory session and at end of each ad libitum session on separate days, two visits for tortilla chips arm and three visits for the extruded chips arm. Higher satisfaction is a better outcome.
Perceived sensory properties (TCATA)	Using Temporal CATA (TCATA) choose all that apply from list of crunchy, hard, tooth clogging, loose particles, soft, airy melting	Over a period of 60 seconds for each product at the one 45-minute sensory session and at each ad libitum session on separate days, two visits for tortilla chips arm and three visits for the extruded chips arm.
Perceived sensory properties (CATA)	CATA	Check all that apply for each product while sampling them at the one 45-minute sensory session. A favorable rating would be a better outcome.
Emotional responses using CATA	Essence 25 using CATA	Check all that apply for each product while sampling them at the one 45-minute sensory session. Positive ratings would be a better outcome than negative..
Hunger and Fullness and how much could you eat right now	Using a 3 item Visual Analog Scale (VAS) to mark along 100 mm line the level of hunger and fullness from not at all to totally full	Before eating and right after eating as much as they want to eat at each 30-minute ad libitum session on separate days, two visits for tortilla chips arm and three visits for the extruded chips arm.

Other Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Exploratory measure: Relationship between chewing behavior and textural profile	Audio/video recording of jaw movement analyzed by software vs. self-reported snack texture by survey	At each ad libitum eating period at each 30-minute ad libitum session on separate days, two visits for tortilla chips arm and three visits for the extruded chips arm.
Exploratory measure: Relationship between facial movement and self-reported emotional response	Audio/video recording of facial movement analyzed by software vs. self-reported emotional response by survey	At each ad libitum eating period at each 30-minute ad libitum session on separate days, two visits for tortilla chips arm and three visits for the extruded chips arm.

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: PepsiCo Global R&D
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Qian Yang, PhD, University of Nottingham, Sensory Science Centre

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): November 7, 2024
• Primary Completion (Actual): February 14, 2025
• Study Completion (Actual): February 14, 2025

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: November 11, 2024
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: November 13, 2024
• First Posted (Actual): November 18, 2024

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): May 7, 2025
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: May 2, 2025
• Last Verified: May 1, 2024

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: satisfaction; emotion; liking; calories; chewing; satiation; intake; fullness; sensory testing; snack; duration of eating; rate of consumption
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Antineoplastic Agents; Iproplatin
• Other Study ID Numbers: PEP-2409

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: NO

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No