IceBath: NOICE vs Nothing (NOICE-Icebath)

May 14, 2026 updated by: Thomas Caruso, Stanford University

NOICE: A Prospective, Randomized, Crossover Study (NOICE vs. Nothing)

This prospective, randomized, 2-period crossover study seeks to evaluate the effect of the non-visual immersive technology-based audio biofeedback intervention, delivered through devices such as NOICE device or Quest 3, on cold pain threshold within participants.

Study Overview

Status

Status

Indicates the current recruitment status or the expanded access status.
Completed

Conditions

Conditions

The disease, disorder, syndrome, illness, or injury that is being studied. On ClinicalTrials.gov, conditions may also include other health-related issues, such as lifespan, quality of life, and health risks.

Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.

Detailed Description

This study addresses the research gap in understanding how non-visual immersive technology-based audio biofeedback intervention impacts pain perception in clinical settings. It is important to explore this because non-visual immersive technology-based audio biofeedback intervention may serve as a non-pharmaceutical, non-visual immersive technology-based audio biofeedback alternative to traditional visual-based distraction methods like virtual reality.

The investigators hypothesize that participants using the non-visual immersive technology-based audio biofeedback device will report an increased pain threshold compared to not using the device. This knowledge could improve information on the perception of pain for participant who prefer not to use Virtual Reality (VR) headsets.

Study Type

Study Type

Describes the nature of a clinical study. Study types include interventional studies (also called clinical trials), observational studies (including patient registries), and expanded access.
Interventional

Enrollment (Actual)

Enrollment

The number of participants in a clinical study. The "anticipated" enrollment is the target number of participants that the researchers need for the study.
42

Phase

Phase

The stage of a clinical trial studying a drug or biological product, based on definitions developed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The phase is based on the study's objective, the number of participants, and other characteristics. There are five phases: Early Phase 1 (formerly listed as Phase 0), Phase 1, Phase 2, Phase 3, and Phase 4. Not Applicable is used to describe trials without FDA-defined phases, including trials of devices or behavioral interventions.
  • Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Contact

Study Contact

The name and contact information for the person who can answer enrollment questions for a clinical study. Each location where the study is being conducted may also have a specific contact, who may be better able to answer those questions.

Study Contact Backup

Study Locations

  • United States
    • California
      • Palo Alto, California, United States, 94304
        • Lucile Packard Childrens Hospital Stanford

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

The key requirements that people who want to participate in a clinical study must meet or the characteristics they must have. Eligibility criteria consist of both inclusion criteria (which are required for a person to participate in the study) and exclusion criteria (which prevent a person from participating). Types of eligibility criteria include whether a study accepts healthy volunteers, has age or age group requirements, or is limited by sex.

Ages Eligible for Study

  • Adult
  • Older Adult

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Ages 18 years and older
  • English-speaking
  • Intact hearing
  • No self-reported or clinically diagnosed acute or chronic medical conditions that may affect safe participation

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Use chronotropic heart medications
  • Use pain medications
  • Current hearing loss
  • Currently taking beta blockers, or opioids or other prescription pain medications
  • History of chronic pain or acute pain syndromes

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: Supportive Care
  • Allocation: Randomized
  • Interventional Model: Crossover Assignment
  • Masking: None (Open Label)

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm

Participant Group / Arm

A group or subgroup of participants in a clinical trial that receives a specific intervention/treatment, or no intervention, according to the trial's protocol.
Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.
Experimental: Group 1
Participants first perform the task with non-visual immersive technology-based audio biofeedback using the dominant hand, followed by without non-visual immersive technology-based audio biofeedback using the non-dominant hand.
Behavioral: Non-visual immersive technology-based audio biofeedback intervention
Participants receive real-time auditory feedback during cold pain endurance tasks.
Behavioral: Control (No non-visual immersive technology-based audio biofeedback)
Participants complete the same cold pain endurance tasks without any non-visual immersive technology-based auditory feedback.
Experimental: Group 2
Participants first perform the task with non-visual immersive technology-based audio biofeedback using the non-dominant hand, followed by without non-visual immersive technology-based audio biofeedback using the dominant hand.
Behavioral: Non-visual immersive technology-based audio biofeedback intervention
Participants receive real-time auditory feedback during cold pain endurance tasks.
Behavioral: Control (No non-visual immersive technology-based audio biofeedback)
Participants complete the same cold pain endurance tasks without any non-visual immersive technology-based auditory feedback.
Experimental: Group 3
Participants first perform the task without non-visual immersive technology-based audio biofeedback using the dominant hand, followed by with non-visual immersive technology-based audio biofeedback using the non-dominant hand.
Behavioral: Non-visual immersive technology-based audio biofeedback intervention
Participants receive real-time auditory feedback during cold pain endurance tasks.
Behavioral: Control (No non-visual immersive technology-based audio biofeedback)
Participants complete the same cold pain endurance tasks without any non-visual immersive technology-based auditory feedback.
Experimental: Group 4
Participants first perform the task without non-visual immersive technology-based audio biofeedback using the non-dominant hand, followed by with non-visual immersive technology-based audio biofeedback using the dominant hand.
Behavioral: Non-visual immersive technology-based audio biofeedback intervention
Participants receive real-time auditory feedback during cold pain endurance tasks.
Behavioral: Control (No non-visual immersive technology-based audio biofeedback)
Participants complete the same cold pain endurance tasks without any non-visual immersive technology-based auditory feedback.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, the planned outcome measure that is the most important for evaluating the effect of an intervention/treatment. Most clinical studies have one primary outcome measure, but some have more than one.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Pain score
Time Frame: Immediately after intervention
Pain sensitivity will be measured by Numerical Rating Pain Scale. Participants will rank pain scores on a sliding scale from 0 = No Pain to 10 = Worst possible pain
Immediately after intervention

Secondary Outcome Measures

Secondary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, a planned outcome measure that is not as important as the primary outcome measure for evaluating the effect of an intervention but is still of interest. Most clinical studies have more than one secondary outcome measure.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
ISO Ergonomic scale
Time Frame: immediately after intervention
The scale has 6 items. Scores ranges from 1-5 (1 = strongly disagree and 5 = strongly agree)
immediately after intervention
System Usability Scale (SUS) Score
Time Frame: immediately after intervention
The scale has 10 items. Scores ranges from 1-5 (1 = strongly disagree and 5 = strongly agree)
immediately after intervention
Device satisfaction
Time Frame: immediately after intervention
To evaluate the overall impact of device satisfaction of the spatial audio stimulation device, participants will complete the Patient Technology Satisfaction Survey. Participants will rank each factor on a Likert scale from 1 = not at all to 5 = completely.
immediately after intervention
Anxiety Level
Time Frame: Immediately after intervention
Participants will complete the Visual Analog Scale for Measuring Anxiety (VAS-A) immediately following each group of levels tests, where they will rank anxiety scores on a sliding scale from 0 = No anxiety/fear to 100 = Worst possible anxiety/fear
Immediately after intervention
Cold pain endurance
Time Frame: Periprocedural
To evaluate Cold Pain Endurance, total time (in seconds) that the participant's hand remains immersed in ice water will be recorded. Start time is defined as the moment immediately prior to immersion, and stop time as the moment the hand is withdrawn.
Periprocedural

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Sponsor

The organization or person who initiates the study and who has authority and control over the study.
Stanford University

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Actual)

Study Start

The actual date on which the first participant was enrolled in a clinical study. The "anticipated" study start date is the date that the researchers think will be the study start date.
March 10, 2026

Primary Completion (Actual)

Primary Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention to collect final data for the primary outcome measure. Whether the clinical study ended according to the protocol or was terminated does not affect this date. For clinical studies with more than one primary outcome measure with different completion dates, this term refers to the date on which data collection is completed for all the primary outcome measures. The "anticipated" primary completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the primary completion date for the study.
April 2, 2026

Study Completion (Actual)

Study Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention/treatment to collect final data for the primary outcome measures, secondary outcome measures, and adverse events (that is, the last participant's last visit). The "anticipated" study completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the study completion date.
April 2, 2026

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

First Submitted

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submitted a study record to ClinicalTrials.gov. There is typically a delay of a few days between the first submitted date and the record's availability on ClinicalTrials.gov (the first posted date).
November 5, 2025

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submits a study record that is consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. The sponsor or investigator may need to revise and submit a study record one or more times before NLM's QC review criteria are met. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
November 6, 2025

First Posted (Actual)

First Posted

The date on which the study record was first available on ClinicalTrials.gov after National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review has concluded. There is typically a delay of a few days between the date the study sponsor or investigator submitted the study record and the first posted date.
November 12, 2025

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

Last Update Posted

The most recent date on which changes to a study record were made available on ClinicalTrials.gov. There may be a delay between when the changes were submitted to ClinicalTrials.gov by the study's sponsor or investigator (the last update submitted date) and the last update posted date.
May 18, 2026

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator submitted changes to a study record that are consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
May 14, 2026

Last Verified

Last Verified

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator confirmed the information about a clinical study on ClinicalTrials.gov as accurate and current. If a study with a recruitment status of recruiting; not yet recruiting; or active, not recruiting has not been confirmed within the past 2 years, the study's recruitment status is shown as unknown.
May 1, 2026

More Information

Terms related to this study

Keywords

Additional Relevant MeSH Terms

Other Study ID Numbers

Other Study ID Numbers

Identifiers or ID numbers other than the NCT number that are assigned to a clinical study by the study's sponsor, funders, or others. These numbers may include unique identifiers from other trial registries and National Institutes of Health grant numbers.
  • 83700

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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