Sensible Sleep: Measuring Alarm and Snooze Behavior in Teens Using Wearables and Smartphones

June 11, 2025 updated by: University of Notre Dame

Sensible Sleep: Measuring Alarm and Snooze Behavior in Teens Using Wearables and Smart Phones

Pilot data suggests that working professionals and college students routinely use alarms and snooze. Alarm usage and snoozing is associated with several negative health biomarkers including lighter sleep, higher resting heart rate, and reduced sleep duration. It is unclear when this behavior is established, but it is likely in the teenage years when chronic sleep restriction begins to effect a large percentage of Americans. We will ask teens about psychological traits (e.g. personality) and snoozing behavior in a repeated measures design. In addition, we will implement a smartphone based intervention which notifies teens when they are awake past their minimum bedtime for adequate sleep. throughout the study, we will monitor sleep and heart-rate via wearable. From this data, we will establish the prevalence of alarm and snoozing behaviors in teens. We will determine what demographic, psychological, and behavioral traits predict snoozing, and if there are any differences in health biomarkers (e.g. sleep duration, resting heart rate)between snooze and/or alarm users. We will use data from the wearables and smartphones to generate features that can detect snoozing, and will validate them against self-report. Finally, we seek to determine if alarm and snoozing behavior can be reduced via a smartphone intervention aimed at increasing sleep duration.

Study Overview

Status

Status

Indicates the current recruitment status or the expanded access status.
Withdrawn

Conditions

Conditions

The disease, disorder, syndrome, illness, or injury that is being studied. On ClinicalTrials.gov, conditions may also include other health-related issues, such as lifespan, quality of life, and health risks.

Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.

Study Type

Study Type

Describes the nature of a clinical study. Study types include interventional studies (also called clinical trials), observational studies (including patient registries), and expanded access.
Interventional

Phase

Phase

The stage of a clinical trial studying a drug or biological product, based on definitions developed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The phase is based on the study's objective, the number of participants, and other characteristics. There are five phases: Early Phase 1 (formerly listed as Phase 0), Phase 1, Phase 2, Phase 3, and Phase 4. Not Applicable is used to describe trials without FDA-defined phases, including trials of devices or behavioral interventions.
  • Not Applicable

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

The key requirements that people who want to participate in a clinical study must meet or the characteristics they must have. Eligibility criteria consist of both inclusion criteria (which are required for a person to participate in the study) and exclusion criteria (which prevent a person from participating). Types of eligibility criteria include whether a study accepts healthy volunteers, has age or age group requirements, or is limited by sex.

Ages Eligible for Study

13 years to 17 years (Child)

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes

Description

Inclusion Criteria:English as a primary language -

Exclusion Criteria:

-

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: Other
  • Allocation: N/A
  • Interventional Model: Single Group Assignment
  • Masking: None (Open Label)

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm

Participant Group / Arm

A group or subgroup of participants in a clinical trial that receives a specific intervention/treatment, or no intervention, according to the trial's protocol.
Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.
Experimental: All participants
All participants will have a baseline before all participants undergo intervention. The purpose is to pilot the intervention to establish possible effects, as well as to determine if there are any usability or other issues.
Device: Cell phone notification
Habitual bed and wake times will be detected using a wearable for 4 weeks. Using habitual wake time, a minimum bedtime to achieve adequate sleep will be calculated (8 hours). If phone usage is detected after this minimum bedtime, participants will receive a notification informing them they are awake past their minimum bedtime and recommend they go to bed to obtain adequate sleep.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, the planned outcome measure that is the most important for evaluating the effect of an intervention/treatment. Most clinical studies have one primary outcome measure, but some have more than one.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Sleep Duration
Time Frame: 12 weeks, daily sleep measured passively via wearable
Reduced sleep duration is associated with negative health outcomes. We will compare average baseline and intervention sleep durations (measured by wearables) using 1-way ANCOVA. Covariates will be significant factors from a bivariate logistical regression predicting the proportion of days woken to an alarm or snoozing from total answered survey using demographic, behavioral, psychological, and physiological factors as predictors. If the ANCOVA reveals a significant effect of intervention, a followup ANCOVA will compare average sleep duration for the first two weeks of intervention to the last two weeks of intervention using same covariates to determine if intervention effects change over time. Another follow correlation will compare the number of times the intervention occurred with the average difference of baseline and intervention sleep duration.
12 weeks, daily sleep measured passively via wearable
Resting Heart Rate
Time Frame: 12 weeks, Heart rate measured every minute passively via wearable
Higher resting heart rate (RHR) rate is associated with negative health outcomes. We will compare average baseline and intervention RHR (measured by wearables) using 1-way ANCOVA. Covariates will be significant factors from a bivariate logistical regression predicting the proportion of days woken to an alarm or snoozing from total answered survey using demographic, behavioral, psychological, and physiological factors as predictors. If the ANCOVA reveals a significant effect of intervention, a followup ANCOVA will compare average RHR for the first two weeks of intervention to the last two weeks of intervention using same covariates to determine if intervention effects change over time. Another follow correlation will compare the number of times the intervention occurred with the average difference of baseline and intervention RHR.
12 weeks, Heart rate measured every minute passively via wearable
Alarm and Snooze Self Report
Time Frame: 6 weeks via survey. 2 weeks at beginning of study (BASELINE), 2 weeks at beginning of intervention, 2 weeks at end of intervention
Alarm and Snoozing (AS) behaviors are associated with negative health outcomes. We will compare average baseline and intervention AS proportions using 1-way ANCOVA. Covariates will be significant factors from a bivariate logistical regression predicting the proportion of days woken to an alarm or snoozing from total answered survey using demographic, behavioral, psychological, and physiological factors as predictors. If the ANCOVA reveals a significant effect of intervention, a followup ANCOVA will compare AS proportion for the first two weeks of intervention to the last two weeks of intervention using same covariates to determine if intervention effects change over time. Another follow correlation will compare the number of times the intervention occurred with the average difference of baseline and intervention AS proportion.
6 weeks via survey. 2 weeks at beginning of study (BASELINE), 2 weeks at beginning of intervention, 2 weeks at end of intervention
Reaction Time
Time Frame: 6 weeks via survey. 2 weeks at beginning of study (BASELINE), 2 weeks at beginning of intervention, 2 weeks at end of intervention
Sleep inertia is a cognitive impairment measured using reaction time (RT) following sleep. We will compare average baseline and intervention RTs using 1-way ANCOVA. Covariates will be significant factors from a bivariate logistical regression predicting the proportion of days woken to an alarm or snoozing from total answered survey using demographic, behavioral, psychological, and physiological factors as predictors. If the ANCOVA reveals a significant effect of intervention, a followup ANCOVA will compare RTs for the first two weeks of intervention to the last two weeks of intervention using same covariates to determine if intervention effects change over time. Another follow correlation will compare the number of times the intervention occurred with the average difference of baseline and intervention RTs.
6 weeks via survey. 2 weeks at beginning of study (BASELINE), 2 weeks at beginning of intervention, 2 weeks at end of intervention

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Sponsor

The organization or person who initiates the study and who has authority and control over the study.
University of Notre Dame

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Estimated)

Study Start

The actual date on which the first participant was enrolled in a clinical study. The "anticipated" study start date is the date that the researchers think will be the study start date.
August 1, 2021

Primary Completion (Estimated)

Primary Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention to collect final data for the primary outcome measure. Whether the clinical study ended according to the protocol or was terminated does not affect this date. For clinical studies with more than one primary outcome measure with different completion dates, this term refers to the date on which data collection is completed for all the primary outcome measures. The "anticipated" primary completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the primary completion date for the study.
August 1, 2022

Study Completion (Estimated)

Study Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention/treatment to collect final data for the primary outcome measures, secondary outcome measures, and adverse events (that is, the last participant's last visit). The "anticipated" study completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the study completion date.
August 1, 2023

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

First Submitted

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submitted a study record to ClinicalTrials.gov. There is typically a delay of a few days between the first submitted date and the record's availability on ClinicalTrials.gov (the first posted date).
March 3, 2021

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submits a study record that is consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. The sponsor or investigator may need to revise and submit a study record one or more times before NLM's QC review criteria are met. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
March 3, 2021

First Posted (Actual)

First Posted

The date on which the study record was first available on ClinicalTrials.gov after National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review has concluded. There is typically a delay of a few days between the date the study sponsor or investigator submitted the study record and the first posted date.
March 8, 2021

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

Last Update Posted

The most recent date on which changes to a study record were made available on ClinicalTrials.gov. There may be a delay between when the changes were submitted to ClinicalTrials.gov by the study's sponsor or investigator (the last update submitted date) and the last update posted date.
June 15, 2025

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator submitted changes to a study record that are consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
June 11, 2025

Last Verified

Last Verified

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator confirmed the information about a clinical study on ClinicalTrials.gov as accurate and current. If a study with a recruitment status of recruiting; not yet recruiting; or active, not recruiting has not been confirmed within the past 2 years, the study's recruitment status is shown as unknown.
June 1, 2025

More Information

Terms related to this study

Keywords

Other Study ID Numbers

Other Study ID Numbers

Identifiers or ID numbers other than the NCT number that are assigned to a clinical study by the study's sponsor, funders, or others. These numbers may include unique identifiers from other trial registries and National Institutes of Health grant numbers.
  • 20-10-6256

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

Yes

product manufactured in and exported from the U.S.

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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