The Impact of First Aid Blended Learning Training on Learning Outcomes and Helping Behaviour of Adult Laypeople in Rwanda

March 19, 2026 updated by: Centre for Evidence-Based Practice, Belgium

The Impact of First Aid Training, Delivered Via a Face-to-face or Blended Learning Approach, on Learning Outcomes and Helping Behaviour of Adult Laypeople in Rwanda: a Randomised Controlled Trial

The goal of this study is to assess the impact of a first aid training delivered through a blended learning approach on learning outcomes and helping behaviour in adult laypeople in Rwanda.

Participants will be randomly assigned to either:

  • a first aid training with blended learning approach;
  • a first aid training with conventional face-to-face approach;
  • no first aid training.

All participants will be asked before, immediately after, and 6 months after the first aid trainings to complete

  • a questionnaire on first aid-related knowledge, self-efficacy, and willingness to help;
  • a practical test on first aid-related skills.

The helping behaviour of the participants will be surveyed before and 6 months after the first aid trainings have been completed.

Researchers will compare the effects in learning outcomes and helping behaviour after 6 months between:

  • the first aid training with blended learning approach and no first aid training;
  • the first aid training with blended learning approach and first aid training with conventional face-to-face approach.

Study Overview

Status

Status

Indicates the current recruitment status or the expanded access status.
Completed

Conditions

Conditions

The disease, disorder, syndrome, illness, or injury that is being studied. On ClinicalTrials.gov, conditions may also include other health-related issues, such as lifespan, quality of life, and health risks.

Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.

Study Type

Study Type

Describes the nature of a clinical study. Study types include interventional studies (also called clinical trials), observational studies (including patient registries), and expanded access.
Interventional

Enrollment (Actual)

Enrollment

The number of participants in a clinical study. The "anticipated" enrollment is the target number of participants that the researchers need for the study.
540

Phase

Phase

The stage of a clinical trial studying a drug or biological product, based on definitions developed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The phase is based on the study's objective, the number of participants, and other characteristics. There are five phases: Early Phase 1 (formerly listed as Phase 0), Phase 1, Phase 2, Phase 3, and Phase 4. Not Applicable is used to describe trials without FDA-defined phases, including trials of devices or behavioral interventions.
  • Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Contact

Study Contact

The name and contact information for the person who can answer enrollment questions for a clinical study. Each location where the study is being conducted may also have a specific contact, who may be better able to answer those questions.

Study Contact Backup

Study Locations

  • Rwanda
      • Kigali, Rwanda
        • Rwanda Red Cross

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

The key requirements that people who want to participate in a clinical study must meet or the characteristics they must have. Eligibility criteria consist of both inclusion criteria (which are required for a person to participate in the study) and exclusion criteria (which prevent a person from participating). Types of eligibility criteria include whether a study accepts healthy volunteers, has age or age group requirements, or is limited by sex.

Ages Eligible for Study

  • Adult
  • Older Adult

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Adult (≥ 18 years) laypeople
  • Access to a smartphone or tablet, which is able to install and run a mobile application

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Having attended a first aid training in the past
  • Having an academic or professional background in the (para)medical field

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: Other
  • Allocation: Randomized
  • Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
  • Masking: Double

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm

Participant Group / Arm

A group or subgroup of participants in a clinical trial that receives a specific intervention/treatment, or no intervention, according to the trial's protocol.
Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.
Experimental: First aid training with blended learning approach
Participants follow a first aid training delivered through a blended learning approach.
Other: First aid training with blended learning approach

The content of the first aid blended learning training is standardised and based on the 2021 edition of the Basic First Aid in Africa manual from the Belgian Red Cross, covering first aid general principles and instructions for:

  • emergencies (i.e. choking, unconsciousness with and without normal breathing, chest discomfort and stroke, poisoning, and severe external bleeding);
  • injuries (i.e. skin wounds, burns, and injuries to muscles, joints, limbs, head, neck, and back);
  • illnesses (i.e. fainting, fever, fits, and diarrhoea).

The training consists of 2 consecutive parts:

  1. First aid theory is learned independently in a mobile application followed by an online test to ob-tain an admission ticket for the subsequent in-class training;
  2. First aid skills are practiced during a 1-day in-class training facilitated by a certified first aid instructor of the Rwanda Red Cross.

Participants get at least 10 days to learn in the mobile application and obtain the admission ticket.

Other Names:
  • First Aid Blended Learning (FABL)
Active Comparator: First aid training with face-to-face approach
Participants follow a first aid training delivered through a conventional face-to-face approach.
Other: First aid training with face-to-face approach

The content of the first aid face-to-face training is standardised and based on the 2021 edition of the Basic First Aid in Africa manual from the Belgian Red Cross, covering first aid general principles and instructions for:

  • emergencies (i.e. choking, unconsciousness with and without normal breathing, chest discomfort and stroke, poisoning, and severe external bleeding);
  • injuries (i.e. skin wounds, burns, and injuries to muscles, joints, limbs, head, neck, and back);
  • illnesses (i.e. fainting, fever, fits, and diarrhoea).

The training consists of a 3-days in-class training with lectures and practical exercises on first aid the-ory and skills, facilitated by a certified first aid instructor of the Rwanda Red Cross.

Other Names:
  • Basic First Aid in Africa (BFA)
No Intervention: Waitlist control
Participants do not receive any training

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, the planned outcome measure that is the most important for evaluating the effect of an intervention/treatment. Most clinical studies have one primary outcome measure, but some have more than one.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
First aid knowledge
Time Frame: Before, immediately after, and 6 months after the first aid trainings
20-item multiple choice questionnaire about first aid topics using a numerical scale. Possible scores range from 0 to 20, with higher scores meaning a better outcome.
Before, immediately after, and 6 months after the first aid trainings

Secondary Outcome Measures

Secondary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, a planned outcome measure that is not as important as the primary outcome measure for evaluating the effect of an intervention but is still of interest. Most clinical studies have more than one secondary outcome measure.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Helping behaviour in the past 6 months
Time Frame: Before and 6 months after the first aid trainings
Structured questionnaire to survey the helping behaviour and to gauge the potential barriers and facilitators.
Before and 6 months after the first aid trainings
First aid skills
Time Frame: Before, immediately after, and 6 months after the first aid trainings
22-item observation checklist about first aid practical skills using a numerical scale. Possible scores range from 0 to 30, with higher scores meaning a better outcome.
Before, immediately after, and 6 months after the first aid trainings
First aid self-efficacy
Time Frame: Before, immediately after, and 6 months after the first aid trainings
10-item scenario-based questionnaire using a 5-point Likert scale assessing self-efficacy concerning first aid topics. Possible scores range from 0 to 40, with higher scores meaning a better outcome.
Before, immediately after, and 6 months after the first aid trainings
First aid willingness to help
Time Frame: Before, immediately after, and 6 months after the first aid trainings
6-item scenario-based questionnaire using a 5-point Likert scale assessing willingness to help concerning first aid topics. Possible scores range from 0 to 24, with higher scores meaning a better outcome.
Before, immediately after, and 6 months after the first aid trainings

Other Outcome Measures

Other Outcome Measures

For clinical trials, a planned measurement described in the protocol that is used to determine the effect of an intervention/treatment on participants. For observational studies, a measurement or observation that is used to describe patterns of diseases or traits, or associations with exposures, risk factors, or treatment. Types of outcome measures include primary outcome measure and secondary outcome measure.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Costs
Time Frame: Before, immediately after, and 6 months after the first aid trainings
Costs associated with a first aid training, relatively to the gain in knowledge.
Before, immediately after, and 6 months after the first aid trainings

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Sponsor

The organization or person who initiates the study and who has authority and control over the study.
Centre for Evidence-Based Practice, Belgium

Collaborators

Collaborators

An organization other than the sponsor that provides support for a clinical study. This support may include activities related to funding, design, implementation, data analysis, or reporting.
Belgian Red Cross
Rwanda Red Cross

Investigators

Investigators

A researcher involved in a clinical study. Related terms include site principal investigator, site sub-investigator, study chair, study director, and study principal investigator.
  • Principal Investigator: Emmy De Buck, PhD, Centre for Evidence-Based Practice, Belgium

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Actual)

Study Start

The actual date on which the first participant was enrolled in a clinical study. The "anticipated" study start date is the date that the researchers think will be the study start date.
July 13, 2023

Primary Completion (Actual)

Primary Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention to collect final data for the primary outcome measure. Whether the clinical study ended according to the protocol or was terminated does not affect this date. For clinical studies with more than one primary outcome measure with different completion dates, this term refers to the date on which data collection is completed for all the primary outcome measures. The "anticipated" primary completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the primary completion date for the study.
March 24, 2024

Study Completion (Actual)

Study Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention/treatment to collect final data for the primary outcome measures, secondary outcome measures, and adverse events (that is, the last participant's last visit). The "anticipated" study completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the study completion date.
March 24, 2024

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

First Submitted

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submitted a study record to ClinicalTrials.gov. There is typically a delay of a few days between the first submitted date and the record's availability on ClinicalTrials.gov (the first posted date).
August 15, 2023

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submits a study record that is consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. The sponsor or investigator may need to revise and submit a study record one or more times before NLM's QC review criteria are met. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
August 15, 2023

First Posted (Actual)

First Posted

The date on which the study record was first available on ClinicalTrials.gov after National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review has concluded. There is typically a delay of a few days between the date the study sponsor or investigator submitted the study record and the first posted date.
August 22, 2023

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

Last Update Posted

The most recent date on which changes to a study record were made available on ClinicalTrials.gov. There may be a delay between when the changes were submitted to ClinicalTrials.gov by the study's sponsor or investigator (the last update submitted date) and the last update posted date.
March 23, 2026

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator submitted changes to a study record that are consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
March 19, 2026

Last Verified

Last Verified

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator confirmed the information about a clinical study on ClinicalTrials.gov as accurate and current. If a study with a recruitment status of recruiting; not yet recruiting; or active, not recruiting has not been confirmed within the past 2 years, the study's recruitment status is shown as unknown.
March 1, 2026

More Information

Terms related to this study

Keywords

Additional Relevant MeSH Terms

Other Study ID Numbers

Other Study ID Numbers

Identifiers or ID numbers other than the NCT number that are assigned to a clinical study by the study's sponsor, funders, or others. These numbers may include unique identifiers from other trial registries and National Institutes of Health grant numbers.
  • FABL-001

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?

UNDECIDED

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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