Pharmacokinetic Properties of Antiretroviral and Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs During Pregnancy and Postpartum

August 3, 2026 updated by: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of antiretroviral (ARV) and anti-tuberculosis (TB) drugs administered during pregnancy and postpartum.

Study Overview

Status

Status

Indicates the current recruitment status or the expanded access status.
Terminated

Conditions

Conditions

The disease, disorder, syndrome, illness, or injury that is being studied. On ClinicalTrials.gov, conditions may also include other health-related issues, such as lifespan, quality of life, and health risks.

Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.

Detailed Description

This study evaluated the pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of antiretroviral (ARV) and anti-tuberculosis (TB) drugs administered during pregnancy and postpartum.

IMPAACT 2026 was a Phase IV observational clinical study. Participants were not assigned to the drugs under study, but were already receiving the drugs for clinical care as prescribed by their clinical care providers. They were enrolled into study arms according to the drugs they were receiving through clinical care, and if on multiple drugs of interest, were able to enroll into multiple arms simultaneously. No ARVs or TB treatment drugs were supplied as part of this study. All drugs under study were provided by non-study sources. The study sponsor added this observational study to an existing investigational new drug (IND) number for off-label use in case the participant's clinical care provider decided to prescribe a higher dose than the approved dose if the PK results for the approved dose indicated that drug exposure may be inadequate.

This study was comprised of five components which in turn are comprised of arms specific to each drug or drug combination being evaluated:

  • Component 1 (Arms 1.1, 1.2. 1.3. 1.4. and 1.5): Pregnant women living with HIV (WLHIV) receiving oral ARVs and no TB drugs, and their infants.
  • Component 2 (Arm 2.1): Pregnant WLHIV and HIV-uninfected women who received long-acting/extended release ARVs during pregnancy, and their infants.
  • Component 3 (Arms 3.1, 3.2, and 3.3): Pregnant WLHIV receiving ARVs and first-line TB treatment, and their infants.
  • Component 4 (Arm 4.1): Pregnant WLHIV and HIV-uninfected women receiving second-line TB treatment, and their infants.
  • Component 5 (Arms 5.1, 5.2. and 5.3): Postpartum WLHIV breastfeeding while receiving oral ARVs, and their infants.

Each arm was to open to accrual independently and accrue independently over approximately 36 months from the first enrollment in each arm. Participants signed a single informed consent for the Component to which they enrolled, and they could only enroll into one component. Women receiving more than one drug under study in a single Component (and their infants) were automatically enrolled into all relevant open arms within that component, based on the drugs under study they were receiving at study entry. There were no changes in arm during the study; a study inclusion criterion was that participants expected to remain on the same treatment regimen until study completion.

Participants in Component 1 were followed up to 12 weeks after delivery for mothers and up to 24 weeks after birth for infants. Participants in Component 2 were to be followed up to 5 weeks after delivery for mothers and infants. Participants in Components 3, 4, and 5 were followed up to 24 weeks after delivery for mothers and infants.

Study visits may include:

  • Component 1: Maternal clinical and laboratory evaluations and PK sampling at second trimester (2T), third trimester (3T), delivery, and 6-12 weeks post-partum (PP). Infant clinical evaluations and washout PK sampling at birth and 5-9 days after birth.
  • Component 2: Maternal clinical and laboratory evaluations and PK sampling at delivery. Infant clinical evaluations and washout PK sampling at birth, 5-9 days, and 12-16 days after birth. Maternal and infant breast milk transfer PK sampling at 5-9 days, 12-16 days, and 3-5 weeks after delivery.
  • Component 3: Maternal clinical and laboratory evaluations and PK sampling at second trimester (2T), third trimester (3T), delivery, and 2-8 weeks post-partum (PP). Infant clinical evaluations and washout PK sampling at birth and 5-9 days after birth. Maternal and infant breast milk transfer PK sampling at 5-9 days, 2-8 weeks, and 16-24 weeks after delivery.
  • Component 4: Maternal clinical and laboratory evaluations and PK sampling at second trimester (2T), third trimester (3T), delivery, and 2-8 weeks post-partum (PP). Infant clinical evaluations and washout PK sampling at birth and 5-9 days after birth. Maternal and infant breast milk transfer PK sampling at 5-9 days, 2-8 weeks, and 16-24 weeks after delivery.
  • Component 5: Maternal and infant clinical evaluations and breast milk transfer PK sampling at 5-9 days, 2-12 weeks, and 16-24 weeks after delivery.

Component 2 (Arm 2.1) never opened for enrollment because investigations of the PK and safety of long-acting injectable cabotegravir in pregnancy were to be conducted in a separate study.

Arms 1.1 and 1.4 reached their enrollment targets and were closed to accrual. Arms 1.3 and 5.1 were closed to accrual per the decision of the Core Protocol Team because enrollment had slowed substantially and enough participants had been enrolled to proceed with data analysis and publication.

Arms 1.5, 3.2,3.3, 5.2, and 5.3 did not enroll any participants and were closed to accrual per the decision of the Core Protocol Team, because enrollment of enough participants to result in a publication was not anticipated.

The study was closed to accrual on March 5, 2025 at the recommendation of the IMPAACT Study Monitoring Committee (SMC). Prior to closure, 3 arms had open to accrual status: Arms 1.2, 3.1, and 4.1. The SMC suggested that the study objectives for Arm 3.1 could be achieved with the sample size at the time of closure and that the study objectives for Arms 1.2 and 4.1 could not be met within a reasonable timeframe.

Study Type

Study Type

Describes the nature of a clinical study. Study types include interventional studies (also called clinical trials), observational studies (including patient registries), and expanded access.
Observational

Enrollment (Actual)

Enrollment

The number of participants in a clinical study. The "anticipated" enrollment is the target number of participants that the researchers need for the study.
205

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Locations

  • Brazil
      • Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 20221-903
        • Hospital Federal dos Servidores do Estado NICHD CRS
      • Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 26030
        • Hosp. Geral De Nova Igaucu Brazil NICHD CRS
  • India
    • Maharashtra
      • Pune, Maharashtra, India, 411001
        • Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Medical College (BJMC) CRS
  • Kenya
      • Kericho, Kenya, 20200
        • Kenya Medical Research Institute / Walter Reed Project Clinical Research Center, Kericho CRS
  • Puerto Rico
      • San Juan, Puerto Rico, 00935
        • IMPAACT/ Gamma Project/ UPR Pediatric HIV/AIDS Research CRS
  • South Africa
      • Cape Town, South Africa, 7505
        • Desmond Tutu TB Centre - Stellenbosch University (DTTC-SU) CRS
      • Tygerberg Hills, South Africa, 7505
        • Famcru Crs
    • Gauteng
      • Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa, 2001
        • Wits RHI Shandukani Research
  • Thailand
    • Bangkoknoi
      • Bangkok, Bangkoknoi, Thailand, 10700
        • Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University NICHD CRS
  • Uganda
      • Kampala, Uganda
        • Baylor-Uganda CRS
  • United States
    • California
      • Los Angeles, California, United States, 90033
        • Usc La Nichd Crs
      • Los Angeles, California, United States, 90095-1752
        • David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA NICHD CRS
      • San Diego, California, United States, 92103
        • University of California, UC San Diego CRS- Mother-Child-Adolescent HIV Program
    • Colorado
      • Aurora, Colorado, United States, 80045
        • Univ. of Colorado Denver NICHD CRS
    • Florida
      • Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States, 33316
        • South Florida CDTC Ft Lauderdale NICHD CRS
      • Jacksonville, Florida, United States, 32209
        • University of Florida Jacksonville NICHD CRS
      • Miami, Florida, United States, 33136
        • Pediatric Perinatal HIV NICHD CRS
    • Georgia
      • Atlanta, Georgia, United States, 30322
        • Emory University School of Medicine NICHD CRS
    • Illinois
      • Chicago, Illinois, United States, 60612
        • Rush University Cook County Hospital Chicago NICHD CRS
      • Chicago, Illinois, United States, 60614
        • Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago (LCH) CRS (Site ID: 4001)
    • Maryland
      • Baltimore, Maryland, United States, 21287
        • Johns Hopkins Univ. Baltimore NICHD CRS
    • New York
      • The Bronx, New York, United States, 10457
        • Bronx-Lebanon Hospital Center NICHD CRS
      • The Bronx, New York, United States, 10461
        • Jacobi Med. Ctr. Bronx NICHD CRS

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

The key requirements that people who want to participate in a clinical study must meet or the characteristics they must have. Eligibility criteria consist of both inclusion criteria (which are required for a person to participate in the study) and exclusion criteria (which prevent a person from participating). Types of eligibility criteria include whether a study accepts healthy volunteers, has age or age group requirements, or is limited by sex.

Ages Eligible for Study

  • Child
  • Adult
  • Older Adult

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No

Sampling Method

Non-Probability Sample

Study Population

Pregnant and postpartum women living with and without HIV (WLHIV and HIV-uninfected women) receiving ARV and/or TB drugs under study, and their infants.

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

Component 1: Pregnant WLHIV receiving oral ARVs and no TB drugs, and their infants

  • Mother is of legal age or otherwise able to provide independent informed consent as determined by site standard operating procedures (SOPs) and consistent with site institutional review board (IRB)/ethics committee (EC) policies and procedures, and is willing and able to provide written informed consent for her own and her infant's participation in this study.
  • Prior to study entry, HIV status confirmed as HIV infected per study protocol.

  • At study entry, pregnant and in one of the following two enrollment windows based on best available obstetrical estimate of gestational age:

    • Second trimester: gestational age of 20 0/7 to 26 6/7 weeks
    • Third trimester: gestational age of 30 0/7 to 37 6/7 weeks

  • At study entry, receiving at least one of the following oral ARV drugs or drug combinations, based on maternal report and available medical records:

    • Arm 1.1: Bictegravir (BIC) 50 mg q.d.
    • Arm 1.2: Doravirine (DOR) 100 mg q.d.
    • Arm 1.3: Tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) - 10 mg q.d. boosted with cobicistat
    • Arm 1.4: TAF 25 mg q.d. without boosting
    • Arm 1.5: TAF 25 mg q.d. boosted with cobicistat or ritonavir
  • At study entry, planning to continue the current ARV regimen through at least 12 weeks post-delivery, based on maternal report and available medical records.
  • At study entry, has been receiving the drug or drug combination under study at the required dose for at least two weeks, based on maternal report and available medical records.
  • At study entry, assessed by study staff as having no identified barriers to completing initial PK sampling within 20 0/7 - 26 6/7 weeks gestation (second trimester) or 30 0/7 to 37 6/7 weeks gestation (third trimester) and within 14 days of enrollment.
  • At study entry, if receiving a generic formulation of the drug or drug combination under study, approval of the formulation per study protocol.
  • At study entry, not receiving any TB drugs (for either prophylaxis or treatment), based on maternal report and available medical records.

Component 2: Pregnant WLHIV and HIV-uninfected women who received long-acting/extended release ARVs during pregnancy, and their infants

  • If of legal age or otherwise able to provide independent informed consent as determined by site SOPs and consistent with site IRB/EC policies and procedures: Willing and able to provide written informed consent for her own and her infant's participation in this study.
  • If not of legal age or otherwise unable to provide independent informed consent as determined by site SOPs and consistent with site IRB/EC policies and procedures: Parent/guardian or other legally authorized representative of the mother and her infant is willing and able to provide written informed consent for the mother and her infant's study participation; in addition, when applicable, the mother is willing and able to provide written assent for her own and her infant's study participation.
  • At study entry, intends to deliver at the study-affiliated clinic or hospital, based on maternal report.
  • At study entry, gestational age of at least 24 0/7 weeks based on best available obstetrical estimate of gestational age, and not yet delivered.

  • At study entry, has received at least one administration of the following, based on available medical records, during the current pregnancy:

    • Arm 2.1: Long-acting injectable formulation of cabotegravir (CAB LA) (any dose)

Component 3: Pregnant WLHIV receiving ARVs with first-line TB treatment, and their infants

  • Mother is of legal age or otherwise able to provide independent informed consent as determined by site SOPs and consistent with site IRB/EC policies and procedures, and is willing and able to provide written informed consent for her own and her infant's participation in this study.
  • Prior to study entry, HIV status confirmed as HIV infected per study protocol.

  • At study entry, pregnant and in one of the following two enrollment windows, based on best available obstetrical estimate of gestational age:

    • Second trimester: gestational age of 20 0/7 to 26 6/7 weeks
    • Third trimester: gestational age of 30 0/7 to 37 6/7 weeks

  • At study entry, receiving at least two of the following first-line TB treatment drugs under study AND at least one of the following ARV drugs or drug combinations under study, based on maternal report and available medical records:

    • First-line TB treatment drugs:
    • Isoniazid (INH) 4-6 mg/kg (max 300 mg) q.d.
    • Rifampin (RIF) 8-12 mg/kg (max 600 mg) q.d.
    • Rifabutin (RFB) 150-300 mg q.d.
    • Ethambutol (EMB) 15-20 mg/kg q.d.
    • Pyrazinamide (PZA) 20-30 mg/kg q.d.
    • Moxifloxacin (MFX) 400 mg or 800mg q.d
    • ARVs:
    • Arm 3.1: Dolutegravir (DTG) 50 mg b.i.d. when combined with RIF or 50 mg q.d. if RIF is not part of the TB regimen
    • Arm 3.2: Atazanavir/ritonavir (ATV/r) ≥300/100 mg q.d. or Darunavir/ritonavir (DRV/r) ≥ 600/100 mg b.i.d.
    • Arm 3.3: Lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) 800/200 mg b.i.d.
  • At study entry, has been receiving the drug combination under study at the required dose for at least two weeks based on maternal report and available medical records.
  • At study entry, assessed by study staff as having no identified barriers to completing initial PK sampling within 20 0/7 - 26 6/7 weeks gestation (second trimester) or 30 0/7 to 37 6/7 weeks gestation (third trimester) and within 14 days of enrollment.
  • At study entry, if receiving a generic ARV or TB formulation of the drug or drug combination under study, approval of the formulation per study protocol.
  • At study entry, planning to continue the current ARV regimen through at least 8 weeks post-delivery, based on maternal report and available medical records.

Component 4 Inclusion Criteria: Pregnant WLHIV and HIV-uninfected women receiving second-line TB treatment, and their infants

  • Mother is of legal age or otherwise able to provide independent informed consent as determined by site SOPs and consistent with site IRB/EC policies and procedures, and is willing and able to provide written informed consent for her own and her infant's participation in this study.
  • Prior to study entry, HIV status confirmed as HIV-infected or HIV-uninfected, per study protocol.

  • At study entry, pregnant and in one of the following two enrollment windows based on best available obstetrical estimate of gestational age:

    • Second trimester: gestational age of 20 0/7 to 26 6/7 weeks
    • Third trimester: gestational age of 30 0/7 to 37 6/7 weeks

  • At study entry, receiving at least one of the following second-line TB treatment drugs under study, based on maternal report and available medical records:

    • Arm 4.1: Second-line TB treatment drugs:
    • Levofloxacin (LFX) 750mg - 1000mg q.d.
    • Clofazimine (CFZ) 100mg q.d.
    • Linezolid (LZD) 300mg - 600mg q.d.
    • Bedaquiline (BDQ) 200mg t.i.w.
    • Delamanid (DLM) 100mg b.i.d.
    • Moxifloxacin (MFX) 400mg or 800mg q.d and at least one other second-line TB treatment drug under study
  • At study entry, has been receiving the drugs under study at the required dose for at least two weeks, based on maternal report and available medical records.
  • At study entry, assessed by study staff as having no identified barriers to completing initial PK sampling within 20 0/7 - 26 6/7 weeks gestation (second trimester) or 30 0/7 to 37 6/7 weeks gestation (third trimester) and within 14 days of enrollment.
  • At study entry, if receiving a generic formulation of the drug(s) under study, approval of the formulation per study protocol.

Component 5: Postpartum WLHIV breastfeeding while receiving oral ARVs, and their infants

  • Mother is of legal age or otherwise able to provide independent informed consent as determined by site SOPs and consistent with site IRB/EC policies and procedures, and is willing and able to provide written informed consent for her own and her infant's participation in this study.
  • Prior to study entry, HIV status confirmed as HIV infected, per study protocol.
  • At study entry, within 5-9 days post-delivery (inclusive).
  • At study entry, breastfeeding mother-infant pair intends to continue exclusive breastfeeding through at least 16 weeks post-delivery.

  • At study entry, mother is receiving any of the following oral ARV drugs or drug combinations:

    • Arm 5.1: Atazanavir/ritonavir (ATV/r)
    • Arm 5.2: Darunavir/ritonavir (DRV/r)
    • Arm 5.3: Lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r)
  • At study entry, mother has been receiving the drug(s) or drug combination(s) under study at the required dose for at least two weeks, based on maternal report and available medical records.
  • At study entry, assessed by study staff as having no identified barriers to completing initial PK sampling within the 5-9 days post-delivery PK sampling window.
  • At study entry, mother is planning to continue the current ARV regimen through at least 16 weeks post-delivery, based on maternal report and available medical records.
  • At study entry, if receiving a generic ARV formulation of the drug or drug combination under study, approval of the formulation per study protocol.
  • At study entry, infant weighs at least 1000 grams, based on available medical records.
  • At study entry, infant does not have any severe congenital malformation or other medical condition not compatible with life or that would interfere with study participation or interpretation, as judged by the site investigator.

Components 1-4 Exclusion Criteria:

  • At study entry, mother has received within the past 14 days medicines known to interfere with absorption, metabolism, or clearance of the drug or drug combination under study (see study protocol) based on maternal report and available medical records.

    • Note: RIF is permitted for mothers in Components 3 and 4 being evaluated for TB and ARV drug interactions.
  • At study entry, has a clinical or laboratory finding or condition that, in the opinion of the site investigator, is likely to require a change of the ARV or TB drug under study during the period of study follow-up.
  • Arms 1.3, 1.4 and 1.5 only: At study entry, mother has received TDF-based therapy within the past 6 months.

Component 5 Exclusion Criteria

  • Mother is currently enrolled in Components 1, 2, 3, or 4.
  • At study entry, the mother or infant has received within the past 14 days medicines known to interfere with absorption, metabolism, or clearance of the drug or drug combination under study based on maternal report and available medical records (see study protocol).
  • At study entry, mother or infant has a clinical or laboratory finding or condition that, in the opinion of the site investigator, is likely to require a change of the drug under study during study follow-up.

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Observational Models: Cohort
  • Time Perspectives: Prospective

Cohorts and Interventions

Group / Cohort

Group / Cohort

A group or subgroup of participants in an observational study that is assessed for biomedical or health outcomes.
Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.
Component 1: Arm 1.1: Bictegravir (BIC) 50 mg q.d.
Women ≥ 20 weeks gestation not receiving TB drugs and receiving bictegravir (BIC) 50 mg once daily (q.d.), and their infants
Drug: Bictegravir (BIC)
Administered consistent with the package inserts and/or instructions provided by the non-study sources who prescribe or supply the drugs to participants
Component 1: Arm 1.2: Doravirine (DOR) 100 mg q.d.
Women ≥ 20 weeks gestation not receiving TB drugs and receiving doravirine (DOR) 100 mg q.d., and their infants
Drug: Doravirine (DOR)
Administered consistent with the package inserts and/or instructions provided by the non-study sources who prescribe or supply the drugs to participants
Component 1: Arm 1.4: TAF 25 mg q.d. without boosting
Women ≥ 20 weeks gestation not receiving TB drugs and receiving TAF 25 mg q.d. without boosting, and their infants
Drug: Tenofovir alafenamide (TAF)
Administered consistent with the package inserts and/or instructions provided by the non-study sources who prescribe or supply the drugs to participants
Component 1: Arm 1.5: TAF 25 mg q.d. with boosting
Women ≥ 20 weeks gestation not receiving TB drugs and receiving TAF 25 mg q.d. boosted with cobicistat or ritonavir, and their infants
Drug: Tenofovir alafenamide (TAF)
Administered consistent with the package inserts and/or instructions provided by the non-study sources who prescribe or supply the drugs to participants
Drug: Cobicistat
Administered consistent with the package inserts and/or instructions provided by the non-study sources who prescribe or supply the drugs to participants
Drug: Ritonavir
Administered consistent with the package inserts and/or instructions provided by the non-study sources who prescribe or supply the drugs to participants
Component 3: Arm 3.1: Dolutegravir (DTG) 50 mg
Women ≥ 20 weeks gestation receiving first-line TB treatment with at least two of the following TB treatment drugs: isoniazid (INH), rifampin (RIF), rifabutin (RFB), ethambutol (EMB), pyrazinamide (PZA), moxifloxacin (MFX), and receiving dolutegravir (DTG) 50 mg twice daily (b.i.d.) when combined with RIF or 50 mg q.d. if RIF is not part of the TB regimen, and their infants
Drug: Dolutegravir (DTG)
Administered consistent with the package inserts and/or instructions provided by the non-study sources who prescribe or supply the drugs to participants
Drug: First-Line TB Treatment

Participants will be receiving first-line TB treatment with at least two of the following TB treatment drugs: isoniazid (INH), rifampin (RIF), rifabutin (RFB), ethambutol (EMB), pyrazinamide (PZA), or moxifloxacin (MFX).

Drugs will be administered consistent with the package inserts and/or instructions provided by the non-study sources who prescribe or supply the drugs to participants.
Component 3: Arm 3.2: ATV/r or DRV/r
Women ≥ 20 weeks gestation receiving first-line TB treatment with at least two of the following TB treatment drugs: isoniazid (INH), rifampin (RIF), rifabutin (RFB), ethambutol (EMB), pyrazinamide (PZA), moxifloxacin (MFX), and receiving atazanavir/ritonavir (ATV/r) ≥ 300/100 mg q.d. or darunavir/ritonavir (DRV/r) ≥ 600/100 mg b.i.d., and their infants
Drug: First-Line TB Treatment

Participants will be receiving first-line TB treatment with at least two of the following TB treatment drugs: isoniazid (INH), rifampin (RIF), rifabutin (RFB), ethambutol (EMB), pyrazinamide (PZA), or moxifloxacin (MFX).

Drugs will be administered consistent with the package inserts and/or instructions provided by the non-study sources who prescribe or supply the drugs to participants.

Drug: Atazanavir/ritonavir (ATV/r)
Administered consistent with the package inserts and/or instructions provided by the non-study sources who prescribe or supply the drugs to participants
Drug: Darunavir/ritonavir (DRV/r)
Administered consistent with the package inserts and/or instructions provided by the non-study sources who prescribe or supply the drugs to participants
Component 3: Arm 3.3: Lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) 800/200 mg
Women ≥ 20 weeks gestation receiving first-line TB treatment with at least two of the following TB treatment drugs: isoniazid (INH), rifampin (RIF), rifabutin (RFB), ethambutol (EMB), pyrazinamide (PZA), moxifloxacin (MFX), and receiving lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) 800/200 mg b.i.d., and their infants
Drug: First-Line TB Treatment

Participants will be receiving first-line TB treatment with at least two of the following TB treatment drugs: isoniazid (INH), rifampin (RIF), rifabutin (RFB), ethambutol (EMB), pyrazinamide (PZA), or moxifloxacin (MFX).

Drugs will be administered consistent with the package inserts and/or instructions provided by the non-study sources who prescribe or supply the drugs to participants.

Drug: Lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r)
Administered consistent with the package inserts and/or instructions provided by the non-study sources who prescribe or supply the drugs to participants
Component 4: Arm 4.1: Second-line TB treatment drugs

Women ≥ 20 weeks gestation receiving at least one of the following second-line TB treatment drugs, and their infants:

  • Levofloxacin (LFX) 750mg - 1000mg q.d.
  • Clofazimine (CFZ) 100mg q.d.
  • Linezolid (LZD) 300mg - 600mg q.d.
  • Bedaquiline (BDQ) 200mg three times per week (t.i.w.)
  • Delamanid (DLM) 100mg b.i.d.
  • Moxifloxacin (MFX) 400mg or 800mg q.d., and at least one other second-line TB treatment drug under study
Drug: Second-Line TB Treatment

Participants will be receiving second-line TB treatment with at least one of the following second-line TB treatment drugs:

  • Levofloxacin (LFX) 750mg - 1000mg q.d.
  • Clofazimine (CFZ) 100mg q.d.
  • Linezolid (LZD) 300mg - 600mg q.d.
  • Bedaquiline (BDQ) 200mg three times per week (t.i.w.)
  • Delamanid (DLM) 100mg b.i.d.
  • Moxifloxacin (MFX) 400mg or 800mg q.d., and at least one other second-line TB treatment drug under study

Drugs will be administered consistent with the package inserts and/or instructions provided by the non-study sources who prescribe or supply the drugs to participants.
Component 5: Arm 5.1: ATV/r
Women post-delivery receiving ATV/r, and their infants
Drug: Atazanavir/ritonavir (ATV/r)
Administered consistent with the package inserts and/or instructions provided by the non-study sources who prescribe or supply the drugs to participants
Component 5: Arm 5.2: DRV/r
Women post-delivery receiving DRV/r, and their infants
Drug: Darunavir/ritonavir (DRV/r)
Administered consistent with the package inserts and/or instructions provided by the non-study sources who prescribe or supply the drugs to participants
Component 5: Arm 5.3: LPV/r
Women post-delivery receiving LPV/r, and their infants
Drug: Lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r)
Administered consistent with the package inserts and/or instructions provided by the non-study sources who prescribe or supply the drugs to participants
Component 1: Arm 1.3: Tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) 10 mg q.d. boosted with cobicistat
Women ≥ 20 weeks gestation not receiving TB drugs and receiving tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) 10 mg q.d. boosted with cobicistat, and their infants
Drug: Tenofovir alafenamide (TAF)
Administered consistent with the package inserts and/or instructions provided by the non-study sources who prescribe or supply the drugs to participants
Drug: Cobicistat
Administered consistent with the package inserts and/or instructions provided by the non-study sources who prescribe or supply the drugs to participants
Component 2: Arm 2.1: Long-acting injectable formulation of cabotegravir (CAB LA)
Women ≥ 24 weeks gestation who received at least one dose of long-acting injectable formulation of cabotegravir (CAB LA) any dose during pregnancy, and their infants
Drug: Long-acting injectable formulation of cabotegravir (CAB LA)
Administered consistent with the package inserts and/or instructions provided by the non-study sources who prescribe or supply the drugs to participants

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, the planned outcome measure that is the most important for evaluating the effect of an intervention/treatment. Most clinical studies have one primary outcome measure, but some have more than one.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Number of Women Who Meet Area Under the Curve (AUC) Target in Plasma (Component 1)
Time Frame: Measured at 2nd trimester (2T, 20 0/7 - 26 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), 3rd trimester (3T, 30 0/7 - 37 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), and postpartum (PP, 6-12 weeks after delivery). Sampling performed pre-dose and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 hours post-dose.
A target AUC was derived for each drug as the 10th percentile for the non-pregnant population based on historical control data. The target AUC is 58.7 mg*h/L for Arm 1.1 and 10.0 mg*h/L for Arm 1.2. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by the study pharmacologists from plasma concentration-time profiles using noncompartmental methods. McNemar's test was not conducted for Arm 1.2 due to low sample size.
Measured at 2nd trimester (2T, 20 0/7 - 26 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), 3rd trimester (3T, 30 0/7 - 37 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), and postpartum (PP, 6-12 weeks after delivery). Sampling performed pre-dose and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 hours post-dose.
Median Maternal AUC in Plasma (Component 1)
Time Frame: Measured at 2nd trimester (2T, 20 0/7 - 26 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), 3rd trimester (3T, 30 0/7 - 37 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), and postpartum (PP, 6-12 weeks after delivery). Sampling performed pre-dose and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 hours post-dose.
Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by the study pharmacologists from plasma concentration-time profiles using noncompartmental methods. Wilcoxon signed-rank test was not conducted for Arm 1.2 due to low sample size.
Measured at 2nd trimester (2T, 20 0/7 - 26 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), 3rd trimester (3T, 30 0/7 - 37 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), and postpartum (PP, 6-12 weeks after delivery). Sampling performed pre-dose and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 hours post-dose.
Median Maternal Tenofovir-diphosphate (TFV-DP) Concentrations in Dried Blood Spots (DBS) (Component 1)
Time Frame: Measured at 2nd trimester (2T, 20 0/7 - 26 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), 3rd trimester (3T, 30 0/7 - 37 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), and postpartum (PP, 6-12 weeks after delivery). Samples collected pre-dose.
TFV-DP intracellular concentrations in DBS samples. Concentrations obtained from two 7 mm punches.
Measured at 2nd trimester (2T, 20 0/7 - 26 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), 3rd trimester (3T, 30 0/7 - 37 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), and postpartum (PP, 6-12 weeks after delivery). Samples collected pre-dose.
Median Maternal Tenofovir-diphosphate (TFV-DP) Concentrations in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs ) (Component 1)
Time Frame: Measured at 2nd trimester (2T, 20 0/7 - 26 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), 3rd trimester (3T, 30 0/7 - 37 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), and postpartum (PP, 6-12 weeks after delivery). Samples collected pre-dose and at 3 and 24 hours post-dose.
TFV-DP intracellular concentrations in PBMC samples.
Measured at 2nd trimester (2T, 20 0/7 - 26 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), 3rd trimester (3T, 30 0/7 - 37 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), and postpartum (PP, 6-12 weeks after delivery). Samples collected pre-dose and at 3 and 24 hours post-dose.
Median Maternal Isoniazid (INH) AUC in Plasma (Component 3)
Time Frame: Measured at 2nd trimester (2T, 20 0/7 - 26 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), 3rd trimester (3T, 30 0/7 - 37 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), and postpartum (PP, 2-8 weeks after delivery). Sampling performed pre-dose and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 hours post-dose.
Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by the study pharmacologists from plasma concentration-time profiles using noncompartmental methods. AUC reported is the AUC to the last measurable timepoint.
Measured at 2nd trimester (2T, 20 0/7 - 26 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), 3rd trimester (3T, 30 0/7 - 37 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), and postpartum (PP, 2-8 weeks after delivery). Sampling performed pre-dose and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 hours post-dose.
Median Maternal Rifampin (RIF) AUC in Plasma (Component 3)
Time Frame: Measured at 2nd trimester (2T, 20 0/7 - 26 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), 3rd trimester (3T, 30 0/7 - 37 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), and postpartum (PP, 2-8 weeks after delivery). Sampling performed pre-dose and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 hours post-dose.
Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by the study pharmacologists from plasma concentration-time profiles using noncompartmental methods. AUC reported is the AUC to the last measurable timepoint.
Measured at 2nd trimester (2T, 20 0/7 - 26 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), 3rd trimester (3T, 30 0/7 - 37 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), and postpartum (PP, 2-8 weeks after delivery). Sampling performed pre-dose and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 hours post-dose.
Median Maternal Ethambutol (EMB) AUC in Plasma (Component 3)
Time Frame: Measured at 2nd trimester (2T, 20 0/7 - 26 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), 3rd trimester (3T, 30 0/7 - 37 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), and postpartum (PP, 2-8 weeks after delivery). Sampling performed pre-dose and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 hours post-dose.
Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by the study pharmacologists from plasma concentration-time profiles using noncompartmental methods. AUC reported is the AUC to the last measurable timepoint.
Measured at 2nd trimester (2T, 20 0/7 - 26 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), 3rd trimester (3T, 30 0/7 - 37 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), and postpartum (PP, 2-8 weeks after delivery). Sampling performed pre-dose and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 hours post-dose.
Median Maternal Pyrazinamide (PZA) AUC in Plasma (Component 3)
Time Frame: Measured at 2nd trimester (2T, 20 0/7 - 26 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), 3rd trimester (3T, 30 0/7 - 37 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), and postpartum (PP, 2-8 weeks after delivery). Sampling performed pre-dose and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 hours post-dose.
Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by the study pharmacologists from plasma concentration-time profiles using noncompartmental methods. AUC reported is the AUC to the last measurable timepoint. Comparison of Antepartum vs. Postpartum was not done due to low sample size.
Measured at 2nd trimester (2T, 20 0/7 - 26 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), 3rd trimester (3T, 30 0/7 - 37 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), and postpartum (PP, 2-8 weeks after delivery). Sampling performed pre-dose and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 hours post-dose.
Median Maternal Dolutegravir (DTG) AUC in Plasma (Component 3)
Time Frame: Measured at 2nd trimester (2T, 20 0/7 - 26 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), 3rd trimester (3T, 30 0/7 - 37 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), and postpartum (PP, 2-8 weeks after delivery). Sampling performed pre-dose and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 hours post-dose.
Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by the study pharmacologists from plasma concentration-time profiles using noncompartmental methods. AUC reported is the AUC to the last measurable timepoint. The data of the P1026s arm was not reported since it's not one of the arms in this study.
Measured at 2nd trimester (2T, 20 0/7 - 26 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), 3rd trimester (3T, 30 0/7 - 37 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), and postpartum (PP, 2-8 weeks after delivery). Sampling performed pre-dose and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 hours post-dose.
Median Maternal Bedqauiline (BDQ) AUC in Plasma (Component 4)
Time Frame: Measured at 2nd trimester (2T, 20 0/7 - 26 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), 3rd trimester (3T, 30 0/7 - 37 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), and postpartum (PP, 2-8 weeks after delivery). Sampling performed pre-dose and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 hours post-dose.
Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by the study pharmacologists from plasma concentration-time profiles using noncompartmental methods. AUC reported is the AUC to the last measurable timepoint. Wilcoxon signed-rank test was not conducted for Arm 4.1 due to low sample size.
Measured at 2nd trimester (2T, 20 0/7 - 26 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), 3rd trimester (3T, 30 0/7 - 37 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), and postpartum (PP, 2-8 weeks after delivery). Sampling performed pre-dose and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 hours post-dose.
Median Maternal Clofazimine (CFZ) AUC in Plasma (Component 4)
Time Frame: Measured at 2nd trimester (2T, 20 0/7 - 26 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), 3rd trimester (3T, 30 0/7 - 37 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), and postpartum (PP, 2-8 weeks after delivery). Sampling performed pre-dose and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 hours post-dose.
Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by the study pharmacologists from plasma concentration-time profiles using noncompartmental methods. AUC reported is the AUC to the last measurable timepoint. Wilcoxon signed-rank test was not conducted for Arm 4.1 due to low sample size.
Measured at 2nd trimester (2T, 20 0/7 - 26 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), 3rd trimester (3T, 30 0/7 - 37 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), and postpartum (PP, 2-8 weeks after delivery). Sampling performed pre-dose and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 hours post-dose.
Median Maternal Delamanid (DLM) AUC in Plasma (Component 4)
Time Frame: Measured at 2nd trimester (2T, 20 0/7 - 26 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), 3rd trimester (3T, 30 0/7 - 37 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), and postpartum (PP, 2-8 weeks after delivery). Sampling performed pre-dose and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 hours post-dose.
Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by the study pharmacologists from plasma concentration-time profiles using noncompartmental methods. AUC reported is the AUC to the last measurable timepoint. Wilcoxon signed-rank test was not conducted for Arm 4.1 due to low sample size.
Measured at 2nd trimester (2T, 20 0/7 - 26 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), 3rd trimester (3T, 30 0/7 - 37 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), and postpartum (PP, 2-8 weeks after delivery). Sampling performed pre-dose and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 hours post-dose.
Median Maternal Levofloxacin (LFX) AUC in Plasma (Component 4)
Time Frame: Measured at 2nd trimester (2T, 20 0/7 - 26 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), 3rd trimester (3T, 30 0/7 - 37 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), and postpartum (PP, 2-8 weeks after delivery). Sampling performed pre-dose and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 hours post-dose.
Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by the study pharmacologists from plasma concentration-time profiles using noncompartmental methods. AUC reported is the AUC to the last measurable timepoint.
Measured at 2nd trimester (2T, 20 0/7 - 26 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), 3rd trimester (3T, 30 0/7 - 37 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), and postpartum (PP, 2-8 weeks after delivery). Sampling performed pre-dose and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 hours post-dose.
Median Maternal Linezolid (LZD) AUC in Plasma (Component 4)
Time Frame: Measured at 2nd trimester (2T, 20 0/7 - 26 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), 3rd trimester (3T, 30 0/7 - 37 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), and postpartum (PP, 2-8 weeks after delivery). Sampling performed pre-dose and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 hours post-dose.
Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by the study pharmacologists from plasma concentration-time profiles using noncompartmental methods. AUC reported is the AUC to the last measurable timepoint. Wilcoxon signed-rank test was not conducted for Arm 4.1 due to low sample size.
Measured at 2nd trimester (2T, 20 0/7 - 26 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), 3rd trimester (3T, 30 0/7 - 37 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), and postpartum (PP, 2-8 weeks after delivery). Sampling performed pre-dose and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 hours post-dose.
Median Maternal Atazanavir (ATV) Breast Milk/Maternal Plasma Concentration Ratio (Component 5)
Time Frame: Measured at 5-9 days, 2-12 weeks, and 16-24 weeks post-delivery
Breast milk and maternal plasma concentrations were collected at study visits and compared as a ratio. A higher ratio indicates the potential for higher infant drug exposure through breast milk. Only measured for mothers who met the breast milk transfer PK sampling requirements outlined in the protocol.
Measured at 5-9 days, 2-12 weeks, and 16-24 weeks post-delivery
Median Maternal Ritonavir (RTV) Breast Milk/Maternal Plasma Concentration Ratio (Component 5)
Time Frame: Measured at 5-9 days, 2-12 weeks, and 16-24 weeks post-delivery
Breast milk and maternal plasma concentrations were collected at study visits and compared as a ratio. A higher ratio indicates the potential for higher infant drug exposure through breast milk. Only measured for mothers who met the breast milk transfer PK sampling requirements outlined in the protocol.
Measured at 5-9 days, 2-12 weeks, and 16-24 weeks post-delivery
Infant Atazanvir (ATV) Plasma Concentration (Component 5)
Time Frame: Measured at 5-9 days, 2-12 weeks, and 16-24 weeks of life
Only measured for infants who met the breast milk transfer PK sampling requirements outlined in the protocol. The lower limit of quantitation (LLoQ) was 23.4 ng/mL for ATV.
Measured at 5-9 days, 2-12 weeks, and 16-24 weeks of life
Infant Ritonavir (RTV) Plasma Concentration (Component 5)
Time Frame: Measured at 5-9 days, 2-12 weeks, and 16-24 weeks of life
Only measured for infants who met the breast milk transfer PK sampling requirements outlined in the protocol. The lower limit of quantitation (LLoQ) was 9.8 ng/mL for RTV.
Measured at 5-9 days, 2-12 weeks, and 16-24 weeks of life

Secondary Outcome Measures

Secondary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, a planned outcome measure that is not as important as the primary outcome measure for evaluating the effect of an intervention but is still of interest. Most clinical studies have more than one secondary outcome measure.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Median Ratio of Cord Blood Concentration to Maternal Blood Concentration (Component 1, Arms 1.1 and 1.2)
Time Frame: Measured at time of delivery with single cord blood and single maternal blood sample.
Cord blood and maternal blood concentrations were collected and measured for the drug(s) under study at delivery and compared as a ratio.
Measured at time of delivery with single cord blood and single maternal blood sample.
Median Ratio of Cord Blood Concentration to Maternal Blood Concentration (Component 1, Arms 1.3 and 1.4)
Time Frame: Measured at time of delivery with single cord blood and single maternal blood sample.
Cord blood and maternal blood concentrations were collected and measured for the drug(s) under study at delivery and compared as a ratio. There are four analytes for Arms 1.3 and 1.4: tenofovir alafenamide fumarate (TAF) in plasma, tenofovir-diphosphate (TFV-DP) in dried blood spots (DBS), TFV-DP in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and tenofovir (TFV) in plasma. For Arm 1.3 TAF in plasma, all values were below the lower level of quantitation.
Measured at time of delivery with single cord blood and single maternal blood sample.
Median Ratio of Cord Blood Concentration to Maternal Blood Concentration (Component 3)
Time Frame: Measured at time of delivery with single cord blood and single maternal blood sample.
Cord blood and maternal blood concentrations were collected and measured for the drugs under study at delivery and compared as a ratio. The analytes for Arm 3.1 were: isoniazid (INH), rifampin (RIF), ethambutol (EMB), pyrazinamide (PZA), and dolutegravir (DTG).
Measured at time of delivery with single cord blood and single maternal blood sample.
Median Ratio of Cord Blood Concentration to Maternal Blood Concentration (Component 4)
Time Frame: Measured at time of delivery with single cord blood and single maternal blood sample.
Cord blood and maternal blood concentrations were collected and measured for the drugs under study at delivery and compared as a ratio. The analytes for Arm 4.1 were: bedaquiline (BDQ), clofazimine (CFZ), delamanid (DLM), levofloxacin (LFX), and linezolid (LZD).
Measured at time of delivery with single cord blood and single maternal blood sample.
Median Infant Washout Half-life of Drug After Birth (Component 1)
Time Frame: Measured at birth (2-10 hours, 18-28 hours and 36-72 hours) and 5-9 days after birth
Infant washout PK concentrations were measured during the first 9 days of life. Half-life was calculated based on the concentrations. The analyte of Arm 1.4 is tenofovir in plasma.
Measured at birth (2-10 hours, 18-28 hours and 36-72 hours) and 5-9 days after birth
Infant Washout Half-life of Drug After Birth (Component 3)
Time Frame: Measured at birth (2-10 hours, 18-28 hours and 36-72 hours) and 5-9 days after birth
Infant washout PK concentrations were measured during the first 9 days of life. Half-life was calculated based on the concentrations. The analytes for Arm 3.1 were: isoniazid (INH), rifampin (RIF), ethambutol (EMB), pyrazinamide (PZA), and dolutegravir (DTG).
Measured at birth (2-10 hours, 18-28 hours and 36-72 hours) and 5-9 days after birth
Infant Washout Half-life of Drug After Birth (Component 4)
Time Frame: Measured at birth (2-10 hours, 18-28 hours and 36-72 hours) and 5-9 days after birth
Infant washout PK concentrations were measured during the first 9 days of life. Half-life was calculated based on the concentrations where it was possible to calculate. The analytes for Arm 4.1 were: bedaquiline (BDQ), clofazimine (CFZ), delamanid (DLM), levofloxacin (LFX), and linezolid (LZD).
Measured at birth (2-10 hours, 18-28 hours and 36-72 hours) and 5-9 days after birth
Maternal Breast Milk/Maternal Plasma Concentration Ratio (Components 3 and 4)
Time Frame: Measured at 2-8 weeks postpartum (and 5-9 days and 16-24 weeks post-delivery if the requirements for breast milk transfer PK sampling are met)
Breast milk and maternal plasma concentrations were collected at study visits to be compared as a ratio, measured for mothers who met the breast milk transfer PK sampling requirements outlined in the protocol. A higher ratio indicates the potential for higher infant drug exposure through breast milk. Per the protocol, breast milk transfer sampling was not to be performed for Arm 3.1. For Arm 4.1, samples were collected but not run and have yet to be analyzed. The anticipated reporting date is April 2027.
Measured at 2-8 weeks postpartum (and 5-9 days and 16-24 weeks post-delivery if the requirements for breast milk transfer PK sampling are met)
Infant Plasma Concentration (Component 3)
Time Frame: Measured through Week 24
Plasma concentrations as part of breast milk transfer sampling. Per the protocol, breast milk transfer sampling was not to be performed for Arm 3.1.
Measured through Week 24
Median Infant Bedaquiline (BDQ) Plasma Concentration (Component 4)
Time Frame: Measured at 5-9 days, 2-8 weeks, and 16-24 weeks after delivery.
Infant plasma concentration as part of breast milk transfer sampling to describe the kinetics of drug transfer from mother to infant via breast milk
Measured at 5-9 days, 2-8 weeks, and 16-24 weeks after delivery.
Median Infant Clofazimine (CFZ) Plasma Concentration (Component 4)
Time Frame: Measured at 5-9 days, 2-8 weeks, and 16-24 weeks after delivery.
Infant plasma concentration as part of breast milk transfer sampling to describe the kinetics of drug transfer from mother to infant via breast milk
Measured at 5-9 days, 2-8 weeks, and 16-24 weeks after delivery.
Median Infant Delamanid (DLM) Plasma Concentration (Component 4)
Time Frame: Measured at 5-9 days, 2-8 weeks, and 16-24 weeks after delivery.
Infant plasma concentration as part of breast milk transfer sampling to describe the kinetics of drug transfer from mother to infant via breast milk
Measured at 5-9 days, 2-8 weeks, and 16-24 weeks after delivery.
Median Infant Levofloxacin (LFX) Plasma Concentration (Component 4)
Time Frame: Measured at 5-9 days, 2-8 weeks, and 16-24 weeks after delivery.
Infant plasma concentration as part of breast milk transfer sampling to describe the kinetics of drug transfer from mother to infant via breast milk
Measured at 5-9 days, 2-8 weeks, and 16-24 weeks after delivery.
Median Infant Linezolid (LZD) Plasma Concentration (Component 4)
Time Frame: Measured at 5-9 days, 2-8 weeks, and 16-24 weeks after delivery.
Infant plasma concentration as part of breast milk transfer sampling to describe the kinetics of drug transfer from mother to infant via breast milk
Measured at 5-9 days, 2-8 weeks, and 16-24 weeks after delivery.
Median Infant Dolutegravir (DTG) Plasma Concentration (Component 4)
Time Frame: Measured at 5-9 days, 2-8 weeks, and 16-24 weeks after delivery.
Infant plasma concentration as part of breast milk transfer sampling to describe the kinetics of drug transfer from mother to infant via breast milk
Measured at 5-9 days, 2-8 weeks, and 16-24 weeks after delivery.
Median Maternal Efavirenz (EFV) AUC in Plasma (Component 4)
Time Frame: Measured at 2nd trimester (2T, 20 0/7 - 26 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), 3rd trimester (3T, 30 0/7 - 37 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), and postpartum (PP, 2-8 weeks after delivery).
Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by the study pharmacologists from plasma concentration-time profiles using noncompartmental methods.
Measured at 2nd trimester (2T, 20 0/7 - 26 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), 3rd trimester (3T, 30 0/7 - 37 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), and postpartum (PP, 2-8 weeks after delivery).
Median Maternal Lopinavir (LPV) AUC in Plasma (Component 4)
Time Frame: Measured at 2nd trimester (2T, 20 0/7 - 26 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), 3rd trimester (3T, 30 0/7 - 37 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), and postpartum (PP, 2-8 weeks after delivery).
Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by the study pharmacologists from plasma concentration-time profiles using noncompartmental methods.
Measured at 2nd trimester (2T, 20 0/7 - 26 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), 3rd trimester (3T, 30 0/7 - 37 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), and postpartum (PP, 2-8 weeks after delivery).
Median Median Atazanavir (ATV) AUC in Plasma (Component 4)
Time Frame: Measured at 2nd trimester (2T, 20 0/7 - 26 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), 3rd trimester (3T, 30 0/7 - 37 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), and postpartum (PP, 2-8 weeks after delivery).
Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by the study pharmacologists from plasma concentration-time profiles using noncompartmental methods.
Measured at 2nd trimester (2T, 20 0/7 - 26 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), 3rd trimester (3T, 30 0/7 - 37 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), and postpartum (PP, 2-8 weeks after delivery).
Median Maternal Darunavir (DRV) AUC in Plasma (Component 4)
Time Frame: Measured at 2nd trimester (2T, 20 0/7 - 26 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), 3rd trimester (3T, 30 0/7 - 37 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), and postpartum (PP, 2-8 weeks after delivery).
Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by the study pharmacologists from plasma concentration-time profiles using noncompartmental methods.
Measured at 2nd trimester (2T, 20 0/7 - 26 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), 3rd trimester (3T, 30 0/7 - 37 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), and postpartum (PP, 2-8 weeks after delivery).
Median Maternal Dolutegravir (DTG) AUC in Plasma (Component 4)
Time Frame: Measured at 2nd trimester (2T, 20 0/7 - 26 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), 3rd trimester (3T, 30 0/7 - 37 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), and postpartum (PP, 2-8 weeks after delivery). Sampling performed pre-dose and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 hours post-dose.
Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by the study pharmacologists from plasma concentration-time profiles using noncompartmental methods. AUC reported is the AUC to the last measurable timepoint.
Measured at 2nd trimester (2T, 20 0/7 - 26 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), 3rd trimester (3T, 30 0/7 - 37 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), and postpartum (PP, 2-8 weeks after delivery). Sampling performed pre-dose and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 hours post-dose.
Median Maternal Raltegravir (RAL) AUC in Plasma (Component 4)
Time Frame: Measured at 2nd trimester (2T, 20 0/7 - 26 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), 3rd trimester (3T, 30 0/7 - 37 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), and postpartum (PP, 2-8 weeks after delivery).
Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by the study pharmacologists from plasma concentration-time profiles using noncompartmental methods.
Measured at 2nd trimester (2T, 20 0/7 - 26 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), 3rd trimester (3T, 30 0/7 - 37 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), and postpartum (PP, 2-8 weeks after delivery).
Number of Participants With Grade 3 or Higher Maternal Adverse Events
Time Frame: Component 1 measured through Week 12 post-delivery; Component 3 and 4 measured through Week 8 post-delivery (except breastmilk transfer women measured through Week 24 post-delivery); Component 5 measured through Week 24 post-delivery.
Maternal Grade 3 or higher adverse events. Adverse events were graded according to the Division of AIDS Table for Grading the Severity of Adult and Pediatric Adverse Events (DAIDS AE Grading Table), Corrected Version 2.1, dated July 2017.
Component 1 measured through Week 12 post-delivery; Component 3 and 4 measured through Week 8 post-delivery (except breastmilk transfer women measured through Week 24 post-delivery); Component 5 measured through Week 24 post-delivery.
Number of Participants With Grade 2 or Higher Infant Adverse Events
Time Frame: Measured from entry through Week 24
Infant Grade 2 or higher adverse events. Adverse events were graded according to the Division of AIDS Table for Grading the Severity of Adult and Pediatric Adverse Events (DAIDS AE Grading Table), Corrected Version 2.1, dated July 2017.
Measured from entry through Week 24
Number of Participants With Maternal Serious Adverse Events
Time Frame: Component 1 measured through Week 12 post-delivery; Component 3 and 4 measured through Week 8 post-delivery (except breastmilk transfer women measured through Week 24 post-delivery); Component 5 measured through Week 24 post-delivery.
Maternal serious adverse events which were graded according to the Division of AIDS Table for Grading the Severity of Adult and Pediatric Adverse Events (DAIDS AE Grading Table), Corrected Version 2.1, dated July 2017
Component 1 measured through Week 12 post-delivery; Component 3 and 4 measured through Week 8 post-delivery (except breastmilk transfer women measured through Week 24 post-delivery); Component 5 measured through Week 24 post-delivery.
Number of Participants With Infant Serious Adverse Events
Time Frame: Measured from entry through Week 24
Infant serious adverse events. Adverse events were graded according to the Division of AIDS Table for Grading the Severity of Adult and Pediatric Adverse Events (DAIDS AE Grading Table), Corrected Version 2.1, dated July 2017
Measured from entry through Week 24
Number of Participants With Grade 3 or Higher Maternal Adverse Events Assessed as Related to the Drug Under Study
Time Frame: Component 1 measured through Week 12 post-delivery; Component 3 and 4 measured through Week 8 post-delivery (except breastmilk transfer women measured through Week 24 post-delivery); Component 5 measured through Week 24 post-delivery.
Maternal Grade 3 or higher adverse events assessed as related to the drug under study. Adverse events were graded according to the Division of AIDS Table for Grading the Severity of Adult and Pediatric Adverse Events (DAIDS AE Grading Table), Corrected Version 2.1, dated July 2017.
Component 1 measured through Week 12 post-delivery; Component 3 and 4 measured through Week 8 post-delivery (except breastmilk transfer women measured through Week 24 post-delivery); Component 5 measured through Week 24 post-delivery.
Number of Participants With Grade 2 or Higher Infant Adverse Events Assessed as Related to the Drug Under Study
Time Frame: Measured from entry through Week 24
Infant Grade 2 or higher adverse events assessed as related to the drug under study. Adverse events were graded according to the Division of AIDS Table for Grading the Severity of Adult and Pediatric Adverse Events (DAIDS AE Grading Table), Corrected Version 2.1, dated July 2017
Measured from entry through Week 24
Pregnancy Outcome
Time Frame: Measured on maternal delivery date/infant Day 0
Outcome of pregnancy categorized as live birth, stillbirth, spontaneous abortion, and etc.
Measured on maternal delivery date/infant Day 0
Median Gestational Age at Birth
Time Frame: Measured on Day 0 (0-3 days)
Infant gestational age at birth (weeks)
Measured on Day 0 (0-3 days)
Median Infant Birth Weight
Time Frame: Measured on Day 0 (0-3 days)
Infant birth weight (grams)
Measured on Day 0 (0-3 days)
Occurrence of Congenital Anomaly or Mitochondrial Disorder
Time Frame: Measured from Day 0 through Week 24 for Components 1, 3, 4 and 5; measured from Day 0 through Week 5 for Component 2
Presence of any congenital anomaly or mitochondrial disorder identified in infants.
Measured from Day 0 through Week 24 for Components 1, 3, 4 and 5; measured from Day 0 through Week 5 for Component 2
Infant HIV Status
Time Frame: Measured from Day 0 through Week 24
Infant HIV status which is determined according to diagnosis per local standard of care
Measured from Day 0 through Week 24
Maternal HIV-1 RNA
Time Frame: Measured in 2nd Trimester,(2T, 20 0/7 to 26 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), 3rd Trimester (3T, 30 0/7 to 37 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), delivery, and PP (2-8 weeks or 6-12 weeks after delivery, depending on study arm)
Plasma HIV-1 RNA levels in the mothers as in categories. The highest value of the lower limits of quantitation (LLoQ) for each arm was used for categorizations. The LLoQs are: Arm 1.1 - 40 copies/mL, Arm 1.2 - 20 copies/mL, Arm 1.3 and Arm 1.4 - 200 copies/mL, Arm 3.1 - 40 copies/mL, and Arm 4.1 - 50 copies/mL.
Measured in 2nd Trimester,(2T, 20 0/7 to 26 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), 3rd Trimester (3T, 30 0/7 to 37 6/7 weeks of pregnancy), delivery, and PP (2-8 weeks or 6-12 weeks after delivery, depending on study arm)

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Sponsor

The organization or person who initiates the study and who has authority and control over the study.
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)

Collaborators

Collaborators

An organization other than the sponsor that provides support for a clinical study. This support may include activities related to funding, design, implementation, data analysis, or reporting.
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC
Gilead Sciences
ViiV Healthcare
International Maternal Pediatric Adolescent AIDS Clinical Trials Group

Investigators

Investigators

A researcher involved in a clinical study. Related terms include site principal investigator, site sub-investigator, study chair, study director, and study principal investigator.
  • Study Chair: Mark Mirochnick, MD, Boston University

Publications and helpful links

The person responsible for entering information about the study voluntarily provides these publications. These may be about anything related to the study.

General Publications

Helpful Links

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Actual)

Study Start

The actual date on which the first participant was enrolled in a clinical study. The "anticipated" study start date is the date that the researchers think will be the study start date.
September 1, 2021

Primary Completion (Actual)

Primary Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention to collect final data for the primary outcome measure. Whether the clinical study ended according to the protocol or was terminated does not affect this date. For clinical studies with more than one primary outcome measure with different completion dates, this term refers to the date on which data collection is completed for all the primary outcome measures. The "anticipated" primary completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the primary completion date for the study.
April 24, 2025

Study Completion (Actual)

Study Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention/treatment to collect final data for the primary outcome measures, secondary outcome measures, and adverse events (that is, the last participant's last visit). The "anticipated" study completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the study completion date.
July 10, 2025

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

First Submitted

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submitted a study record to ClinicalTrials.gov. There is typically a delay of a few days between the first submitted date and the record's availability on ClinicalTrials.gov (the first posted date).
March 5, 2020

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submits a study record that is consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. The sponsor or investigator may need to revise and submit a study record one or more times before NLM's QC review criteria are met. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
August 14, 2020

First Posted (Actual)

First Posted

The date on which the study record was first available on ClinicalTrials.gov after National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review has concluded. There is typically a delay of a few days between the date the study sponsor or investigator submitted the study record and the first posted date.
August 19, 2020

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

Last Update Posted

The most recent date on which changes to a study record were made available on ClinicalTrials.gov. There may be a delay between when the changes were submitted to ClinicalTrials.gov by the study's sponsor or investigator (the last update submitted date) and the last update posted date.
August 26, 2026

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator submitted changes to a study record that are consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
August 3, 2026

Last Verified

Last Verified

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator confirmed the information about a clinical study on ClinicalTrials.gov as accurate and current. If a study with a recruitment status of recruiting; not yet recruiting; or active, not recruiting has not been confirmed within the past 2 years, the study's recruitment status is shown as unknown.
August 1, 2026

More Information

Terms related to this study

Additional Relevant MeSH Terms

Other Study ID Numbers

Other Study ID Numbers

Identifiers or ID numbers other than the NCT number that are assigned to a clinical study by the study's sponsor, funders, or others. These numbers may include unique identifiers from other trial registries and National Institutes of Health grant numbers.
  • IMPAACT 2026
  • 38609 (Registry Identifier: DAIDS-ES Registry Number)

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?

YES

IPD Plan Description

Individual participant data that underlie results in the publication, after deidentification.

IPD Sharing Time Frame

Beginning 3 months following publication and available throughout period of funding of the International Maternal Pediatric Adolescent AIDS Clinical Trial (IMPAACT) Network by NIH.

IPD Sharing Access Criteria

  • With whom?

    • Researchers who provide a methodologically sound proposal for use of the data that is approved by the IMPAACT Network.

  • For what types of analyses?

    • To achieve aims in the proposal approved by the IMPAACT Network.

  • By what mechanism will data be made available?

    • Researchers may submit a request for access to data using the IMPAACT "Data Request" form at: https://www.impaactnetwork.org/resources/study-proposals.htm. Researchers of approved proposals will need to sign an IMPAACT Data Use Agreement before receiving the data

IPD Sharing Supporting Information Type

  • STUDY_PROTOCOL
  • SAP

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

Yes

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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