Childrens' Experiences of Pain in Conjunction With Tooth Extraction - a Grounded Theory Study

March 14, 2023 updated by: Henrik Berlin, Malmö University

Childrens' Experiences of Pain in Conjunction With Tooth Extraction - a Grounded Theory

This is a qualitative study, using Grounded Theory. The aim is to deepen our knowledge about how children perceive pain in conjunction with dental treatment; tooth extractions in particular. What increases, and what decreases, the risk of children experiencing pain; and how do they perceive dental treatments where pain might occur, either as procedural pain, or postoperatively?

Study Overview

Status

Status

Indicates the current recruitment status or the expanded access status.
Completed

Conditions

Conditions

The disease, disorder, syndrome, illness, or injury that is being studied. On ClinicalTrials.gov, conditions may also include other health-related issues, such as lifespan, quality of life, and health risks.

Detailed Description

BACKGROUND: Pain in conjunction with dental treatment should be avoided as much as possible, when treating children. Many dental procedures may result in procedural and/or postoperative pain. There is a well-documented relationship between perceived pain during/after dental treatment, and the development of dental fear and anxiety. This may lead to suffering for the patient and accelerating treatment-costs for society. Despite this, research on children and pain is scarce. Systematic review shows a lack of studies on oral analgesics and their possibility to reduce/prevent pain. There is a need for randomized clinical trials regarding different treatments and effect of analgesics. However, before such research can be undertaken, one important piece is missing; an understanding on how children and adolescents perceive dental treatment and the possible pain afterwards. The aim of this study is to elucidate how children perceive dental treatment and pain after tooth extractions.

METHODS: This is a qualitative study using Grounded Theory (GT). Children aged 10-15 years, who needs teeth extracted prior orthodontic treatment, will be consecutively enrolled if the legal guardians signs the informed consent-form and the child assents to participate. Tooth extractions will then be performed by another dentist than the one doing the interviews with the children. A treatment protocol, in accordance with today standardized practice, for the extractions will be followed. No extra dental treatment is performed, rather this is a part of the whole treatment plan for orthodontic treatment. In-depth interview will be performed with the children 1-2 weeks after tooth extraction, at a place convenient for the child/family. If the participant wishes to, they can be accompanied by their legal guardian during the interview. The questions will focus on their experiences of the tooth extraction, perceived pain, pain management, coping strategies, and previous experiences of pain and how they handled it then. Each interview is calculated to take approximately one hour. In Grounded Theory no sample size calculation is applicable. Participants will be included until saturation in data is reached, i.e. no new information can be obtained. In GT this is often achieved after 10-15 interviews, but when it involves children it is not unlikely that the number of participants will be closer to 20, since there is a risk of the interviews not being so "rich". All interviews will be tape recorded, and without further delay, the interviews will be transcribed. Data analyses and data collection will be done parallel with each other. The transcribed interviews will be analyzed, where codes will be identified. These codes will then merge into different preliminary categories. In the following axial coding process, each category will be further developed by identifying dimensions and characteristics (sub-categories). Relations between data and categories is sought for, and hereby a new whole is created. Selective coding will lead to data saturation and validation. Saturation can also be achieved by already retrieved data being re-coded.

KNOWLEDGE GAINS: GT is a theory generating method. This is especially suitable for research areas where theories are scarce or completely lacking. A lot of research within the medical and dental field today, takes the perspective of the investigator, and far too seldom is those directly affected (i.e. the patient), involved. From an ethical point of view, it is important to include children and adolescents if the research is targeting this group. If knowledge about how children and adolescents perceive pain is gained, this will be an important piece in assembling the puzzle of research strategies related to pain.

Study Type

Study Type

Describes the nature of a clinical study. Study types include interventional studies (also called clinical trials), observational studies (including patient registries), and expanded access.
Observational

Enrollment (Actual)

Enrollment

The number of participants in a clinical study. The "anticipated" enrollment is the target number of participants that the researchers need for the study.
12

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Contact

Study Contact

The name and contact information for the person who can answer enrollment questions for a clinical study. Each location where the study is being conducted may also have a specific contact, who may be better able to answer those questions.

Study Contact Backup

Study Locations

  • Sweden
    • Scania
      • Malmö, Scania, Sweden, SE-20506
        • Faculty of Odontology, Malmo University

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

The key requirements that people who want to participate in a clinical study must meet or the characteristics they must have. Eligibility criteria consist of both inclusion criteria (which are required for a person to participate in the study) and exclusion criteria (which prevent a person from participating). Types of eligibility criteria include whether a study accepts healthy volunteers, has age or age group requirements, or is limited by sex.

Ages Eligible for Study

10 years to 15 years (Child)

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes

Genders Eligible for Study

All

Sampling Method

Non-Probability Sample

Study Population

Children aged 10-15 years of age, identified as eligable according to inclusion and exclusion criteria, during first visit to orthodontist, working in city of Malmö, Sweden.

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Healthy individuals
  • In need of extraction of permanent premolars prior orthodontic treatment

Exclusion Criteria:

  • If sedation is needed to be able to comply with dental treatment
  • Do not understand Swedish language

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, the planned outcome measure that is the most important for evaluating the effect of an intervention/treatment. Most clinical studies have one primary outcome measure, but some have more than one.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Children's experiences during and after tooth extraction, and it's consequences
Time Frame: Fall 2019
After tooth extraction, on orthodontic indications, participants, 10-15 years of age, are interviewed. The interviews are transcribed and analyzed, identifying codes, which will be clustered into categories. Through different types of methods, used in Grounded Theory, core categories will be identified which together with other categories and sub-categories, will answer the question "what is all this about?".
Fall 2019

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Sponsor

The organization or person who initiates the study and who has authority and control over the study.
Malmö University

Publications and helpful links

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General Publications

Study record dates

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Study Major Dates

Study Start (Actual)

Study Start

The actual date on which the first participant was enrolled in a clinical study. The "anticipated" study start date is the date that the researchers think will be the study start date.
April 5, 2019

Primary Completion (Actual)

Primary Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention to collect final data for the primary outcome measure. Whether the clinical study ended according to the protocol or was terminated does not affect this date. For clinical studies with more than one primary outcome measure with different completion dates, this term refers to the date on which data collection is completed for all the primary outcome measures. The "anticipated" primary completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the primary completion date for the study.
March 16, 2020

Study Completion (Actual)

Study Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention/treatment to collect final data for the primary outcome measures, secondary outcome measures, and adverse events (that is, the last participant's last visit). The "anticipated" study completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the study completion date.
March 1, 2022

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

First Submitted

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submitted a study record to ClinicalTrials.gov. There is typically a delay of a few days between the first submitted date and the record's availability on ClinicalTrials.gov (the first posted date).
August 20, 2019

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submits a study record that is consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. The sponsor or investigator may need to revise and submit a study record one or more times before NLM's QC review criteria are met. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
August 20, 2019

First Posted (Actual)

First Posted

The date on which the study record was first available on ClinicalTrials.gov after National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review has concluded. There is typically a delay of a few days between the date the study sponsor or investigator submitted the study record and the first posted date.
August 22, 2019

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

Last Update Posted

The most recent date on which changes to a study record were made available on ClinicalTrials.gov. There may be a delay between when the changes were submitted to ClinicalTrials.gov by the study's sponsor or investigator (the last update submitted date) and the last update posted date.
March 15, 2023

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator submitted changes to a study record that are consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
March 14, 2023

Last Verified

Last Verified

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator confirmed the information about a clinical study on ClinicalTrials.gov as accurate and current. If a study with a recruitment status of recruiting; not yet recruiting; or active, not recruiting has not been confirmed within the past 2 years, the study's recruitment status is shown as unknown.
March 1, 2023

More Information

Terms related to this study

Keywords

Additional Relevant MeSH Terms

Other Study ID Numbers

Other Study ID Numbers

Identifiers or ID numbers other than the NCT number that are assigned to a clinical study by the study's sponsor, funders, or others. These numbers may include unique identifiers from other trial registries and National Institutes of Health grant numbers.
  • GT dental pain Malmo U

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?

NO

IPD Plan Description

Individual participant data (IPD) will not be shared.

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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