Contribution of Recreational Exercises to Balance and Muscle Strength in Osteoporosis Risk

June 3, 2026 updated by: Nur ALP, Suleyman Demirel University

Effects of Recreational Exercises (Swimming, Pilates, and Walking) on Muscle Strength and Balance in Women at Risk for Osteoporosis

This study aims to evaluate the effects of recreational exercises such as Pilates, swimming and walking on muscle strength and balance in women at risk of osteoporosis.

Study hypotheses:

H1: Pilates exercises will be more effective than walking exercises in improving muscle strength among women at risk of osteoporosis.

H2: Swimming exercises will be more effective than walking exercises in improving muscle strength among women at risk of osteoporosis.

H3: Pilates exercises will be more effective than walking exercises in improving balance among women at risk of osteoporosis.

H4: Swimming exercises will be more effective than walking exercises in improving balance among women at risk of osteoporosis.

H5: Pilates and swimming exercises will have similar effects on improving muscle strength and balance among women at risk of osteoporosis.

Study Overview

Status

Status

Indicates the current recruitment status or the expanded access status.
Completed

Conditions

Conditions

The disease, disorder, syndrome, illness, or injury that is being studied. On ClinicalTrials.gov, conditions may also include other health-related issues, such as lifespan, quality of life, and health risks.

Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.

Detailed Description

Participants were selected from among women who had previously been diagnosed with osteoporosis risk by a physician and who applied to the Isparta Merwellness Pilates gym for exercise.

The study is planned as a randomized controlled prospective trial. Participants were assigned to three groups using a computer-generated random number table (n=20).

Pilates Group: Mat Pilates was performed three days a week for 45 minutes. Swimming Group: Moderate-intensity swimming was performed 3 days a week for 40 minutes.

Walking Group: Brisk walking was performed 3 days a week for 45 minutes.

Study Type

Study Type

Describes the nature of a clinical study. Study types include interventional studies (also called clinical trials), observational studies (including patient registries), and expanded access.
Interventional

Enrollment (Actual)

Enrollment

The number of participants in a clinical study. The "anticipated" enrollment is the target number of participants that the researchers need for the study.
60

Phase

Phase

The stage of a clinical trial studying a drug or biological product, based on definitions developed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The phase is based on the study's objective, the number of participants, and other characteristics. There are five phases: Early Phase 1 (formerly listed as Phase 0), Phase 1, Phase 2, Phase 3, and Phase 4. Not Applicable is used to describe trials without FDA-defined phases, including trials of devices or behavioral interventions.
  • Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Contact

Study Contact

The name and contact information for the person who can answer enrollment questions for a clinical study. Each location where the study is being conducted may also have a specific contact, who may be better able to answer those questions.

Study Contact Backup

Study Locations

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

The key requirements that people who want to participate in a clinical study must meet or the characteristics they must have. Eligibility criteria consist of both inclusion criteria (which are required for a person to participate in the study) and exclusion criteria (which prevent a person from participating). Types of eligibility criteria include whether a study accepts healthy volunteers, has age or age group requirements, or is limited by sex.

Ages Eligible for Study

  • Adult

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  1. Having a sedentary lifestyle (not having exercised regularly in the past 6 months),
  2. No musculoskeletal or neurological conditions that would prevent participation,
  3. Voluntarily agreeing to participate in the study.

Exclusion Criteria:

  1. Use of medications affecting bone metabolism (e.g., bisphosphonates, corticosteroids),
  2. History of fracture within the past 6 months,
  3. Uncontrolled cardiovascular or metabolic diseases.

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: Treatment
  • Allocation: Randomized
  • Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
  • Masking: Single

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm

Participant Group / Arm

A group or subgroup of participants in a clinical trial that receives a specific intervention/treatment, or no intervention, according to the trial's protocol.
Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.
Experimental: Pilates Group
Pilates Group: Mat Pilates was performed three days a week for 45 minutes. The programme included a 10-minute warm-up, 30 minutes of basic Pilates exercises (hundred, roll-up, spine stretch, single leg stretch) and a 5-minute cool-down and stretching phase. The exercises were conducted by a certified Pilates instructor.
Other: Experimental Group 1

Sixty women aged 40-60 years with a T-score between -1.0 and -2.5 were randomly assigned to three groups (Pilates, Swimming, Walking; n=20). Participants exercised for 40-45 minutes three days a week for 12 weeks.All exercises in this group were conducted by a certified Pilates instructor. Pilates exercises were performed on a mat.Session Content:

Warm-Up (10 min): Breathing exercises, shoulder rotation, neck stretch, posterior pelvic tilt, and spinal mobilization exercises were performed.

Main Section (30 min):

Weeks 1-4: Basic movements - Hundred, Roll-Up, Single Leg Stretch, Spine Stretch Weeks 5-8: Intermediate variations - Double Leg Stretch, Rolling Like a Ball, Saw Weeks 9-12: Advanced balance-focused movements - Teaser Prep, Side Kick Series, Swimming, Leg Pull Front Cool-Down (5 min): Deep breathing exercises, hamstring stretching, and spinal Participation rates were regularly recorded, and individuals who participated below 80% of the program were excluded from the analysis.
Experimental: Swimming Group
Swimming Group: Moderate-intensity swimming was performed 3 days a week for 40 minutes. The exercises included a 5-minute warm-up, 30 minutes of freestyle and backstroke swimming, and a 5-minute cool-down phase. Participants' heart rates were maintained at 60- 70% of their maximum heart rate.
Other: Experimental Group 2

Participants in the swimming group completed moderate-intensity swimming exercises for 40 minutes, three days a week. The program consisted of a 5-minute warm-up, 30 minutes of freestyle and backstroke swimming, and a 5-minute cool-down. Participants' heart rates were maintained between 60 and 70% of their maximum heart rate.

Session content:

Warm-up (5 min): Light swimming, in-water mobilization exercises

Main Part (30 min):

Weeks 1-4: Freestyle swimming with 25-50 m rest intervals Weeks 5-8: Alternating freestyle and backstroke swimming with 75-100 m rest intervals.

Weeks 9-12: Continuous swimming sets (150-200 m) - technical development and endurance Cool down (5 min): Light swimming, stretching in the water Exercise intensity was monitored using the Borg Scale of Perceived Exertion (RPE). Participation rates were regularly recorded, and individuals who participated below 80% of the program were excluded from the analysis.
Experimental: Walking Group
Brisk walking was performed 3 days a week for 45 minutes. The programme consisted of a 5-minute warm-up walk, 35 minutes of walking at 60-70% of maximum heart rate, and a 5-minute cool-down walk.
Other: Experimental Group 3

Individuals in this group participated in brisk walking at 60-70% of their maximum heart rate for 45 minutes, three days a week. The program consisted of a 5-minute warm-up walk, a 35-minute brisk walk, and a 5-minute cool-down walk. A 45-minute walking program was designed three days a week (Tuesday, Thursday, Saturday).

Terrace: Flat, safe walking track Intensity: 60-70% of maximum heart rate

Session Contents:

Warm-Up (5 min): Light walking, shoulder and hip mobilization

Main Part (35 min):

Weeks 1-4: 5-6 km/h brisk walking Weeks 5-8: 6-6.5 km/h brisk walking Weeks 9-12: 6.5-7 km/h brisk walking Cool-Down (5 min): Slow walking, calf, hamstring, and lower back stretching exercises.Exercise intensity was monitored in all groups using the Borg Scale of Perceived Exertion (RPE). Participation rates were regularly recorded, and individuals who participated below 80% of the program were excluded from the analysis.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, the planned outcome measure that is the most important for evaluating the effect of an intervention/treatment. Most clinical studies have one primary outcome measure, but some have more than one.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Handgrip strength
Time Frame: At baseline and at the end of the 12-week intervention
Handgrip strength was measured using a digital hand dynamometer (Jamar Plus+, kg). Three repetitions were taken during the measurements, and the highest value was recorded. The Jamar dynamometer has high reliability in individuals with osteoporosis (ICC = 0.95).
At baseline and at the end of the 12-week intervention
Trunk flexor and extensor strength
Time Frame: At baseline and at the end of the 12-week intervention
Trunk flexor and extensor strength were assessed using isokinetic dynamometry (Biodex System 4) at a speed of 60°/s. This method has been reported as a valid measurement tool for elderly individuals and those at risk of osteoporosis.
At baseline and at the end of the 12-week intervention
Berg Balance Scale (BBS)
Time Frame: At baseline and at the end of the 12-week intervention
Berg Balance Scale (BBS): A 14-item test scored between 0 and 56. The reliability coefficient in the Turkish adaptation was found to be 0.98.
At baseline and at the end of the 12-week intervention
Computerised posturography:
Time Frame: At baseline and at the end of the 12-week intervention
Computerised posturography: Static and dynamic balance were assessed, and centre of pressure (CoP) oscillation (mm) was recorded. Posturography is a widely used objective method in the osteoporotic population.
At baseline and at the end of the 12-week intervention

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Sponsor

The organization or person who initiates the study and who has authority and control over the study.
Suleyman Demirel University

Investigators

Investigators

A researcher involved in a clinical study. Related terms include site principal investigator, site sub-investigator, study chair, study director, and study principal investigator.
  • Study Director: HULUSİ ALP, Professor, Suleyman Demirel University

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Actual)

Study Start

The actual date on which the first participant was enrolled in a clinical study. The "anticipated" study start date is the date that the researchers think will be the study start date.
February 9, 2026

Primary Completion (Actual)

Primary Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention to collect final data for the primary outcome measure. Whether the clinical study ended according to the protocol or was terminated does not affect this date. For clinical studies with more than one primary outcome measure with different completion dates, this term refers to the date on which data collection is completed for all the primary outcome measures. The "anticipated" primary completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the primary completion date for the study.
May 1, 2026

Study Completion (Actual)

Study Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention/treatment to collect final data for the primary outcome measures, secondary outcome measures, and adverse events (that is, the last participant's last visit). The "anticipated" study completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the study completion date.
May 15, 2026

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

First Submitted

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submitted a study record to ClinicalTrials.gov. There is typically a delay of a few days between the first submitted date and the record's availability on ClinicalTrials.gov (the first posted date).
November 17, 2025

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submits a study record that is consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. The sponsor or investigator may need to revise and submit a study record one or more times before NLM's QC review criteria are met. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
November 17, 2025

First Posted (Actual)

First Posted

The date on which the study record was first available on ClinicalTrials.gov after National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review has concluded. There is typically a delay of a few days between the date the study sponsor or investigator submitted the study record and the first posted date.
November 24, 2025

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

Last Update Posted

The most recent date on which changes to a study record were made available on ClinicalTrials.gov. There may be a delay between when the changes were submitted to ClinicalTrials.gov by the study's sponsor or investigator (the last update submitted date) and the last update posted date.
June 5, 2026

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator submitted changes to a study record that are consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
June 3, 2026

Last Verified

Last Verified

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator confirmed the information about a clinical study on ClinicalTrials.gov as accurate and current. If a study with a recruitment status of recruiting; not yet recruiting; or active, not recruiting has not been confirmed within the past 2 years, the study's recruitment status is shown as unknown.
February 1, 2026

More Information

Terms related to this study

Keywords

Additional Relevant MeSH Terms

Other Study ID Numbers

Other Study ID Numbers

Identifiers or ID numbers other than the NCT number that are assigned to a clinical study by the study's sponsor, funders, or others. These numbers may include unique identifiers from other trial registries and National Institutes of Health grant numbers.
  • SuleymanDU-97/14

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?

NO

IPD Plan Description

The data for objectives of the research will be compared after they are received.

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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Conditions

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